光纤扫描激光雷达关键技术研究
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摘要
光纤扫描激光雷达是一种新式的扫描成像激光雷达,其扫描频率高、扫描点斑分布均匀、抗震能力强等优点受到了人们的关注,在军事和商用上都有广泛的应用前景。本文系统研究了光纤扫描激光雷达的相关理论和关键技术,并根据设计指标对光纤扫描激光雷达的几个关键部分提出了设计方案。
本文首先对激光扫描光纤雷达的工作原理和系统结构进行了分析研究。讨论了光纤扫描激光雷达的关键部件——光纤扫描系统的扫描体制和设计方案。系统研究激光的大气传输特性和目标表面特性,并根据设计指标,确定了激光雷达系统各部分参数。
光纤耦合效率是光纤扫描系统最重要的参数之一,也是整个光纤扫描激光雷达的核心指标。本文详细研究了激光器—光纤的耦合理论,并在其基础上设计了光纤耦合光学系统。用光学设计软件zemax对其光纤耦合效率和耦合容差进行了计算和分析。
分析了光纤扫描激光雷达的发射/接收光学系统的特点,指出了光纤扫描激光雷达器发射/接收光学系统与传统激光雷达发射/接收光学系统的差异。计算了发射/接收光学系统的系统参数,根据计算结果对发射光学系统和接收光学系统进行了光学设计,用不同的评价指标对光学系统性能进行了分析。
本文最后分析了几种主要的系统误差对系统性能的影响,并提出了扩大系统容差的方法。
Fiber scanning laser radar is a new type of laser radar. It has received a great deal of attention lately both in the military and civilian information society because of its excellent characteristics: high scanning-frequency, Laser facula uniformly distributed, good aseismic capacity, ect. The related theory and critical technology of the fiber scanner laser radar have been discussed in detail in this dissertation. In paper, upon the design specifications, the scheme of the key components of the fiber scanner laser radar is also taken.
Firstly, the operation principle and the system structure of the fiber scanner laser radar are discussed in general. The scheme of the key components of the fiber scanner laser radar-the scanning-systems is studied. The characteristic of laser transmission in atmospheric, and the target characteristics are systematically studied, and than the parameters are determined according to design requirements.
The fiber coupling efficiency is one of the most important parameters of the scanning system, and also the key target of the fiber scanner laser radar. In the second part of the paper, the fiber coupling theory is studied in detail,and the proposes research project of fiber coupling optic system is explained. The coupling efficiency and coupling tolerance of the system are analyzed by using optical software ZEMAX.
The characteristics of the emitting and receiving optical systems of the fiber scanner laser radar are analyzed in the third part of this paper. The emitting and receiving optical systems of the fiber scanner laser radar are different from other typical laser radars. The parameters of the emitting and receiving optical systems are calculated, and then the system are designed according to the parameters, the performances of optical system is analyzed with different evaluating standards.
In the end, the influences of systematic error on system performance are analyzed. The methods to extend the system tolerance are proposed.
本文首先对激光扫描光纤雷达的工作原理和系统结构进行了分析研究。讨论了光纤扫描激光雷达的关键部件——光纤扫描系统的扫描体制和设计方案。系统研究激光的大气传输特性和目标表面特性,并根据设计指标,确定了激光雷达系统各部分参数。
光纤耦合效率是光纤扫描系统最重要的参数之一,也是整个光纤扫描激光雷达的核心指标。本文详细研究了激光器—光纤的耦合理论,并在其基础上设计了光纤耦合光学系统。用光学设计软件zemax对其光纤耦合效率和耦合容差进行了计算和分析。
分析了光纤扫描激光雷达的发射/接收光学系统的特点,指出了光纤扫描激光雷达器发射/接收光学系统与传统激光雷达发射/接收光学系统的差异。计算了发射/接收光学系统的系统参数,根据计算结果对发射光学系统和接收光学系统进行了光学设计,用不同的评价指标对光学系统性能进行了分析。
本文最后分析了几种主要的系统误差对系统性能的影响,并提出了扩大系统容差的方法。
Fiber scanning laser radar is a new type of laser radar. It has received a great deal of attention lately both in the military and civilian information society because of its excellent characteristics: high scanning-frequency, Laser facula uniformly distributed, good aseismic capacity, ect. The related theory and critical technology of the fiber scanner laser radar have been discussed in detail in this dissertation. In paper, upon the design specifications, the scheme of the key components of the fiber scanner laser radar is also taken.
Firstly, the operation principle and the system structure of the fiber scanner laser radar are discussed in general. The scheme of the key components of the fiber scanner laser radar-the scanning-systems is studied. The characteristic of laser transmission in atmospheric, and the target characteristics are systematically studied, and than the parameters are determined according to design requirements.
The fiber coupling efficiency is one of the most important parameters of the scanning system, and also the key target of the fiber scanner laser radar. In the second part of the paper, the fiber coupling theory is studied in detail,and the proposes research project of fiber coupling optic system is explained. The coupling efficiency and coupling tolerance of the system are analyzed by using optical software ZEMAX.
The characteristics of the emitting and receiving optical systems of the fiber scanner laser radar are analyzed in the third part of this paper. The emitting and receiving optical systems of the fiber scanner laser radar are different from other typical laser radars. The parameters of the emitting and receiving optical systems are calculated, and then the system are designed according to the parameters, the performances of optical system is analyzed with different evaluating standards.
In the end, the influences of systematic error on system performance are analyzed. The methods to extend the system tolerance are proposed.
引文
1.程正逢,王盛才,石克勤等.航空激光扫描测量系统在国外工程中的应用.地理空间信息. 2003, 1(3):40-44
2.罗志清,张惠荣,吴强等.机载LiDAR技术.信息技术. 2006, 2: 20-24
3.刘经南,张小红.激光扫描测高技术的发展和现状.武汉大学学报信息科学版. 2003, 2(28): 32-137
4.李清泉,李必军,陈静.激光雷达测量技术及其应用研究.武汉测绘科技大学学报, 2000, 25(5): 387-392
5. Richard M. Heinrichs, et al. Three-Dimensional Laser Radar with APD Arrays. SPIE , 4377, 2001, 106-117
6. Barry L. Stann, et al. Research progress on a focal plane array ladar system using a laser diode transmitter and FM/CW radar principles. SPIE, 4723, 2002, 19-30
7. Barry L. Stann, et al. A 32*32 pixel focal plane array lader system using chirped amplitude modulation. SPIE, 5412, 2004, 264-272
8. Phil Garcia, John Anthes, Joe T Pierce. Characterization of a scanner-less ladar system. SPIE, 1993, 1936:23-30
9.郑永超,赵铭军,张文平,赵春生.激光雷达技术及其发展动向.红外与激光工程. 2006, 35:240-241
10. Wehr A, Lohr U. Airborne laser scanning an introduction and overview. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, 1999,54(2/3): 68-82
11. Aubin, G., SaPriel, J., Molehanov, VYa. Gabet, R. Multichannel acousto-optic cells for fast optical cross connect. Eleetron Lett. 2004, 40(7):448-449
12. Liang Wanguo, Zhao Dazun, et al. Circular Gratings Optical Scanning Holography. Acta Optica Sinica, 2000, (20) :pp.74-77
13.梁欣廉,张继贤,李海涛等.激光雷达数据特点.遥感信息. 2005, 3: 71-76
14.张君福.扫描效率分析.激光与红外1983, 1(12): 47-48
15.杨莉荣,袁芳.扫描成像问题分析.中国科技信. 2008, 3:260-261
16.舒宁.激光成像.武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2005:33-37
17. Li Ge, Markus Duelli, Robert, W. Cohn. Enumeration of illumination and scanning modes from real-time spatial light modulators. Opt. Express,200,7(12):403-416
18.李旭,李保柱.光纤扫描激光雷达技术.红外与激光工程. 2008,37:793-796.
19. Hiroshi Masaharu, Mamoru Koarai, Hiroyuki Hasegawa. Utilization of AirborneLaser Scanning in Japan.SPIE 4309:81-92
20. R. Manduchi, A. Castano, A. Talukder, L. Matthies. Obstacle Detection and Terrain Classification for Autonomous Off-Road Navigation. Autonomous Robots, 2005,18, (1) :81~102
21. Alexander Wiechert. Lidar Data marker still growing. GIM International. 2004, 1854:50-55
22.赵远,蔡喜平,陈锤贤,韩权.成像激光雷达技术概述.激光与红外, 2000, 30(6):328-330
23. M. Cornel, F. R. Nicolaas. Micro-opto-mechanical 2×2 Switch for Single-mode Fibers Based on Plasma-etched Silicon Mirror and Electrostatic Actuation .J. Lightwave Technology, 1999, 17 (1) :2-6
24. Rajiv Ramaswami, et al. Using All-Optical Cross connects in the Transport Network. OFC’2001 Technical Digest, paper WZ1,March,2001
25.戴永江.激光雷达原理.北京:国防工业出版社, 2002:6-11
26. K. Chrzanowski. Comparison of Shortwave and Longwave Measuring Thermal imaging Systems .Applied Optics, 1995,3416, 34(16) :2888-2897
27.宣益民,韩玉阁.地面目标与背景的红特征.国防工业出版社. 2004:46-47
28.李磊,郑永超,彭凤超,邓全.地形测绘激光成像雷达技术研究.红外与激光工程激光与红外, 2000, 30(6):295-297
29. Xinhuan Feng, Hwa-Yaw Tam, P. K. A Wai. Switchable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser with a multimode fiber Bragg grating and photonic crystal fiber .IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, 2006, 18 (9) :1088~1090
30. Sang Bae Lee. Flexibly tunable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser based on four-wave effect in dispersion-shifted fibers .Opt.Express, 2005, 13(25) :10134～10139
31.傅恩生.人眼安全的高效腔内KTP光学参量振荡器.激光与光电子学进展, 2004,(10): 142-145
32.张翼.高光束质量人眼安全非稳腔光参量振荡激光器的研究.电子科技大学, 2004:25-27
33. Hannu H,Yu Xiaowei. Factors Affecting the Quality of DTM Generation in Forested Areas .IS-PRS WGIII/3 Workshop“Laser Scanning 2005”. Enschede, the Netherlands. 2005, .
34. Charles K T. Future Trends in Lidar .ASPRSAnnual Conference. Denver. 2004.
35.杨集,冯士维,王承栋,张跃宗,李瑛,孙静莹. InP/InGaAs PIN红外探测器增透膜的研究.半导体技术, 2006,(08):224-226.
36.吕衍秋. InGaAs红外焦平面.红外, 2006,(07):126-128
37.张春霞,张鹏翔.红外探测材料的发展状况及未来发展.云南冶金, 2004,(01): 87-89
38. H. M. Presby and C. A. Edwards. Near 100% Efficient Fiber Micro-lenses. Electron. Lett. 1992, 28(6):582-584.
39.于建,陈利,赵玉强,张欣玫,李世忱.精密光学调整架的自动控制.光电子.激光, 2000,(04)
40. H. M. Yang, S. Y. Huang, C. W. Lee, et al. High-Coupling Tapered Hyperbolic Fiber Micro-lens and Taper Asymmetry Effect. Light-wave Technol.,2004. 22(5):1395-1401
41.张乐.激光雷达发射和接收光学系统研究.国防科学技术大学.硕士毕业论文.2004:15-30
42. Yasutoshi. Y, Tetsuo. K, Makoto. S. New collimating lens system for laser diode package. IEEE of proceedings Electronic Componets and Technology Conference, 1993, 1135 - 1138
43.李东源;侯蓝田;张晓光;周桂耀.自由空间光通讯中应用的光纤耦合系统设计.激光杂志. 2006, 27(1):64-67
44.梁静秋;侯凤杰.采用硅V型槽的一维光纤阵列的研制.光学精密工程. 2007,15(1):89-91
2.罗志清,张惠荣,吴强等.机载LiDAR技术.信息技术. 2006, 2: 20-24
3.刘经南,张小红.激光扫描测高技术的发展和现状.武汉大学学报信息科学版. 2003, 2(28): 32-137
4.李清泉,李必军,陈静.激光雷达测量技术及其应用研究.武汉测绘科技大学学报, 2000, 25(5): 387-392
5. Richard M. Heinrichs, et al. Three-Dimensional Laser Radar with APD Arrays. SPIE , 4377, 2001, 106-117
6. Barry L. Stann, et al. Research progress on a focal plane array ladar system using a laser diode transmitter and FM/CW radar principles. SPIE, 4723, 2002, 19-30
7. Barry L. Stann, et al. A 32*32 pixel focal plane array lader system using chirped amplitude modulation. SPIE, 5412, 2004, 264-272
8. Phil Garcia, John Anthes, Joe T Pierce. Characterization of a scanner-less ladar system. SPIE, 1993, 1936:23-30
9.郑永超,赵铭军,张文平,赵春生.激光雷达技术及其发展动向.红外与激光工程. 2006, 35:240-241
10. Wehr A, Lohr U. Airborne laser scanning an introduction and overview. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, 1999,54(2/3): 68-82
11. Aubin, G., SaPriel, J., Molehanov, VYa. Gabet, R. Multichannel acousto-optic cells for fast optical cross connect. Eleetron Lett. 2004, 40(7):448-449
12. Liang Wanguo, Zhao Dazun, et al. Circular Gratings Optical Scanning Holography. Acta Optica Sinica, 2000, (20) :pp.74-77
13.梁欣廉,张继贤,李海涛等.激光雷达数据特点.遥感信息. 2005, 3: 71-76
14.张君福.扫描效率分析.激光与红外1983, 1(12): 47-48
15.杨莉荣,袁芳.扫描成像问题分析.中国科技信. 2008, 3:260-261
16.舒宁.激光成像.武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2005:33-37
17. Li Ge, Markus Duelli, Robert, W. Cohn. Enumeration of illumination and scanning modes from real-time spatial light modulators. Opt. Express,200,7(12):403-416
18.李旭,李保柱.光纤扫描激光雷达技术.红外与激光工程. 2008,37:793-796.
19. Hiroshi Masaharu, Mamoru Koarai, Hiroyuki Hasegawa. Utilization of AirborneLaser Scanning in Japan.SPIE 4309:81-92
20. R. Manduchi, A. Castano, A. Talukder, L. Matthies. Obstacle Detection and Terrain Classification for Autonomous Off-Road Navigation. Autonomous Robots, 2005,18, (1) :81~102
21. Alexander Wiechert. Lidar Data marker still growing. GIM International. 2004, 1854:50-55
22.赵远,蔡喜平,陈锤贤,韩权.成像激光雷达技术概述.激光与红外, 2000, 30(6):328-330
23. M. Cornel, F. R. Nicolaas. Micro-opto-mechanical 2×2 Switch for Single-mode Fibers Based on Plasma-etched Silicon Mirror and Electrostatic Actuation .J. Lightwave Technology, 1999, 17 (1) :2-6
24. Rajiv Ramaswami, et al. Using All-Optical Cross connects in the Transport Network. OFC’2001 Technical Digest, paper WZ1,March,2001
25.戴永江.激光雷达原理.北京:国防工业出版社, 2002:6-11
26. K. Chrzanowski. Comparison of Shortwave and Longwave Measuring Thermal imaging Systems .Applied Optics, 1995,3416, 34(16) :2888-2897
27.宣益民,韩玉阁.地面目标与背景的红特征.国防工业出版社. 2004:46-47
28.李磊,郑永超,彭凤超,邓全.地形测绘激光成像雷达技术研究.红外与激光工程激光与红外, 2000, 30(6):295-297
29. Xinhuan Feng, Hwa-Yaw Tam, P. K. A Wai. Switchable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser with a multimode fiber Bragg grating and photonic crystal fiber .IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, 2006, 18 (9) :1088~1090
30. Sang Bae Lee. Flexibly tunable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser based on four-wave effect in dispersion-shifted fibers .Opt.Express, 2005, 13(25) :10134～10139
31.傅恩生.人眼安全的高效腔内KTP光学参量振荡器.激光与光电子学进展, 2004,(10): 142-145
32.张翼.高光束质量人眼安全非稳腔光参量振荡激光器的研究.电子科技大学, 2004:25-27
33. Hannu H,Yu Xiaowei. Factors Affecting the Quality of DTM Generation in Forested Areas .IS-PRS WGIII/3 Workshop“Laser Scanning 2005”. Enschede, the Netherlands. 2005, .
34. Charles K T. Future Trends in Lidar .ASPRSAnnual Conference. Denver. 2004.
35.杨集,冯士维,王承栋,张跃宗,李瑛,孙静莹. InP/InGaAs PIN红外探测器增透膜的研究.半导体技术, 2006,(08):224-226.
36.吕衍秋. InGaAs红外焦平面.红外, 2006,(07):126-128
37.张春霞,张鹏翔.红外探测材料的发展状况及未来发展.云南冶金, 2004,(01): 87-89
38. H. M. Presby and C. A. Edwards. Near 100% Efficient Fiber Micro-lenses. Electron. Lett. 1992, 28(6):582-584.
39.于建,陈利,赵玉强,张欣玫,李世忱.精密光学调整架的自动控制.光电子.激光, 2000,(04)
40. H. M. Yang, S. Y. Huang, C. W. Lee, et al. High-Coupling Tapered Hyperbolic Fiber Micro-lens and Taper Asymmetry Effect. Light-wave Technol.,2004. 22(5):1395-1401
41.张乐.激光雷达发射和接收光学系统研究.国防科学技术大学.硕士毕业论文.2004:15-30
42. Yasutoshi. Y, Tetsuo. K, Makoto. S. New collimating lens system for laser diode package. IEEE of proceedings Electronic Componets and Technology Conference, 1993, 1135 - 1138
43.李东源;侯蓝田;张晓光;周桂耀.自由空间光通讯中应用的光纤耦合系统设计.激光杂志. 2006, 27(1):64-67
44.梁静秋;侯凤杰.采用硅V型槽的一维光纤阵列的研制.光学精密工程. 2007,15(1):89-91