上海海岸带生态资产评估方法研究
|
摘要
生态系统是生命与周围环境构成的综合体,是人类社会持续发展的重要资源,而生态资源价值的表现形式被定义为生态资产。海岸带区域是最活跃的自然地带,也是资源与环境条件最为优越的区域,是具有海陆过渡性质的独立的环境体系,它与人类的生存和发展的关系最为密切。
近年来,随着经济发展和社会进步,城市化与工业化的进程逐渐加快,人类对自然环境的影响、开发和利用也达到了前所未有的程度,但是也引发了一系列的海岸带生态环境问题,使得海岸带生态资产价值降低的趋势日益明显。我国东部沿海海岸带地区是人口最密集的地区,人口密度大,由于经济发展初期没有重视海岸带系统的生态化管理,所以海岸带生态环境问题表现得尤为突出。这些问题已经给人们的生产和生活带来了巨大负面影响,成为海岸带地区社会经济发展的瓶颈。
认识和计量生态资产对于传统资产观的发展、经济核算、经济评价、经济政策的补充和完善都具有重要的理论意义和改善海岸带生态环境的巨大实践价值,同时还可以指导海岸带地区经济发展、生态环境建设与保护以及政府的宏观决策。借助近年来迅猛发展的空间信息技术,及时、准确和动态地掌握国家／区域的生态资产状况,对于国民经济发展、生态环境建设与保护、各级政府进行宏观决策都具有重要的科学意义。
本论文在生态学理论、遥感技术和GIS技术支持下,综合应用统计学方法,建立了海岸带系统生态资产遥感定量评估模型。首先利用太阳辐射量模型结合海岸带地区DEM计算出区域的月总太阳辐射量的分布。其次利用Landsat 5 TM遥感影像得到海岸带地区土地利用状况,从而获取各种生态系统的类型和面积数据。同时利用遥感影像反演出海岸带地区NDVI和植被覆盖度等参数,进一步计算出生态系统的植被净第一性生产力和基本反映生态系统质量状况的调整系数。在此基础上,结合地理属性数据及统计数据,计算海岸带区域的生态资产价值分布图。论文将此模型应用于上海海岸带区域,对其进行了1998年和2005年两期数据的土地利用／覆盖变化的动态比较分析,并计算得到其两年的生态资产价值分布图,同时对生态资产的空间分布情况进行了比较分析和差异研究。
The ecosystem is a complex consisting of the lives and the environment around them, and it is the necessary resource for the sustainable development of human society. The manifestation of ecological resource value is defined as ecological assets. The coastal region is the most dynamic natural zone and also the most predominant area in resource and environment. The coastal zone is an independent environment system with the characteristics of transition between sea and land, which is closest to the life and development of human beings.
With the development of economy and the progress of the society in recent years, the processes of urbanization and industrialization have been accelerated gradually. The impact and exploitation of human beings to the natural resources and environment have been in an unprecedented situation. In addition, a series of problems concerning coastal ecology have emerged, and the decline of ecological assets of the coastal zone has become more and more remarkable. The eastern coastal region is one of the highest population density areas of China. It has significant environment problems due to the less attention to the ecosystem protection in the early economy-developing days. These problems have already become the bottleneck of the social and economic development of coastal region, which bring enormous negative influences to the production and life of the human beings.
It is important to understand and measure the ecological assets, which makes great sense in the development of traditional capital concept, the adjustment of economy, complementarities of the economic policies and the practice value of the coastal ecological environment. Meanwhile, the ecological assets can help to guide the economic development of the coastal area, construct and protect the ecological environment and support macro decision-making of the government. It is essential to master the national or regional ecological capital in time, exactly and dynamically with the help of rapid-developing spatial information technologies.The national community economic development, construction and protection of ecological environment and the macro decision-making of the governments at all levels would benefit.
In this paper, with the support of ecological principles and methods, Remote Sensing (RS) technology and geographical information system (GIS) technique, we established RS quantitative ecological assessment model for coastal zone. First, the distribution of the total solar radiation was calculated with the solar radiation model based on coastal zone DEM data. Second, we mapped the land use conditions in coastal zones using Landsat 5 TM images. At the same time, the different land use types and size of different kinds of ecosystems was gained. In addition, based on the calculated parameters, such as NDVI, vegetation coverage based on RS images, the net primary productivity (NPP) and adjustment factor were calculated, which could reflect the status of ecosystem quality basically. Finally, the ecological assets distribution in the coastal zone was calculated on the basis of integration of the above work and the geographic attributes and statistics data. The model proposed in this paper was applied in the coastal zone of Shanghai, China. Land use/cover changes(LUCC) in 1998 and 2005 were dynamically and comparatively analyzed, and the ecological assets distribution among the past seven years was calculated, and we also made the comparative analysis and the difference of the ecological spatial distribution in respect years were also analyzed.
近年来,随着经济发展和社会进步,城市化与工业化的进程逐渐加快,人类对自然环境的影响、开发和利用也达到了前所未有的程度,但是也引发了一系列的海岸带生态环境问题,使得海岸带生态资产价值降低的趋势日益明显。我国东部沿海海岸带地区是人口最密集的地区,人口密度大,由于经济发展初期没有重视海岸带系统的生态化管理,所以海岸带生态环境问题表现得尤为突出。这些问题已经给人们的生产和生活带来了巨大负面影响,成为海岸带地区社会经济发展的瓶颈。
认识和计量生态资产对于传统资产观的发展、经济核算、经济评价、经济政策的补充和完善都具有重要的理论意义和改善海岸带生态环境的巨大实践价值,同时还可以指导海岸带地区经济发展、生态环境建设与保护以及政府的宏观决策。借助近年来迅猛发展的空间信息技术,及时、准确和动态地掌握国家／区域的生态资产状况,对于国民经济发展、生态环境建设与保护、各级政府进行宏观决策都具有重要的科学意义。
本论文在生态学理论、遥感技术和GIS技术支持下,综合应用统计学方法,建立了海岸带系统生态资产遥感定量评估模型。首先利用太阳辐射量模型结合海岸带地区DEM计算出区域的月总太阳辐射量的分布。其次利用Landsat 5 TM遥感影像得到海岸带地区土地利用状况,从而获取各种生态系统的类型和面积数据。同时利用遥感影像反演出海岸带地区NDVI和植被覆盖度等参数,进一步计算出生态系统的植被净第一性生产力和基本反映生态系统质量状况的调整系数。在此基础上,结合地理属性数据及统计数据,计算海岸带区域的生态资产价值分布图。论文将此模型应用于上海海岸带区域,对其进行了1998年和2005年两期数据的土地利用／覆盖变化的动态比较分析,并计算得到其两年的生态资产价值分布图,同时对生态资产的空间分布情况进行了比较分析和差异研究。
The ecosystem is a complex consisting of the lives and the environment around them, and it is the necessary resource for the sustainable development of human society. The manifestation of ecological resource value is defined as ecological assets. The coastal region is the most dynamic natural zone and also the most predominant area in resource and environment. The coastal zone is an independent environment system with the characteristics of transition between sea and land, which is closest to the life and development of human beings.
With the development of economy and the progress of the society in recent years, the processes of urbanization and industrialization have been accelerated gradually. The impact and exploitation of human beings to the natural resources and environment have been in an unprecedented situation. In addition, a series of problems concerning coastal ecology have emerged, and the decline of ecological assets of the coastal zone has become more and more remarkable. The eastern coastal region is one of the highest population density areas of China. It has significant environment problems due to the less attention to the ecosystem protection in the early economy-developing days. These problems have already become the bottleneck of the social and economic development of coastal region, which bring enormous negative influences to the production and life of the human beings.
It is important to understand and measure the ecological assets, which makes great sense in the development of traditional capital concept, the adjustment of economy, complementarities of the economic policies and the practice value of the coastal ecological environment. Meanwhile, the ecological assets can help to guide the economic development of the coastal area, construct and protect the ecological environment and support macro decision-making of the government. It is essential to master the national or regional ecological capital in time, exactly and dynamically with the help of rapid-developing spatial information technologies.The national community economic development, construction and protection of ecological environment and the macro decision-making of the governments at all levels would benefit.
In this paper, with the support of ecological principles and methods, Remote Sensing (RS) technology and geographical information system (GIS) technique, we established RS quantitative ecological assessment model for coastal zone. First, the distribution of the total solar radiation was calculated with the solar radiation model based on coastal zone DEM data. Second, we mapped the land use conditions in coastal zones using Landsat 5 TM images. At the same time, the different land use types and size of different kinds of ecosystems was gained. In addition, based on the calculated parameters, such as NDVI, vegetation coverage based on RS images, the net primary productivity (NPP) and adjustment factor were calculated, which could reflect the status of ecosystem quality basically. Finally, the ecological assets distribution in the coastal zone was calculated on the basis of integration of the above work and the geographic attributes and statistics data. The model proposed in this paper was applied in the coastal zone of Shanghai, China. Land use/cover changes(LUCC) in 1998 and 2005 were dynamically and comparatively analyzed, and the ecological assets distribution among the past seven years was calculated, and we also made the comparative analysis and the difference of the ecological spatial distribution in respect years were also analyzed.
引文
[1]Bin Zhao, Urs Kreuter, Bo Li, et al. An ecosystem service value assessment of land-use change on Chongming Island [J].Land Use Policy,2004,21:139-148.
[2]Costnaza R. Toward an operational definition of health. In:Costartza R, Norton B, Haskdl B.Ecosystem Health-New Goals for Environmental Management. Washington DC:Island Press,.1992.
[3]Ecosystem services:an example from Sweden. Ecological Economics,1999, 29:269-291.
[4]Field C B, Randerson J T, Malmstrom C M. Global net primary production: Combining ecology and remote sensing [J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1995,51:74-88.
[5]Gretchen C, Daily T, Soderqvist D, etal. The value of nature and nature of value. Science.2000,289:395-396.
[6]Bailang Yu, Hongxing Liu, Jianping Wu, Wei-Ming Lin. Investigation impacts of urban morphology on spatio-temporal variations of solar radiation with airborne LIDAR data and a solar flux model:a case study of downtown Houston. International Journal of Remote Sensing.2009,9(30):4359-4385.
[7]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and human well-being:a framework for assessment [M].Washington DC:Island Press,2003.
[8]Rapport D J, Bohm G, Buckingham D, et al.Ecosystem health:the concept, the ISEH, and the important tasks ahead.Ecosystem Health,1999,5:82-90.
[9]Thomas M.Lillesand等著.彭望禄等译.遥感与图像解译,北京：电子工业出版社,2003,363-400.
[10]陈百明,黄兴文.中国生态资产评估与区划研究.中国农业资源与区划.2003,24(6)：20-24.
[11]陈瑞琴.青岛市土地利用／土地覆被变化及驱动力研究[D].山东：山东师范大学,2004.
[12]陈志良,刘旭拢,彭晓春,许振成,吴志峰.潭江流域森林生态资产估算及其动态变化研究.国土与自然资源研究.2008,4：80-81.
[13]陈志良,吴志峰,夏念和,程炯,刘平.中国生态资产估价研究进展.生态环境.2007, 16(1)：680-685.
[14]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值[J].科学通报.2000,45(1)：17-22.
[15]顾祝军,曾志远.遥感植被盖度研究[J],水土保持研究,2005,12(2)：18-21.
[16]蒋菊生.生态资评估与可持续发展[J].华南热带农业大学学报.2001,7(3)：41-46.
[17]高吉喜,范小杉.生态资产概念、特点与研究趋向.环境科学研究.2007,20(5)：137-143.
[18]李京,陈云浩,潘耀忠,等.生态资产定量遥感测量技术体系研究—生态资产定量遥感评估模型.遥感信息,2003,3：8-12.
[19]廖继武,孙武,尹秋菊等.从城镇发展看海南西部沿海土地利用的变化—以东方八所镇为例.热带地理,2004,24(3)：260-264.
[20]罗亚等.基于遥感影像的植被指数研究方法述评,生态科学,2005,24(1)：75-79.
[21]马世俊,王松如.社会—经济—自然复合生态系统,生态学报,9(1)：1-9.
[22]马万栋,张渊智,施平,邢前国.海岸带土地利用／土地覆盖变化研究进展.地理科学学报.2008,27(5)：87-94.
[23]穆海振,孔春燕,汤绪,柯晓新.上海气温变化及城市化影响初步分析[J].热带气象学报,2008-12,24(6)：672-678.
[24]欧维新,杨桂山,李恒鹏等.苏北盐城海岸带景观格局时空变化及驱动力分析.地理科学,2004,24(5)：610-615.
[25]欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价.应用生态学报.1999,10(5).
[26]潘耀忠,史培军,朱文泉等.中国陆地生态系统生态资产遥感定量测量.中国科学(D辑).2004,34(4)：375-384.
[27]朴世龙,方精云,郭庆华.利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力.植被生态学报,2001,25(5)：603-608.
[28]任海,李萍,彭少麟等.海岛与海岸带生态系统恢复与生态系统管理,北京：科学出版社,2004,1-25.
[29]任海,邬建国,彭少麟.生态系统健康的评估.热带地理.2000,20(4)：310-316.
[30]沙万英,邵雪梅,黄玫.20世纪80年代以来中国的气候变暖及其对自然区域界线的影响[J].中国科学D辑,2002,32(4)：317-326.
[31]史培军,潘耀忠,陈云浩,等.多尺度生态资产遥感综合测量的技术体系.2002,17(2)：169-173.
[32]施玉麒,王寒梅,李金柱.上海市海岸带资源现状与未来趋势.上海地质,2002(85)：816.
[33]孙洪泉,邓磊,蒋卫国,易文斌.长江三角洲地区生态资产评估[J].资源科学,2008-9,30(9)：1367-1373.
[34]孙睿,朱启疆.中国陆地植被净第一性生产力及季节变化研究.地理学报,2000,55(1)：36-45.
[35]王繁,周斌,蒋钏.浙江沿海地区近十年土地利用／覆盖变化遥感监测研究.科技通报.2007,23(3)：332-336.
[36]王健民,王如松.中国生态资产概论[M].南京：江苏科学技术出版社,2002.
[37]夏光.新时期环境经济面临的理论和现实问题.环境保护.1999,3：11-15.
[38]谢高地,鲁春霞,成升魁.全球生态系统服务价值评估研究进展.资源科学.2001,11(6)：5-9.
[39]徐衡,李红继.对绿色GDP核算的几点看法.天津财经学院学报.1999,12：48-51.
[40]杨丽.生态系统服务及价值评估的研究进展.淮阴师范学院学报.2001,5：624-628.
[41]杨志荣,吴次芳,刘勇等.快速城市化地区生态系统对土地利用变化的响应—以浙江省为例.浙江大学学报,2008,34(3)：341-346.
[42]于德永,潘耀忠,刘鑫等.湖州市生态资产遥感定量测量及其在社会经济中应用[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(3)：404-413.
[43]于谦龙.乌鲁木齐城市森林生态系统生态资产定量研究.安徽农业科学.2007,35(22)：6710-6712.
[44]张军连,李宪文.生态资产估价方法研究进展.中国土地科学.2003,17(3)：52-55.
[45]张淑英,陈云浩,李晓兵等.内蒙古生态资产测量及生态建设研究.资源科学,2004,26(5)：22-28.
[46]张志强,徐中民,程国栋.生态系统服务与自然资本价值评估.生态学报.2001,11(11)：1918-1926.
[47]郑荣宝,庄剑顺,张金前.广州市土地利用与NDVI变化的关联分析.国土资源遥感,2008,2：102-108.
[48]朱文泉,潘耀忠,张锦水等.中国陆地植被净初级生产力遥感估算.植物生态学报,2007,31(3)：413-424.
[49]朱文泉,张锦水,潘耀忠等.中国陆地生态系统生态资产测量及其动态变化分析[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(3)：586-594
[50]http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node2314/index.html
[2]Costnaza R. Toward an operational definition of health. In:Costartza R, Norton B, Haskdl B.Ecosystem Health-New Goals for Environmental Management. Washington DC:Island Press,.1992.
[3]Ecosystem services:an example from Sweden. Ecological Economics,1999, 29:269-291.
[4]Field C B, Randerson J T, Malmstrom C M. Global net primary production: Combining ecology and remote sensing [J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1995,51:74-88.
[5]Gretchen C, Daily T, Soderqvist D, etal. The value of nature and nature of value. Science.2000,289:395-396.
[6]Bailang Yu, Hongxing Liu, Jianping Wu, Wei-Ming Lin. Investigation impacts of urban morphology on spatio-temporal variations of solar radiation with airborne LIDAR data and a solar flux model:a case study of downtown Houston. International Journal of Remote Sensing.2009,9(30):4359-4385.
[7]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and human well-being:a framework for assessment [M].Washington DC:Island Press,2003.
[8]Rapport D J, Bohm G, Buckingham D, et al.Ecosystem health:the concept, the ISEH, and the important tasks ahead.Ecosystem Health,1999,5:82-90.
[9]Thomas M.Lillesand等著.彭望禄等译.遥感与图像解译,北京：电子工业出版社,2003,363-400.
[10]陈百明,黄兴文.中国生态资产评估与区划研究.中国农业资源与区划.2003,24(6)：20-24.
[11]陈瑞琴.青岛市土地利用／土地覆被变化及驱动力研究[D].山东：山东师范大学,2004.
[12]陈志良,刘旭拢,彭晓春,许振成,吴志峰.潭江流域森林生态资产估算及其动态变化研究.国土与自然资源研究.2008,4：80-81.
[13]陈志良,吴志峰,夏念和,程炯,刘平.中国生态资产估价研究进展.生态环境.2007, 16(1)：680-685.
[14]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值[J].科学通报.2000,45(1)：17-22.
[15]顾祝军,曾志远.遥感植被盖度研究[J],水土保持研究,2005,12(2)：18-21.
[16]蒋菊生.生态资评估与可持续发展[J].华南热带农业大学学报.2001,7(3)：41-46.
[17]高吉喜,范小杉.生态资产概念、特点与研究趋向.环境科学研究.2007,20(5)：137-143.
[18]李京,陈云浩,潘耀忠,等.生态资产定量遥感测量技术体系研究—生态资产定量遥感评估模型.遥感信息,2003,3：8-12.
[19]廖继武,孙武,尹秋菊等.从城镇发展看海南西部沿海土地利用的变化—以东方八所镇为例.热带地理,2004,24(3)：260-264.
[20]罗亚等.基于遥感影像的植被指数研究方法述评,生态科学,2005,24(1)：75-79.
[21]马世俊,王松如.社会—经济—自然复合生态系统,生态学报,9(1)：1-9.
[22]马万栋,张渊智,施平,邢前国.海岸带土地利用／土地覆盖变化研究进展.地理科学学报.2008,27(5)：87-94.
[23]穆海振,孔春燕,汤绪,柯晓新.上海气温变化及城市化影响初步分析[J].热带气象学报,2008-12,24(6)：672-678.
[24]欧维新,杨桂山,李恒鹏等.苏北盐城海岸带景观格局时空变化及驱动力分析.地理科学,2004,24(5)：610-615.
[25]欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价.应用生态学报.1999,10(5).
[26]潘耀忠,史培军,朱文泉等.中国陆地生态系统生态资产遥感定量测量.中国科学(D辑).2004,34(4)：375-384.
[27]朴世龙,方精云,郭庆华.利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力.植被生态学报,2001,25(5)：603-608.
[28]任海,李萍,彭少麟等.海岛与海岸带生态系统恢复与生态系统管理,北京：科学出版社,2004,1-25.
[29]任海,邬建国,彭少麟.生态系统健康的评估.热带地理.2000,20(4)：310-316.
[30]沙万英,邵雪梅,黄玫.20世纪80年代以来中国的气候变暖及其对自然区域界线的影响[J].中国科学D辑,2002,32(4)：317-326.
[31]史培军,潘耀忠,陈云浩,等.多尺度生态资产遥感综合测量的技术体系.2002,17(2)：169-173.
[32]施玉麒,王寒梅,李金柱.上海市海岸带资源现状与未来趋势.上海地质,2002(85)：816.
[33]孙洪泉,邓磊,蒋卫国,易文斌.长江三角洲地区生态资产评估[J].资源科学,2008-9,30(9)：1367-1373.
[34]孙睿,朱启疆.中国陆地植被净第一性生产力及季节变化研究.地理学报,2000,55(1)：36-45.
[35]王繁,周斌,蒋钏.浙江沿海地区近十年土地利用／覆盖变化遥感监测研究.科技通报.2007,23(3)：332-336.
[36]王健民,王如松.中国生态资产概论[M].南京：江苏科学技术出版社,2002.
[37]夏光.新时期环境经济面临的理论和现实问题.环境保护.1999,3：11-15.
[38]谢高地,鲁春霞,成升魁.全球生态系统服务价值评估研究进展.资源科学.2001,11(6)：5-9.
[39]徐衡,李红继.对绿色GDP核算的几点看法.天津财经学院学报.1999,12：48-51.
[40]杨丽.生态系统服务及价值评估的研究进展.淮阴师范学院学报.2001,5：624-628.
[41]杨志荣,吴次芳,刘勇等.快速城市化地区生态系统对土地利用变化的响应—以浙江省为例.浙江大学学报,2008,34(3)：341-346.
[42]于德永,潘耀忠,刘鑫等.湖州市生态资产遥感定量测量及其在社会经济中应用[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(3)：404-413.
[43]于谦龙.乌鲁木齐城市森林生态系统生态资产定量研究.安徽农业科学.2007,35(22)：6710-6712.
[44]张军连,李宪文.生态资产估价方法研究进展.中国土地科学.2003,17(3)：52-55.
[45]张淑英,陈云浩,李晓兵等.内蒙古生态资产测量及生态建设研究.资源科学,2004,26(5)：22-28.
[46]张志强,徐中民,程国栋.生态系统服务与自然资本价值评估.生态学报.2001,11(11)：1918-1926.
[47]郑荣宝,庄剑顺,张金前.广州市土地利用与NDVI变化的关联分析.国土资源遥感,2008,2：102-108.
[48]朱文泉,潘耀忠,张锦水等.中国陆地植被净初级生产力遥感估算.植物生态学报,2007,31(3)：413-424.
[49]朱文泉,张锦水,潘耀忠等.中国陆地生态系统生态资产测量及其动态变化分析[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(3)：586-594
[50]http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node2314/index.html