随钻地震钻头信号提取方法研究
|
摘要
随钻地震技术是一种新兴的井中地震技术,它利用钻井期间钻头的振动作为井下震源,通过安装在钻柱顶端的先导信号传感器和埋置在井旁地表的检波器来分别接收经钻柱和地层传播上来的钻头信号,然后通过互相关等方法得到地下的地层信息,因此也称为随钻VSP或钻头地震。随钻地震不但结合了地面地震和井中垂直地震(VSP)的优点,而且具有自身独特的优势,它不干扰钻井工作,不占用钻井时间,无检波器下井风险,特别是能实时预测钻头前方的构造细节和地层压力,减少钻探风险,降低钻井成本,提高勘探开发的经济效益。
由于牙轮钻头在信号采集、处理等方面的优势,现阶段随钻地震测量主要采用的是牙轮钻头。研究发现,牙轮钻头轴向作用力产生P波和SV波,横向作用力产生SH波,SH波振幅相比于P波和SV波的振幅很小,在典型的钻头尺寸和地震频率下,SH波振幅要比SV波振幅小三个数量级。
由于在钻柱顶端和地面接收到的信号是连续的随机信号,因此只有将两个信号互相关才能得到反映地下构造的有效信息。但是由于先导信号是在钻柱顶端接收到的,它不可避免地受到了井场噪声和钻柱传输效应的影响,因此如何衰减井场噪声、如何消除钻柱的传输效应是随钻地震信号处理的关键问题。通过井场噪声调查发现,井场噪声有一些明显的特点,因此可以根据井场噪声的特点进行有针对性的衰减。钻柱的传输效应也是影响钻头信号的一个重要因素,其主要包括钻柱对钻头信号能量的吸收、井架顶端虚反射和钻柱内部多次反射,这些因素都会对钻头信号造成严重的影响。通过先导信号反褶积可以较好地消除钻柱的传输效应,将先导信号反褶积应用于模拟资料和实际资料,取得了理想的效果。
相关作为钻头信号提取效果分析和应用的重要方法,由于计算速度、实时性等方面的原因可能无法将两个长信号一次运算完成,通过分段相关叠加的方法可以较为灵活地划分长信号,然后对应相关叠加起来,模拟试验验证了这种方法的可行性。
Seismic While Drilling (SWD) is a new borehole seismic technique,which uses the vibrations produced by a drilling bit as a downhole energy source.Its signals are recorded by pilot sensors attached to the top of the drill string and by receivers located at selected positions around the borehole,so SWD can also be called Vertical Seismic Profile While Drilling or Drill Bit VSP. SWD has not only the advantages of the Surface Seismic Survey and VSP,but also its own advantages of no interruption to drilling and no risk to the borehole,and especifically it can predict the subsurface conditions ahead of the drill bit without drawing the bit out of the hole,and can also provide the seismic images for real-time survey,so it is a very good way to reduce the drilling risks and to enhance the economic benefit in petroleum exploration and exploitation.
In the present SWD survey,roller-cone bit is widely used because of its advantages in signals recording and processing.The axial force of roller-cone bit generates P wave and SV wave,while the horizontal force generates SH wave, whose amplitude is much smaller than that of P wave and SV wave by three orders for typical bit size and frequency.
The signals we get at the top of the drill string and at the surface are continuous,so only after crosscorrelation can the useful information be available.But in fact the pilot signals recorded at the top of the drill string are inescapably influenced by the noises and the transmitting effects of the drill string which perform as frequency abnormality and high-velocity multiples.So how to attenuate the noises and eliminate the transmitting effects are the key problems in SWD signals processing.
According to noise survey,the noises at well site have some characteristics which can lead to attenuating methods.The transmitting effects of drill string are also important factor which include the drill string’s absorption to the drill-bit signals,the ghost reflection at the top of derrick and the multiple reflection in the drill string.Based on the characteristics of the transmitting effects,this paper develops the pilot deconvolution to eliminate the transmitting effects,which can get good results in both simulating data and real data.
Meanwhile,in the examination and the application of the drill-bit signals,a more flexible correlating method which includes division,correlation and stack is proposed and verified by simulating data.
由于牙轮钻头在信号采集、处理等方面的优势,现阶段随钻地震测量主要采用的是牙轮钻头。研究发现,牙轮钻头轴向作用力产生P波和SV波,横向作用力产生SH波,SH波振幅相比于P波和SV波的振幅很小,在典型的钻头尺寸和地震频率下,SH波振幅要比SV波振幅小三个数量级。
由于在钻柱顶端和地面接收到的信号是连续的随机信号,因此只有将两个信号互相关才能得到反映地下构造的有效信息。但是由于先导信号是在钻柱顶端接收到的,它不可避免地受到了井场噪声和钻柱传输效应的影响,因此如何衰减井场噪声、如何消除钻柱的传输效应是随钻地震信号处理的关键问题。通过井场噪声调查发现,井场噪声有一些明显的特点,因此可以根据井场噪声的特点进行有针对性的衰减。钻柱的传输效应也是影响钻头信号的一个重要因素,其主要包括钻柱对钻头信号能量的吸收、井架顶端虚反射和钻柱内部多次反射,这些因素都会对钻头信号造成严重的影响。通过先导信号反褶积可以较好地消除钻柱的传输效应,将先导信号反褶积应用于模拟资料和实际资料,取得了理想的效果。
相关作为钻头信号提取效果分析和应用的重要方法,由于计算速度、实时性等方面的原因可能无法将两个长信号一次运算完成,通过分段相关叠加的方法可以较为灵活地划分长信号,然后对应相关叠加起来,模拟试验验证了这种方法的可行性。
Seismic While Drilling (SWD) is a new borehole seismic technique,which uses the vibrations produced by a drilling bit as a downhole energy source.Its signals are recorded by pilot sensors attached to the top of the drill string and by receivers located at selected positions around the borehole,so SWD can also be called Vertical Seismic Profile While Drilling or Drill Bit VSP. SWD has not only the advantages of the Surface Seismic Survey and VSP,but also its own advantages of no interruption to drilling and no risk to the borehole,and especifically it can predict the subsurface conditions ahead of the drill bit without drawing the bit out of the hole,and can also provide the seismic images for real-time survey,so it is a very good way to reduce the drilling risks and to enhance the economic benefit in petroleum exploration and exploitation.
In the present SWD survey,roller-cone bit is widely used because of its advantages in signals recording and processing.The axial force of roller-cone bit generates P wave and SV wave,while the horizontal force generates SH wave, whose amplitude is much smaller than that of P wave and SV wave by three orders for typical bit size and frequency.
The signals we get at the top of the drill string and at the surface are continuous,so only after crosscorrelation can the useful information be available.But in fact the pilot signals recorded at the top of the drill string are inescapably influenced by the noises and the transmitting effects of the drill string which perform as frequency abnormality and high-velocity multiples.So how to attenuate the noises and eliminate the transmitting effects are the key problems in SWD signals processing.
According to noise survey,the noises at well site have some characteristics which can lead to attenuating methods.The transmitting effects of drill string are also important factor which include the drill string’s absorption to the drill-bit signals,the ghost reflection at the top of derrick and the multiple reflection in the drill string.Based on the characteristics of the transmitting effects,this paper develops the pilot deconvolution to eliminate the transmitting effects,which can get good results in both simulating data and real data.
Meanwhile,in the examination and the application of the drill-bit signals,a more flexible correlating method which includes division,correlation and stack is proposed and verified by simulating data.
引文
[1]朱光明编.垂直地震剖面方法.北京:石油工业出版社出版,1992
[2] J.B.U.Haldorsen,M.Krasovec,S.Raikes,T.Harrold and D.N.Day,J.D.Clippard. Comparison of full waveform seismicMWD and conventional VSP data from South Caspian, EAGE 64th Conference&Exhibiton,2002
[3] Linda J.Zimmerman and Sen T.Chen. Comparison of vertical seismic profiling techniques. Geophysics,1993,58(1),134~140
[4] Lorenzo Petronio and Flavio Poletto. Seismic–while-drilling by using tunnel boring machine noise. Geophysics ,2002,67(6):1798~1809
[5] Shiv N.Dasgupta,Saudi Aramco,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia. Drill Bit Energy Seismic Source:SWD Case Study in Ghawar Field,Saudi Arabia. SEG International Exposition and 73rd Annual Meeting, 2003
[6]韩继勇.相关技术在随钻地震中的应用.西南石油学院学报,1998, 20 (1): 49~52
[7]姜宇东.随钻地震技术综述.石油物探, 2004, 43 (2): 202~208
[8]鲍洪志.应用随钻地震技术认识钻井地层环境因素.石油勘探技术, 2001, 29 (2): 32~33
[9] Miranda.F等,三石、李胜宪译.地震随钻技术对勘探井的意义.石油物探译丛, 1996, 1 (4):1~14
[10] Massimo Malusa,Flavio Poletto,and Francesco Miranda. Prediction ahead of the bit by using drill-bit pilot signals and reverse vertical seismic profiling(RSVP). Geophysics, 2002,67(4):1169~1176
[11] S.C.Maxwell,and M.Prince. Calibrating borehole seismic attributes with passive seismic data. SEG International Exposition and 73rd Annual Meeting,2003
[12] Hiroshi Asanuma,etc.. Downhole multipoint measurement of SWD at Soultz and characterization of subsurface structure inside the basement. 1998 SEG Expanded Abstracts,1998
[13] Rector III J.W., and Marion B.P..The use of drill-bit energy as a downhole seismic source.Geophysics, 1991,56(5):628~634
[14] Rector III J.W., and Bob A.Hardage. Radiation pattern and seismic waves generated by aworking roller-cone drill bit.Geophysics, 1992,57(10):1319~1333
[15] JaconB.U.Haldorsen, Dougkas E.Miller, and John J.Walsh.. walk-away VSP using drill noise as a source.Geophysics, 1995,60(4):978~997
[16] Mitsutomo Nishizawa etc.. Miniaturized downhole seismic detector using micromachined silicon capacitive accelerometer, SEG 2000 Expanded Abstracts, 2000
[17] F.Miranda, F.Poletto, F.Abramo, A.Craglietto, and G.Bernasconi. SWD surface and downhole pilot recording to improve PDC bit signals.EAGE 61st Conference and Technical Exhibition,1999
[18] Naville C., Layotte P.C., Pignard G. and Guesnon J.. Well Seismic Application of TRAFOR MWD system to drill bit seismic profiling. EAGE Abstract G45,Vienna,Austria, 1994
[19] Miranda F., Aleotti L., Abramo F., Poletto F., Craglietto A., Persoglia S., and Rocca F.. Impact of the seismic‘while drilling’technique on exploration wells.First Break ,1996,14(2):55~68
[20] Flavio Poletto. Seismic while drilling use of pilot signals with downhole motor drilling:1998 SEG Expanded Abstracts
[21] Luca Bertelli, and Franco di Cesare. Improving the subsurface geological model while drilling.First Break,1999,17(4):223~228
[22] Massimo Malusa, and Francesco Miranda. SWD using lateral vibrations of PDC bits,SEG International Exposition and 73th Annual Meeting,2003
[23] R.T.Coates, J.B.U.Haldorsen, S.A.Petersen, A.Hawthorn, and M.VanSchaack. Full-waveform while-drilling seismics,a case study from the grane field,the north sea: EAGE 66th Conference & Exhibition---Paris,France,June 2004
[24] J.B.U.Haldorsen, M.Krasovec, S.Raikes, T.Harrold, D.N.Day, and J.D.Clippard,. Comparison of full waveform seismicMWD and conventional VSP data from South Caspian:EAGE 64th Conference & Exhibiton,2002
[25] Flavio Poletto, and Giuliano Dordolo. A new approach to offshore drill-bit reverse vertical seismic profiling(RVSP).Geophysics,2002, 67(3):1071~1075.
[26] Fausto Batini, I.Dini, Mario Certo, Tiziano Cola, Fabio Cecconi, Louis Soulier, Charles Naville, Sylvain Serbutoviez. Seismic while drilling measurements in Itallian deep geothermal wells. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress ,2000
[27] Lorenzo Petronio, Flavio Poletto, Andrea Schlerfer, and Alberto Morimo. Geology predictionahead of the excavation front by Tunnel Seismic while Drilling(TSWD)method.SEG International Exposition and 73rd Annual Meeting,2003
[28]苟量,杨举勇,罗斌,王宝彬,赵波,严又生.随钻VSP技术研究及初步应用效果.石油地球物理勘探,2005, 40 (2): 183~189
[29] Flavio Poletto,Massimo Malusa,and Francesco Miranda. Numerical modeling and interpretation of drilling waves. Geophysics,2001, 66(5):1569~1581.
[30] Flavio Poletto,Jose M.Carcione,Massimo Lovo,and Francesco Miranda. Acoustic velocity of seismic-while-drilling(SWD)borehole guided waves:Geophysics,2002, 67(3):921~927
[31]谢里夫,吉尔达特著,初英等译.勘探地震学.北京:石油工业出版社,1999
[32]李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路.北京:石油工业出版社, 1994. 31~43
[33]韩晓丽.滩浅海高精度地震勘探变周期虚反射和海底鸣震研究及压制特征:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学地球探测与信息技术系,2005
[34]韩晓丽,刘怀山,杨怀春.滩浅海高精度地震勘探虚反射特征研究.中国海洋大学学报, 2003,33(增刊):61~66
[35]刘怀山,王福海,童思友.滩浅海高精度地震资料处理研究.中国海洋大学学报, 2003,33(增刊):32~36
[36] Dareing,D.W.. Drill collar length is a major factor in vibration control. 57th Annual Fall Technical Conference of Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME,SPE11228, 1982
[37] Claerbout J.F.Fundamentals of Geophysical Data Processing.Palo Alto:Blackwell Scientific Publications,1976.145~162
[38] Douglas S.Drumheller. Acoustical properties of drill strings. Journal of Acoustical Society of America,1989,85(3):1048~1064
[39] F.Poletto,M.,Malusa,and F.Miranda. Reflection of drill-bit extensional waves at the bit-rock interface. SEG 2000 Expanded Abstracts, 2000
[40] Juliette W.Ioup and George E.Ioup. Noise removal and compression using a wavelet transtorm. 1998 SEG Expanded Abstracts, 1998
[41] A.Frank Linville and Robert A.Meek. Canceling stationary sinusoidal noise. Geophysics, 1992,57(11):1493~1501
[42] R.B.Hermann and D.R.Russell. Ground roll:Rejection using adaptive phase-matched filters.Geophysics,1990,55(6):776~781
[43] Cahit Coruh and John K.Costain. Noise attenuation by vibroseis whitening(VSW) processing. Geophysics,1983,48(5):543~554
[44] M.Vassallo, G.Bernasconi. Drilling rig noise removal in SWD data. EAGE 64th Conference & Exhibiton,2002
[45] Flavio Poletto, Fabio L.Rocca, and Luca Bertelli. Drill-bit signal separation for RVSP using statictical independence. Geophysics, 2000, 65(5):1654~1659
[46] Flavio Poletto. A blind interpretation of drill-bit signals. Geophysics, 2000, 65(3):970~978
[47]罗斌.随钻地震技术研究及应用效果: [博士学位论文].北京:中国地质大学(北京)地球物理与信息技术系,2005
[48]黄绪德著.反褶积与地震道反演.北京:石油工业出版社,1992
[49]渥·伊尔马滋著,刘怀山等译.地震资料分析.北京:石油工业出版社, 2006. 122~216
[50] Scott C.Hornbostel. A noise-optimized objective method for predictive deconvolution. Geophysics,1999,64(22):552~563
[51] Mark R.F.Massier,Gerard C.Herman and Dirk J.Verschuur. Removal of overburden transmission effects by deterministic deconvolution.Geophysics, 1997,62(5):1612~1616
[52]徐秉铮,欧阳景正.信号分析与相关技术.北京:科学出版社, 1981
[53]张树京.统计信号处理.北京:人民邮电出版社,1998
[2] J.B.U.Haldorsen,M.Krasovec,S.Raikes,T.Harrold and D.N.Day,J.D.Clippard. Comparison of full waveform seismicMWD and conventional VSP data from South Caspian, EAGE 64th Conference&Exhibiton,2002
[3] Linda J.Zimmerman and Sen T.Chen. Comparison of vertical seismic profiling techniques. Geophysics,1993,58(1),134~140
[4] Lorenzo Petronio and Flavio Poletto. Seismic–while-drilling by using tunnel boring machine noise. Geophysics ,2002,67(6):1798~1809
[5] Shiv N.Dasgupta,Saudi Aramco,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia. Drill Bit Energy Seismic Source:SWD Case Study in Ghawar Field,Saudi Arabia. SEG International Exposition and 73rd Annual Meeting, 2003
[6]韩继勇.相关技术在随钻地震中的应用.西南石油学院学报,1998, 20 (1): 49~52
[7]姜宇东.随钻地震技术综述.石油物探, 2004, 43 (2): 202~208
[8]鲍洪志.应用随钻地震技术认识钻井地层环境因素.石油勘探技术, 2001, 29 (2): 32~33
[9] Miranda.F等,三石、李胜宪译.地震随钻技术对勘探井的意义.石油物探译丛, 1996, 1 (4):1~14
[10] Massimo Malusa,Flavio Poletto,and Francesco Miranda. Prediction ahead of the bit by using drill-bit pilot signals and reverse vertical seismic profiling(RSVP). Geophysics, 2002,67(4):1169~1176
[11] S.C.Maxwell,and M.Prince. Calibrating borehole seismic attributes with passive seismic data. SEG International Exposition and 73rd Annual Meeting,2003
[12] Hiroshi Asanuma,etc.. Downhole multipoint measurement of SWD at Soultz and characterization of subsurface structure inside the basement. 1998 SEG Expanded Abstracts,1998
[13] Rector III J.W., and Marion B.P..The use of drill-bit energy as a downhole seismic source.Geophysics, 1991,56(5):628~634
[14] Rector III J.W., and Bob A.Hardage. Radiation pattern and seismic waves generated by aworking roller-cone drill bit.Geophysics, 1992,57(10):1319~1333
[15] JaconB.U.Haldorsen, Dougkas E.Miller, and John J.Walsh.. walk-away VSP using drill noise as a source.Geophysics, 1995,60(4):978~997
[16] Mitsutomo Nishizawa etc.. Miniaturized downhole seismic detector using micromachined silicon capacitive accelerometer, SEG 2000 Expanded Abstracts, 2000
[17] F.Miranda, F.Poletto, F.Abramo, A.Craglietto, and G.Bernasconi. SWD surface and downhole pilot recording to improve PDC bit signals.EAGE 61st Conference and Technical Exhibition,1999
[18] Naville C., Layotte P.C., Pignard G. and Guesnon J.. Well Seismic Application of TRAFOR MWD system to drill bit seismic profiling. EAGE Abstract G45,Vienna,Austria, 1994
[19] Miranda F., Aleotti L., Abramo F., Poletto F., Craglietto A., Persoglia S., and Rocca F.. Impact of the seismic‘while drilling’technique on exploration wells.First Break ,1996,14(2):55~68
[20] Flavio Poletto. Seismic while drilling use of pilot signals with downhole motor drilling:1998 SEG Expanded Abstracts
[21] Luca Bertelli, and Franco di Cesare. Improving the subsurface geological model while drilling.First Break,1999,17(4):223~228
[22] Massimo Malusa, and Francesco Miranda. SWD using lateral vibrations of PDC bits,SEG International Exposition and 73th Annual Meeting,2003
[23] R.T.Coates, J.B.U.Haldorsen, S.A.Petersen, A.Hawthorn, and M.VanSchaack. Full-waveform while-drilling seismics,a case study from the grane field,the north sea: EAGE 66th Conference & Exhibition---Paris,France,June 2004
[24] J.B.U.Haldorsen, M.Krasovec, S.Raikes, T.Harrold, D.N.Day, and J.D.Clippard,. Comparison of full waveform seismicMWD and conventional VSP data from South Caspian:EAGE 64th Conference & Exhibiton,2002
[25] Flavio Poletto, and Giuliano Dordolo. A new approach to offshore drill-bit reverse vertical seismic profiling(RVSP).Geophysics,2002, 67(3):1071~1075.
[26] Fausto Batini, I.Dini, Mario Certo, Tiziano Cola, Fabio Cecconi, Louis Soulier, Charles Naville, Sylvain Serbutoviez. Seismic while drilling measurements in Itallian deep geothermal wells. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress ,2000
[27] Lorenzo Petronio, Flavio Poletto, Andrea Schlerfer, and Alberto Morimo. Geology predictionahead of the excavation front by Tunnel Seismic while Drilling(TSWD)method.SEG International Exposition and 73rd Annual Meeting,2003
[28]苟量,杨举勇,罗斌,王宝彬,赵波,严又生.随钻VSP技术研究及初步应用效果.石油地球物理勘探,2005, 40 (2): 183~189
[29] Flavio Poletto,Massimo Malusa,and Francesco Miranda. Numerical modeling and interpretation of drilling waves. Geophysics,2001, 66(5):1569~1581.
[30] Flavio Poletto,Jose M.Carcione,Massimo Lovo,and Francesco Miranda. Acoustic velocity of seismic-while-drilling(SWD)borehole guided waves:Geophysics,2002, 67(3):921~927
[31]谢里夫,吉尔达特著,初英等译.勘探地震学.北京:石油工业出版社,1999
[32]李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路.北京:石油工业出版社, 1994. 31~43
[33]韩晓丽.滩浅海高精度地震勘探变周期虚反射和海底鸣震研究及压制特征:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学地球探测与信息技术系,2005
[34]韩晓丽,刘怀山,杨怀春.滩浅海高精度地震勘探虚反射特征研究.中国海洋大学学报, 2003,33(增刊):61~66
[35]刘怀山,王福海,童思友.滩浅海高精度地震资料处理研究.中国海洋大学学报, 2003,33(增刊):32~36
[36] Dareing,D.W.. Drill collar length is a major factor in vibration control. 57th Annual Fall Technical Conference of Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME,SPE11228, 1982
[37] Claerbout J.F.Fundamentals of Geophysical Data Processing.Palo Alto:Blackwell Scientific Publications,1976.145~162
[38] Douglas S.Drumheller. Acoustical properties of drill strings. Journal of Acoustical Society of America,1989,85(3):1048~1064
[39] F.Poletto,M.,Malusa,and F.Miranda. Reflection of drill-bit extensional waves at the bit-rock interface. SEG 2000 Expanded Abstracts, 2000
[40] Juliette W.Ioup and George E.Ioup. Noise removal and compression using a wavelet transtorm. 1998 SEG Expanded Abstracts, 1998
[41] A.Frank Linville and Robert A.Meek. Canceling stationary sinusoidal noise. Geophysics, 1992,57(11):1493~1501
[42] R.B.Hermann and D.R.Russell. Ground roll:Rejection using adaptive phase-matched filters.Geophysics,1990,55(6):776~781
[43] Cahit Coruh and John K.Costain. Noise attenuation by vibroseis whitening(VSW) processing. Geophysics,1983,48(5):543~554
[44] M.Vassallo, G.Bernasconi. Drilling rig noise removal in SWD data. EAGE 64th Conference & Exhibiton,2002
[45] Flavio Poletto, Fabio L.Rocca, and Luca Bertelli. Drill-bit signal separation for RVSP using statictical independence. Geophysics, 2000, 65(5):1654~1659
[46] Flavio Poletto. A blind interpretation of drill-bit signals. Geophysics, 2000, 65(3):970~978
[47]罗斌.随钻地震技术研究及应用效果: [博士学位论文].北京:中国地质大学(北京)地球物理与信息技术系,2005
[48]黄绪德著.反褶积与地震道反演.北京:石油工业出版社,1992
[49]渥·伊尔马滋著,刘怀山等译.地震资料分析.北京:石油工业出版社, 2006. 122~216
[50] Scott C.Hornbostel. A noise-optimized objective method for predictive deconvolution. Geophysics,1999,64(22):552~563
[51] Mark R.F.Massier,Gerard C.Herman and Dirk J.Verschuur. Removal of overburden transmission effects by deterministic deconvolution.Geophysics, 1997,62(5):1612~1616
[52]徐秉铮,欧阳景正.信号分析与相关技术.北京:科学出版社, 1981
[53]张树京.统计信号处理.北京:人民邮电出版社,1998