基于实时互相关原理的风速风向传感器研制
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摘要
在风力发电场所的评估及风力发电的控制等场合,都需要测量风速风向。现在风速传感器种类很多,本文介绍了国内外风速风向传感器的发展现状,列举出几种风速风向传感器的原理和应用场合,分析了它们的优缺点,从而介绍了本文的课题:基于实时互相关原理的风速风向传感器研制。设计了恒流源供电的风速风向传感器电路、信号采集与处理电路和电压转换电路;通过单片机的外设模块实现数据的采集和处理;通过单片机的外设CAN控制器和收发器实现传感器和监控端的通信,实现风速风向信息的远程监控。
本文采用高效实时互相关算法。相对于其它的算法,高效实时互相关算法可以实时的处理采集到的数据,得到互相关函数值。该算法大大的节省了存储空间,降低了硬件设计的复杂性,提高了计算效率。同时,本文还介绍了瞬时互相关法,利用这种方法可以让计算量得到了大幅度的提高。风速风向的计算采用直接法,这种方法不需要通过求出三个方向风速值再合成的方法求取风速风向,这样减小了计算风速的误差,同时也减小了运算量。实验结果表明,基于互相关原理的风速风向传感器可以实时准确的测得风速风向,对小于10m/s风速的测量有较高的测量精度。
本文提出的基于互相关原理的风速风向传感器,可以同时测量三维空间的风速风向,不破坏风场,结构简单,价格低廉,实时高效,微风时测量精度高,在飞行器的试飞场所、风力发电站等地方有广阔的应用前景。
When assessing wind power sites and control of wind power, the measurement of wind velocity and direction is needed. There are many kinds of anemometer. It is introduced that the development situation of anemometer, listed several anemometers and their applications. Thus, the design of anemometer based on cross-correlation is introduced. The sensor circuit in constant-current mode, signal sampling and processing circuit and voltage converter circuit were designed. The sensor signals were sampled by A/D module in dsPIC30F4011, and transmitted to monitor to realize remote monitoring and control by CAN bus.
On the realization of software, high-efficient real-time cross-correlation method was designed. Compared to other motheds, it can process signals on time by high efficient on-time cross-correlation. It improves the computational efficiency, needs relatively small memory requirements, and decreases complexity of circuit. At the same time, The instantaneous cross-correlation method is described. The use of this method makes calculation of the rate significantly improved. The direct method is used to get the wind velocity and direction. This method does not require to calculate the three wind velocities on three axises separately to get three-dimensional wind velocity and direction, and it also can improve the precision. It is proved that it can get wind velocity and direction using the method, and higher precision when wind velocity is less than 10m/s.
The anemometer based on real-time cross-correlation theory can get wind volicity and direction in three-dimensional space, and it does not destroy wind field. It has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, high efficient, high-precision. So, it has broad application prospects in wind power site or aircraft field.
本文采用高效实时互相关算法。相对于其它的算法,高效实时互相关算法可以实时的处理采集到的数据,得到互相关函数值。该算法大大的节省了存储空间,降低了硬件设计的复杂性,提高了计算效率。同时,本文还介绍了瞬时互相关法,利用这种方法可以让计算量得到了大幅度的提高。风速风向的计算采用直接法,这种方法不需要通过求出三个方向风速值再合成的方法求取风速风向,这样减小了计算风速的误差,同时也减小了运算量。实验结果表明,基于互相关原理的风速风向传感器可以实时准确的测得风速风向,对小于10m/s风速的测量有较高的测量精度。
本文提出的基于互相关原理的风速风向传感器,可以同时测量三维空间的风速风向,不破坏风场,结构简单,价格低廉,实时高效,微风时测量精度高,在飞行器的试飞场所、风力发电站等地方有广阔的应用前景。
When assessing wind power sites and control of wind power, the measurement of wind velocity and direction is needed. There are many kinds of anemometer. It is introduced that the development situation of anemometer, listed several anemometers and their applications. Thus, the design of anemometer based on cross-correlation is introduced. The sensor circuit in constant-current mode, signal sampling and processing circuit and voltage converter circuit were designed. The sensor signals were sampled by A/D module in dsPIC30F4011, and transmitted to monitor to realize remote monitoring and control by CAN bus.
On the realization of software, high-efficient real-time cross-correlation method was designed. Compared to other motheds, it can process signals on time by high efficient on-time cross-correlation. It improves the computational efficiency, needs relatively small memory requirements, and decreases complexity of circuit. At the same time, The instantaneous cross-correlation method is described. The use of this method makes calculation of the rate significantly improved. The direct method is used to get the wind velocity and direction. This method does not require to calculate the three wind velocities on three axises separately to get three-dimensional wind velocity and direction, and it also can improve the precision. It is proved that it can get wind velocity and direction using the method, and higher precision when wind velocity is less than 10m/s.
The anemometer based on real-time cross-correlation theory can get wind volicity and direction in three-dimensional space, and it does not destroy wind field. It has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, high efficient, high-precision. So, it has broad application prospects in wind power site or aircraft field.
引文
1周庆生.煤矿巷道风速测量实验系统设计.煤矿机械. 2006, 27(5):801~802
2 Sekwang Park, Seunghyun Kim, Sunghyun Kim, et al. A flow direction sensor fabricated using MEMS technology and its simple interface circuit. Sensors and Actuators. 2003, B91(1-3):347~352
3冯侨华.基于Pt膜的阵列式风速风向双参数传感器研究.哈尔滨理工大学硕士学位论文. 2007:1~5
4孙承松,李瑞.热式气体质量流量传感器研究与发展.技术与应用. 2005:29~32
5杨煌棋.具远端监视功能之风速计研制.台湾科技大学硕士学位论文. 2008:1~3
6 Brian Lanrsen and Niels Skou. Wind Direction over the Ocean Determined by an Airborne, Imaging, Polarimetric Radiometer System. IEEE Transactins on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2001, 39(7):1547~1555
7 D.M.Vine. Windstar:A Synthetic Aperture Microwave Radiometer to Measure Winds Over the Ocean. IEEE Conference Proceedings on Challenges of Our Changing Global Environment, OCEANS’95, San Diego. 1995, 2:1270~1273
8 Platt, J.R.. Wind Detection in A Microcosm:Ship/aircraft Environment Sensor. IEEE National Radar Conference, NY, USA, 1997. 1997: 246~251
9张文煜.大气探测学.兰州大学出版社, 1999:126~140
10郁红,刘肃. CMOS硅风速传感器热性能的分析.微纳电子技术. 2007, 4:190~194
11周继红,蔡明,宋胜宪.新型固态横风传感器研究.机械设计与制造. 1998, 5:34~35
12马庆华,尚展垒.采用热敏电阻器研制风速传感器的设计.传感器技术. 2005, 24(5):61~62
13邓昌建,张江林,王保强.超声波测风仪设计中几个问题的探讨.成都信息工程学院学报. 2007, 22(5):581~583
14王剑,王晓蕾,慕新仓.三类测风传感器的原理及性能比较. 2008, 3:23~25,78
15刘建忠,姚强,曹欣玉等.激光多普勒测速技术应用于浓缩燃烧器湍流流场的测量.激光与光电子学进展. 1999, 5:33~373
16 R.Michael Hardesty and W.Alan Brewer. Estimation of Wind Velocity and Backscatter Signal Intensity from Doppler Lidar Returns. IEEE Conference Record of the Thirty–first Asilomar on Signals, Systems & Computers, Pacific Grove, USA, 1997. 1997, 1:269~273
17 Tien-Fu Lu, Chee Liang Ng. Novel Wind Sensor for Robotic Chemical Plume Tracking. IEEE Interface Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Luoyang, Henan, China, 2006. 2006:633~638.
18董文辉, Larry M.流速检测技术在吸气式系统中的应用研究.消防科学与技术. 2005, 24(1):74~76
19 Guangping Shen, Ming Qin, Ziqiang Dong. A Novel 2-D Wind Sensor with Thermal Feedback. IEEE International Conference on Solid-state and Integrated-circuit Technology, 2008. 2008, 9: 2399~2402
20吴校庆,李艾华,李芳.基于互相关理论的时差法超声波流量检测系统.上海计量测试. 2006, 2:22~24
21吕振肃,熊景松.基于互相关和最大似然估计的弱信号检测.武汉科技大学学报. 2007, 30(4):398~400
22朱云辉,姜曼松.基于虚拟仪器技术和互相关原理的流体流速测量仪.仪器仪表用户. 2005, 12(3):30~32
23陈敏,何俊华,陈良益.互相关测速的误差综合分析.光子学报. 2007, 36(10):1914~1919
24字正华,石庚辰.基于LMS自适应算法的瞬态信号时延估计.探测与控制学报. 2006, 28(1):37~40
25 Marion C. Barlett, Raymond C. Johnson. One-bit autocorrelation envelope detector. United States Patent, No.4412340. 1983
26 Wang Liangmin, K. Kirk Shung and Octavia I. Camps. Two Bit Correlation——A Adaptive Time Delay Estimation. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 1996, 43(3):473~481
27 Shapira, Joseph. Method for Path-Averaged Cross-wind Measurement. European Patent Application, No.EP1988401A1. 2008
28 Ting-I Wang. Optical Flow Sensor Using Fast Correlation Algorithm. United States Patent Application Publication, Pub.No.US2002/0145727A1. 2002
29 Guifu Zhang, Jothiram Vivekanandan, Richard J. Doviak. Determining ThreeDimensional Velocity of A Object. United States Patent, No.6721678B1. 2004
30 Guifu Zhang, Richar J. Doviak, J.Vivekanandan. Cross-Correlation Ratio Method to Estimate Cross-Bean Wind and Compatison with A Full Correlation Analysis. Radio Science. 2003, 38(3):17-1~17-14
31 Bahcivan.H, Ning Zhang and Mirski.M.A.. Cross-correlaton analysis of epileptiform propagation using wavelets. Proceeding of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Istanbul, Turkey, 2001. 2001, 2:1904~1807
32 Saeid Fazli and Lindsay Kleeman. A Low Sample Rate Real Time Advanced Sonar Ring. 2004 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation. Canberra, Australia. 2004
33 Robert Stewart Hutcheon. Real-tine Cross-correlaton Signal Processor. United States Patent, No.3961172. 1976
34 Miroslaw B. Bondarowicz and Jaehyeong Kim. Time-efficient real-time correlator. United States Patent, No.US6601078B1. 2003
35 Microchip. dsPIC30F4011/4012 Date Sheet High Performance Digital Signal Controllers. Microchip Technology Inc. 2007
36何礼高. dsPIC30F电机与电源系列数字控制器原理与应用.北京航空航天大学出版社, 2007:364~366
37郭新生.风能利用技术.化学工业出版社, 2007:1~2
38袁慰平,孙志忠,吴宏伟等.计算方法与实习.第三版.东南大学出版社, 2000:101~108
39吴斌,赵学增,张绍卿.基于互相关技术的跨台区电力通信信号检测.计算机测量与控制. 2002, 10(7):434~436
40袁镇福,浦兴国,周洁等.压力信号互相关法在线测量高温烟速初步研究.仪器仪表学报. 1999, 20(6):615~618
41 Steven G., Foster.Paul, M.Embree. Flow Velocity Profile via Time-Domain Correlaton:Error Analysis and Computer Simulaton. IEEE Transations on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 1990, 37(3):164~175
42 Seunghyun Kim, Yongduk Kim, Sieyoung Choi. Design and Fabrication of a Flow Sensor Detecting Flow Direction and Velocity. IEEE transducers, 12th International Conference on Solid-state Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, Boston, Massachusetts, 2003. 2003, 2:1927~1930
43桂永芳,傅新,鲍敏.基于互相关理论的超声波气体流量测量电路系统.工业仪表与自动化装置. 2004, 2:14~17
44 Pat Richards. A CAN Physical Layer Discussion. Microchip Technology Inc. 2002:1~11
45 Gianluca Cena and Adriano Valenzano. An Improved CAN Fieldbus for Industrial Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industry Electronics. 1997, 44(4):553~564
46 Keith Pazul. Controller Area Network (CAN) Basics.Microchip Technology Inc. 1999:1~9
47 Kim Otten. J1939 C Library for CAN-Enabled PIC Microcontrollers. Microchip Technology Inc. 2004:2~12
48林锡寛.快速上手USB单晶片-观念篇. e科技杂志. 2004, 40:1~6
49李长林,高洁. Visual C++串口通信技术与典型实例.清华大学出版社, 2006:10~25
50许宜申,朱欣华.基于VC++ 6.0的PC机与单片机的串口通信.现代电子技术. 2008, 5:6~8
51 Chao Lin, Hu Shunbin and Zhang Kai. The Control System Between Transformer Tester and Host Computer Based on VC++ and MFC. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Computing Information and Control, Dalian, China, 2008. 2008:521~522
52 Wang Baolin, Kang jian and Jiang Chuangao. Transmitting files between computers using MSComm control in VC++6.0. Journal of Jili Univesity. 2004, 22(2):164~168
2 Sekwang Park, Seunghyun Kim, Sunghyun Kim, et al. A flow direction sensor fabricated using MEMS technology and its simple interface circuit. Sensors and Actuators. 2003, B91(1-3):347~352
3冯侨华.基于Pt膜的阵列式风速风向双参数传感器研究.哈尔滨理工大学硕士学位论文. 2007:1~5
4孙承松,李瑞.热式气体质量流量传感器研究与发展.技术与应用. 2005:29~32
5杨煌棋.具远端监视功能之风速计研制.台湾科技大学硕士学位论文. 2008:1~3
6 Brian Lanrsen and Niels Skou. Wind Direction over the Ocean Determined by an Airborne, Imaging, Polarimetric Radiometer System. IEEE Transactins on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2001, 39(7):1547~1555
7 D.M.Vine. Windstar:A Synthetic Aperture Microwave Radiometer to Measure Winds Over the Ocean. IEEE Conference Proceedings on Challenges of Our Changing Global Environment, OCEANS’95, San Diego. 1995, 2:1270~1273
8 Platt, J.R.. Wind Detection in A Microcosm:Ship/aircraft Environment Sensor. IEEE National Radar Conference, NY, USA, 1997. 1997: 246~251
9张文煜.大气探测学.兰州大学出版社, 1999:126~140
10郁红,刘肃. CMOS硅风速传感器热性能的分析.微纳电子技术. 2007, 4:190~194
11周继红,蔡明,宋胜宪.新型固态横风传感器研究.机械设计与制造. 1998, 5:34~35
12马庆华,尚展垒.采用热敏电阻器研制风速传感器的设计.传感器技术. 2005, 24(5):61~62
13邓昌建,张江林,王保强.超声波测风仪设计中几个问题的探讨.成都信息工程学院学报. 2007, 22(5):581~583
14王剑,王晓蕾,慕新仓.三类测风传感器的原理及性能比较. 2008, 3:23~25,78
15刘建忠,姚强,曹欣玉等.激光多普勒测速技术应用于浓缩燃烧器湍流流场的测量.激光与光电子学进展. 1999, 5:33~373
16 R.Michael Hardesty and W.Alan Brewer. Estimation of Wind Velocity and Backscatter Signal Intensity from Doppler Lidar Returns. IEEE Conference Record of the Thirty–first Asilomar on Signals, Systems & Computers, Pacific Grove, USA, 1997. 1997, 1:269~273
17 Tien-Fu Lu, Chee Liang Ng. Novel Wind Sensor for Robotic Chemical Plume Tracking. IEEE Interface Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Luoyang, Henan, China, 2006. 2006:633~638.
18董文辉, Larry M.流速检测技术在吸气式系统中的应用研究.消防科学与技术. 2005, 24(1):74~76
19 Guangping Shen, Ming Qin, Ziqiang Dong. A Novel 2-D Wind Sensor with Thermal Feedback. IEEE International Conference on Solid-state and Integrated-circuit Technology, 2008. 2008, 9: 2399~2402
20吴校庆,李艾华,李芳.基于互相关理论的时差法超声波流量检测系统.上海计量测试. 2006, 2:22~24
21吕振肃,熊景松.基于互相关和最大似然估计的弱信号检测.武汉科技大学学报. 2007, 30(4):398~400
22朱云辉,姜曼松.基于虚拟仪器技术和互相关原理的流体流速测量仪.仪器仪表用户. 2005, 12(3):30~32
23陈敏,何俊华,陈良益.互相关测速的误差综合分析.光子学报. 2007, 36(10):1914~1919
24字正华,石庚辰.基于LMS自适应算法的瞬态信号时延估计.探测与控制学报. 2006, 28(1):37~40
25 Marion C. Barlett, Raymond C. Johnson. One-bit autocorrelation envelope detector. United States Patent, No.4412340. 1983
26 Wang Liangmin, K. Kirk Shung and Octavia I. Camps. Two Bit Correlation——A Adaptive Time Delay Estimation. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 1996, 43(3):473~481
27 Shapira, Joseph. Method for Path-Averaged Cross-wind Measurement. European Patent Application, No.EP1988401A1. 2008
28 Ting-I Wang. Optical Flow Sensor Using Fast Correlation Algorithm. United States Patent Application Publication, Pub.No.US2002/0145727A1. 2002
29 Guifu Zhang, Jothiram Vivekanandan, Richard J. Doviak. Determining ThreeDimensional Velocity of A Object. United States Patent, No.6721678B1. 2004
30 Guifu Zhang, Richar J. Doviak, J.Vivekanandan. Cross-Correlation Ratio Method to Estimate Cross-Bean Wind and Compatison with A Full Correlation Analysis. Radio Science. 2003, 38(3):17-1~17-14
31 Bahcivan.H, Ning Zhang and Mirski.M.A.. Cross-correlaton analysis of epileptiform propagation using wavelets. Proceeding of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Istanbul, Turkey, 2001. 2001, 2:1904~1807
32 Saeid Fazli and Lindsay Kleeman. A Low Sample Rate Real Time Advanced Sonar Ring. 2004 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation. Canberra, Australia. 2004
33 Robert Stewart Hutcheon. Real-tine Cross-correlaton Signal Processor. United States Patent, No.3961172. 1976
34 Miroslaw B. Bondarowicz and Jaehyeong Kim. Time-efficient real-time correlator. United States Patent, No.US6601078B1. 2003
35 Microchip. dsPIC30F4011/4012 Date Sheet High Performance Digital Signal Controllers. Microchip Technology Inc. 2007
36何礼高. dsPIC30F电机与电源系列数字控制器原理与应用.北京航空航天大学出版社, 2007:364~366
37郭新生.风能利用技术.化学工业出版社, 2007:1~2
38袁慰平,孙志忠,吴宏伟等.计算方法与实习.第三版.东南大学出版社, 2000:101~108
39吴斌,赵学增,张绍卿.基于互相关技术的跨台区电力通信信号检测.计算机测量与控制. 2002, 10(7):434~436
40袁镇福,浦兴国,周洁等.压力信号互相关法在线测量高温烟速初步研究.仪器仪表学报. 1999, 20(6):615~618
41 Steven G., Foster.Paul, M.Embree. Flow Velocity Profile via Time-Domain Correlaton:Error Analysis and Computer Simulaton. IEEE Transations on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 1990, 37(3):164~175
42 Seunghyun Kim, Yongduk Kim, Sieyoung Choi. Design and Fabrication of a Flow Sensor Detecting Flow Direction and Velocity. IEEE transducers, 12th International Conference on Solid-state Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, Boston, Massachusetts, 2003. 2003, 2:1927~1930
43桂永芳,傅新,鲍敏.基于互相关理论的超声波气体流量测量电路系统.工业仪表与自动化装置. 2004, 2:14~17
44 Pat Richards. A CAN Physical Layer Discussion. Microchip Technology Inc. 2002:1~11
45 Gianluca Cena and Adriano Valenzano. An Improved CAN Fieldbus for Industrial Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industry Electronics. 1997, 44(4):553~564
46 Keith Pazul. Controller Area Network (CAN) Basics.Microchip Technology Inc. 1999:1~9
47 Kim Otten. J1939 C Library for CAN-Enabled PIC Microcontrollers. Microchip Technology Inc. 2004:2~12
48林锡寛.快速上手USB单晶片-观念篇. e科技杂志. 2004, 40:1~6
49李长林,高洁. Visual C++串口通信技术与典型实例.清华大学出版社, 2006:10~25
50许宜申,朱欣华.基于VC++ 6.0的PC机与单片机的串口通信.现代电子技术. 2008, 5:6~8
51 Chao Lin, Hu Shunbin and Zhang Kai. The Control System Between Transformer Tester and Host Computer Based on VC++ and MFC. IEEE International Conference on Innovative Computing Information and Control, Dalian, China, 2008. 2008:521~522
52 Wang Baolin, Kang jian and Jiang Chuangao. Transmitting files between computers using MSComm control in VC++6.0. Journal of Jili Univesity. 2004, 22(2):164~168