国际能源投资争端法律问题研究
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摘要
国际能源投资对于一国的战略发展、国家利益甚至全球稳定都发挥着较为重要的作用，是国际投资法甚至国际公法发展的新领域之一。从国际争端的角度看，近年来，以能源投资为背景的国际投资争端数量日益增加。研究国际能源投资争端的法律问题不仅是国家战略和发展的现实需要，同时也是国际实践与学科发展的迫切要求。
本论文由导言和正文部分构成，正文部分共六章内容。
第一章作为论文的开篇，主要对国际能源投资争端的相关概念进行了分析、比较，为论文的展开奠定基础。国际能源投资争端概念的明晰源于对国际能源投资的界定。近年来，随着国际能源投资的迅猛发展，对能源投资的关注日益升温。本章开篇介绍了国际能源投资的发展以及国际投资仲裁庭对“投资”概念法律含义的探索。国际能源投资争端作为国际能源争端的一部分，主要在投资者和东道国之间展开，其涉及的主要争端内容和当事方都具有特定性。不同于其他投资争端，国际能源投资争端具有较为特殊的背景特征，即涉及利益的敏感性、涉及内容的复杂化、投资风险的多样化。而这些背景特征的之后，蕴藏着国际能源投资争端的多重法律关系，即东道国与投资者之间的行政管理关系、东道国机构与投资者之间有关特许协议的合同关系、国家之间有关投资的双边或多边条约关系。最后，本章比较了国际能源投资争端和国际能源贸易争端的差别，集中体现在争端解决方式、程序设计以及实体法内容。国际能源投资争端在发展的过程中已经明显区别于国际能源贸易争端，显现出自身独特的发展趋势。
第二章作为国际能源投资法律问题的基础，对国际能源投资的法律基础进行分析，主要对国际能源投资的法律框架展开了如下的剖析：首先，在国际层面上，能源投资宪章作为全球唯一直接规范能源投资的国际文件对能源投资产生了理论与实践中的影响。此外，全球性国际经济组织如世界贸易组织、联合国国际贸易和发展会议、经济合作组织也有相关规定对能源投资有所涉及。在专门的组织中，国际能源署、国际原子能机构以及石油输出国组织也强调了能源投资特别是能源安全和能源效益的重要性。其次，在区域层面上，欧盟和北美自由贸易区作为最具有影响力的区域性组织，均对能源投资进行了政策和法律方面的规定。其中，欧盟以其政策与法律的多元化、区域合作的丰富性而著名，对能源投资的关注着重于战略层面的考虑；《北美自由贸易协定》专章列举了能源制度，其争端解决机制也适用于成员方之间的能源争端。其他典型的区域性国际组织如东南亚国家联盟、亚太经济合作组织以及南方共同市场等也对能源投资的政策与法律有所涉及。最后，在国家层面上，美国作为北美地区最大的能源消费国，其能源法律制度纷繁复杂，涉及内容较为广泛；欧盟成员国内德国的能源投资法律制度也较为发达。作为能源供应大国、俄罗斯和加拿大的能源投资法律制度同样值得关注。
第三章主要探讨了国际能源投资争端的相关程序问题。以争端解决机制为核心，分别探讨了国际能源投资争端的解决方法、仲裁解决方式的不同选择及其比较、争端解决的若干具体程序问题。国际能源投资领域争端解决已经开始逐步寻求替代性争端解决方法，除了传统的诉讼方式外，协商、和解、调解、专家裁定和仲裁已经逐步为投资者所考虑，这些方法各自具有独特的特征，根据投资争端的具体情况可以选择适用。其中，仲裁已经成为国际能源投资争端较为重要的争端解决。在仲裁争端解决方法中，对国际能源投资的处理主要集中在三大国际仲裁中心：世界银行下属的国际投资争端解决中心(ICSID)、斯德哥尔摩国际商会仲裁院(SCC)、联合国贸易委员会仲裁(UNCITRAL)。在对三大争端解决规则进行介绍后，本章从国际能源投资者的角度对三者进行了比较。随着能源投资争端数量的增长，在处理能源投资争端的过程中，也将出现一系列程序问题，如管辖权、岔路口条款、对ECT条约的临时适用和否定适用问题。本章结合仲裁庭在实践中的处理，对上述问题进行了分析。
第四章结合能源投资争端的实践，围绕公平公正待遇、间接征收以及国家责任问题展开论述，这既是能源投资法律争端实体问题的核心，又是能源投资争端今后的重要发展方向。对以上三个问题的梳理和把握，成为掌握能源投资争端实体争议及其发展的重要环节。近年来，国际投资争端中的公平公正待遇标准在投资仲裁庭的实践中有了一定的发展。本章首先按时间顺序分阶段梳理该仲裁庭对公平公正待遇标准的界定，随后结合最新的裁决实践，评价公平公正待遇标准要素的发展现状。在此基础上，试图寻找仲裁庭对公平公正待遇标准要素的发展特征。在把握公平公正待遇标准内涵发展趋势的前提下，我们应积极思考并研究我国及投资者的相应对策。间接征收相关法律问题在国际能源投资争端中的地位日益上升，特别是有关间接征收标准的判断，是国际投资仲裁发展中的重要方向。由于对间接征收的判断长期以来具有争议，国际能源投资争端背景下的间接征收的界定仍然面临着一定困境。近年来，国际投资仲裁判例对间接征收的标准进行了探索和阐释，对国家实践及国际投资法的发展带来了启示。国际投资仲裁实践中，不乏对国家责任进行判断的情形。2001年《国家及其不法行为责任草案》为国家责任的确立奠定了理论基础，该草案自身确定了国家责任归因的基本原则及判断标准。在国际投资仲裁实践中，大量仲裁案件基本遵循了草案的判定标准，实现了判定国家责任标准由结构主义向功能主义的转变，主要采用功能测试的方法进行判断。尽管判定国家责任的过程中，仍会出现联邦国家等特殊问题，国家责任的判断标准仍然在实践中不断明晰。
第五章主要探讨了国际能源投资合同中最具特色的两类条款稳定条款和重新协商条款及其在争端解决中的作用。作为能源投资合同中的重要条款，稳定条款和重新协商条款分别从不同的方面展示出国家和投资者在能源投资争端领域中的博弈。近年来，稳定条款在国际能源投资争端中的地位逐渐上升，仲裁庭在实践中对稳定条款效力的认定发生了变化。仲裁庭通过与投资待遇相联系进行分析，体现出对东道国和投资者之间利益的平衡。稳定条款的效力问题也引发了对国内法、国际法基本理论问题的探讨。在国际能源投资的理论和实践中，稳定条款的发展趋势和效力认定应当引起海外投资者和东道国的充分关注。重新协商条款作为现代能源投资合同中的一项重要条款，已经在一定程度上对合同的修订、争端的预防以及当事人的沟通提供了良好的平台，并逐渐在能源投资合同实践中得到应用。通过介绍并分析该类条款对国家及投资者的影响，可以增强对该类条款作用的把握以及加深对合同领域能源投资争端的理解。
第六章作为结尾章节回应了中国对于国际能源投资争端的基本应对策略。中国在国际能源投资中的地位取决于自身在国际投资舞台的角色。中国在国际能源投资中同样出现了作为吸引外资的东道国和对外投资的投资母国之间的身份混同现象。就我国国际能源投资现状而言，外商投资在2011版《外商投资产业指导目录》的指引下有序进行，能源投资的范围有所扩张，并且在形式上呈现出多样化的趋势。近年来，随着我国海外能源投资迅速发展，形成了大量具有国际影响力的投资案例，也体现出中国海外能源投资发展以并购为核心的新动态。在此基础上，我国的能源法制体系也在初步形成的过程中。从东道国的视角出发，我国在应对国际能源投资争端时应当着重考察对能源投资准入领域的控制、对投资及其基本待遇的完善以及能源投资特许协议的相关法律问题。从投资母国的视角出发，我国应当正视海外能源投资争端背景下的法律风险，通过海外投资保险制度和法律制度的构建和完善保障海外能源投资的有序进行。
International Energy Investment which has been playing an important role innational strategies, national interests as well as global stabilization, now emerges as oneof the brand new field in international investment law even in international public law.From the perspective of international disputes, there have been an increasing number ofcases with energy investment as their backgrounds in recent years. Research on legalissues under international energy investment disputes would not only meet the demand ofthe reality for national plans and developments but also satisfied the urgent needs ofinternational practices and study enlargement. This dissertation is composed of anintroduction and six chapters.
Chapter I serves as the foundation of the dissertation, mainly analyzes and comparesrelated concepts under international energy investment disputes. Initial definition oninternational energy investment is the basis of the concept on international energyinvestment disputes. With the rapid development of international energy investmentrecently, much attention has been paid on energy investment. This chapter firstlyintroduces the growth of international energy investment and explores the legal meaningof “investment” under international investment arbitration. As one part of internationalenergy disputes, the international energy investment disputes focus on the investors andthe host states, with the feature of definite disputes and parties. Differ from other types ofinvestment disputes, international energy investment disputes boast special background,namely sensitive interests, complex contents, diversity risks, which has obvious reflectsthe multiplied legal relationships, namely administrative regulation from the host statesto the investors, concession agreements between the host states organs and the investors,bilateral or multilateral treaty relationship among states. Finally, the chapter comparesthe difference between international energy investment disputes and international energytrade disputes on disputes settlement, procedure device and substantive content. Theinternational energy investment disputes have shown its unique development path fromthe international energy trade disputes.
Chapter II sets the legal basis for international energy investment, whichdemonstrates the legal framework of international energy investment on the followingparts: On the global level, Energy Charter Treaty, the international document whichdirectly regulates energy investment has influenced energy investment on both academicand practical respect. In addition, international economic organizations such as WTO,UNCTAD, and OECD also developed provisions on energy investment. Under somespecific organizations such as IEA, IAEA and OPEC has put emphasis on energyinvestment especially the importance of energy security and efficiency. On regional level,the famous EU and NAFTA have energy investment in their policies and laws. Amongwhich, EU is celebrated for the diversity of law and regional cooperation since itconsiders the energy investment from the respect of strategies. While NAFTA has energysystem in a codified chapter, with the dispute settlements apply to all members. Othertypical regional organizations such as ASEAN, APEC and MERCOSUR also considerenergy investment in their laws and policies. On the state level, United States, the largestenergy consuming country in North America, boasts a complex and comprehensiveenergy laws and regulation. EU country Germany has also formed a developed energyinvestment legal systems. As the major energy supply countries, Russia Federation andCanada also have their own characteristics.
Chapter III discusses the related procedural issues in international energyinvestment disputes. With the dispute settlement as the core, this chapter unfolded theissues on the methods for international energy investment disputes, choices on arbitrationwith different paths, special procedural issues in dispute settlement. It is to be noted thatADR has been waked up under international energy investment disputes field, besides thetraditional litigation. The investors have their preference on negotiation, conciliation,mediation, expert determination as well as arbitration with their unique features. Amongarbitration for dispute settlement, three international arbitration centers would beavailable, ICSID afflicted to the World Bank, SCC of ICC Stockholm, UNCITRALarbitration. After a brief introduction for the above, a comparative judge has been madefor the investors. As the jump of energy investment disputes number, several proceduralissues appeared in the process of energy dispute settlement, for example, jurisdictionissue, fork-in-the-road clause, provisional and negative application of ECT.
Chapter IV starts form the practice of international energy investment disputes,demonstrates on the issues of FET, indirect expropriation and state liability which are thekey points in substantive parts of international energy investment disputes that direct the further development in this field. In the recent years, FET standard under internationalinvestment arbitration tribunal has its own trend, which is collected in this chapter bytime order. Combined with the latest arbitration award, this chapter has reviewed theelements of FET standard and summarized its trend. With the general situation of FET inthe mind, suggestions are expected to be made for the states and their investors. On theother hand, indirect expropriation has witnessed a growing status under internationalenergy investment disputes. The judgment for the indirect expropriation has become thecrucial parts to be improved in international investment arbitration. Controversy has beenexisted for a long time for indirect expropriation; however, the definition still confrontsobstacles to some degree. Explanation from the international has some implication on thestates practices and the international investment law itself. Also the arbitration practicescomprise circumstances for state liability. The2001Draft works as the theoreticalfoundation for it has a clear picture on the principals and rules for the state liability. Mostcases have followed the criteria in the draft, which reflects the transformation fromstructure test to function test with the later has the major way. Despite some specialissues such as federal states in judging state liability, the criteria are still to be furtherclarified in practices.
Chapter V mainly explores on the two typical clauses, stabilization clause andrenegotiation clause which have shown the bargain between states and investors formrespective sides. With the rise of stabilization clause, the tribunal has taken an newattitude towards the effect of such clause, combing the clause itself and investmenttreatment to strike a balance between the host states and investors. The stabilizationclause also triggered the discussion on basic questions of domestic law and internationallaw. Much attention should be paid on stabilization clause in academic and practicalinternational energy investment. The renegotiation clause stemmed from modern energyinvestment contract, now provides a better place for contract revision, disputesprevention and the communication of the parties with its growing application. Theintroduction of renegotiation clause is beneficial to states and investors understandinternational energy investment disputes in contracts.
Chapter VI makes a response to international energy investment disputes from theperspective of China. The status of China under international energy investment is highlydependent on its role on the international investment. A current phenomenon is thatChina has tagged as dual status, one is the traditional host state to attract foreigninvestment, and the other is the outbound investing state. As the status quo of international energy investment, foreign investment is directed in order on2011editionCatalogue for the guidance of Foreign Investment Industries. There has beenimprovement on the scope of energy investment. The soaring of outbound investment hasaccumulated cases of international significances, with the mergers and acquisitions as thetrend in overseas energy investment from China. From the respect of the host state, it isimportant to control the pre-establishment of investment, improve the investment and thetreatment, to deal with the concession agreement related issues. From the respect of theinvesting state, legal risks under overseas investment should be noticed with theconstruction and improvement of overseas investment insurance and regulations in orderto safeguard the smooth operation of overseas energy investment.
本论文由导言和正文部分构成，正文部分共六章内容。
第一章作为论文的开篇，主要对国际能源投资争端的相关概念进行了分析、比较，为论文的展开奠定基础。国际能源投资争端概念的明晰源于对国际能源投资的界定。近年来，随着国际能源投资的迅猛发展，对能源投资的关注日益升温。本章开篇介绍了国际能源投资的发展以及国际投资仲裁庭对“投资”概念法律含义的探索。国际能源投资争端作为国际能源争端的一部分，主要在投资者和东道国之间展开，其涉及的主要争端内容和当事方都具有特定性。不同于其他投资争端，国际能源投资争端具有较为特殊的背景特征，即涉及利益的敏感性、涉及内容的复杂化、投资风险的多样化。而这些背景特征的之后，蕴藏着国际能源投资争端的多重法律关系，即东道国与投资者之间的行政管理关系、东道国机构与投资者之间有关特许协议的合同关系、国家之间有关投资的双边或多边条约关系。最后，本章比较了国际能源投资争端和国际能源贸易争端的差别，集中体现在争端解决方式、程序设计以及实体法内容。国际能源投资争端在发展的过程中已经明显区别于国际能源贸易争端，显现出自身独特的发展趋势。
第二章作为国际能源投资法律问题的基础，对国际能源投资的法律基础进行分析，主要对国际能源投资的法律框架展开了如下的剖析：首先，在国际层面上，能源投资宪章作为全球唯一直接规范能源投资的国际文件对能源投资产生了理论与实践中的影响。此外，全球性国际经济组织如世界贸易组织、联合国国际贸易和发展会议、经济合作组织也有相关规定对能源投资有所涉及。在专门的组织中，国际能源署、国际原子能机构以及石油输出国组织也强调了能源投资特别是能源安全和能源效益的重要性。其次，在区域层面上，欧盟和北美自由贸易区作为最具有影响力的区域性组织，均对能源投资进行了政策和法律方面的规定。其中，欧盟以其政策与法律的多元化、区域合作的丰富性而著名，对能源投资的关注着重于战略层面的考虑；《北美自由贸易协定》专章列举了能源制度，其争端解决机制也适用于成员方之间的能源争端。其他典型的区域性国际组织如东南亚国家联盟、亚太经济合作组织以及南方共同市场等也对能源投资的政策与法律有所涉及。最后，在国家层面上，美国作为北美地区最大的能源消费国，其能源法律制度纷繁复杂，涉及内容较为广泛；欧盟成员国内德国的能源投资法律制度也较为发达。作为能源供应大国、俄罗斯和加拿大的能源投资法律制度同样值得关注。
第三章主要探讨了国际能源投资争端的相关程序问题。以争端解决机制为核心，分别探讨了国际能源投资争端的解决方法、仲裁解决方式的不同选择及其比较、争端解决的若干具体程序问题。国际能源投资领域争端解决已经开始逐步寻求替代性争端解决方法，除了传统的诉讼方式外，协商、和解、调解、专家裁定和仲裁已经逐步为投资者所考虑，这些方法各自具有独特的特征，根据投资争端的具体情况可以选择适用。其中，仲裁已经成为国际能源投资争端较为重要的争端解决。在仲裁争端解决方法中，对国际能源投资的处理主要集中在三大国际仲裁中心：世界银行下属的国际投资争端解决中心(ICSID)、斯德哥尔摩国际商会仲裁院(SCC)、联合国贸易委员会仲裁(UNCITRAL)。在对三大争端解决规则进行介绍后，本章从国际能源投资者的角度对三者进行了比较。随着能源投资争端数量的增长，在处理能源投资争端的过程中，也将出现一系列程序问题，如管辖权、岔路口条款、对ECT条约的临时适用和否定适用问题。本章结合仲裁庭在实践中的处理，对上述问题进行了分析。
第四章结合能源投资争端的实践，围绕公平公正待遇、间接征收以及国家责任问题展开论述，这既是能源投资法律争端实体问题的核心，又是能源投资争端今后的重要发展方向。对以上三个问题的梳理和把握，成为掌握能源投资争端实体争议及其发展的重要环节。近年来，国际投资争端中的公平公正待遇标准在投资仲裁庭的实践中有了一定的发展。本章首先按时间顺序分阶段梳理该仲裁庭对公平公正待遇标准的界定，随后结合最新的裁决实践，评价公平公正待遇标准要素的发展现状。在此基础上，试图寻找仲裁庭对公平公正待遇标准要素的发展特征。在把握公平公正待遇标准内涵发展趋势的前提下，我们应积极思考并研究我国及投资者的相应对策。间接征收相关法律问题在国际能源投资争端中的地位日益上升，特别是有关间接征收标准的判断，是国际投资仲裁发展中的重要方向。由于对间接征收的判断长期以来具有争议，国际能源投资争端背景下的间接征收的界定仍然面临着一定困境。近年来，国际投资仲裁判例对间接征收的标准进行了探索和阐释，对国家实践及国际投资法的发展带来了启示。国际投资仲裁实践中，不乏对国家责任进行判断的情形。2001年《国家及其不法行为责任草案》为国家责任的确立奠定了理论基础，该草案自身确定了国家责任归因的基本原则及判断标准。在国际投资仲裁实践中，大量仲裁案件基本遵循了草案的判定标准，实现了判定国家责任标准由结构主义向功能主义的转变，主要采用功能测试的方法进行判断。尽管判定国家责任的过程中，仍会出现联邦国家等特殊问题，国家责任的判断标准仍然在实践中不断明晰。
第五章主要探讨了国际能源投资合同中最具特色的两类条款稳定条款和重新协商条款及其在争端解决中的作用。作为能源投资合同中的重要条款，稳定条款和重新协商条款分别从不同的方面展示出国家和投资者在能源投资争端领域中的博弈。近年来，稳定条款在国际能源投资争端中的地位逐渐上升，仲裁庭在实践中对稳定条款效力的认定发生了变化。仲裁庭通过与投资待遇相联系进行分析，体现出对东道国和投资者之间利益的平衡。稳定条款的效力问题也引发了对国内法、国际法基本理论问题的探讨。在国际能源投资的理论和实践中，稳定条款的发展趋势和效力认定应当引起海外投资者和东道国的充分关注。重新协商条款作为现代能源投资合同中的一项重要条款，已经在一定程度上对合同的修订、争端的预防以及当事人的沟通提供了良好的平台，并逐渐在能源投资合同实践中得到应用。通过介绍并分析该类条款对国家及投资者的影响，可以增强对该类条款作用的把握以及加深对合同领域能源投资争端的理解。
第六章作为结尾章节回应了中国对于国际能源投资争端的基本应对策略。中国在国际能源投资中的地位取决于自身在国际投资舞台的角色。中国在国际能源投资中同样出现了作为吸引外资的东道国和对外投资的投资母国之间的身份混同现象。就我国国际能源投资现状而言，外商投资在2011版《外商投资产业指导目录》的指引下有序进行，能源投资的范围有所扩张，并且在形式上呈现出多样化的趋势。近年来，随着我国海外能源投资迅速发展，形成了大量具有国际影响力的投资案例，也体现出中国海外能源投资发展以并购为核心的新动态。在此基础上，我国的能源法制体系也在初步形成的过程中。从东道国的视角出发，我国在应对国际能源投资争端时应当着重考察对能源投资准入领域的控制、对投资及其基本待遇的完善以及能源投资特许协议的相关法律问题。从投资母国的视角出发，我国应当正视海外能源投资争端背景下的法律风险，通过海外投资保险制度和法律制度的构建和完善保障海外能源投资的有序进行。
International Energy Investment which has been playing an important role innational strategies, national interests as well as global stabilization, now emerges as oneof the brand new field in international investment law even in international public law.From the perspective of international disputes, there have been an increasing number ofcases with energy investment as their backgrounds in recent years. Research on legalissues under international energy investment disputes would not only meet the demand ofthe reality for national plans and developments but also satisfied the urgent needs ofinternational practices and study enlargement. This dissertation is composed of anintroduction and six chapters.
Chapter I serves as the foundation of the dissertation, mainly analyzes and comparesrelated concepts under international energy investment disputes. Initial definition oninternational energy investment is the basis of the concept on international energyinvestment disputes. With the rapid development of international energy investmentrecently, much attention has been paid on energy investment. This chapter firstlyintroduces the growth of international energy investment and explores the legal meaningof “investment” under international investment arbitration. As one part of internationalenergy disputes, the international energy investment disputes focus on the investors andthe host states, with the feature of definite disputes and parties. Differ from other types ofinvestment disputes, international energy investment disputes boast special background,namely sensitive interests, complex contents, diversity risks, which has obvious reflectsthe multiplied legal relationships, namely administrative regulation from the host statesto the investors, concession agreements between the host states organs and the investors,bilateral or multilateral treaty relationship among states. Finally, the chapter comparesthe difference between international energy investment disputes and international energytrade disputes on disputes settlement, procedure device and substantive content. Theinternational energy investment disputes have shown its unique development path fromthe international energy trade disputes.
Chapter II sets the legal basis for international energy investment, whichdemonstrates the legal framework of international energy investment on the followingparts: On the global level, Energy Charter Treaty, the international document whichdirectly regulates energy investment has influenced energy investment on both academicand practical respect. In addition, international economic organizations such as WTO,UNCTAD, and OECD also developed provisions on energy investment. Under somespecific organizations such as IEA, IAEA and OPEC has put emphasis on energyinvestment especially the importance of energy security and efficiency. On regional level,the famous EU and NAFTA have energy investment in their policies and laws. Amongwhich, EU is celebrated for the diversity of law and regional cooperation since itconsiders the energy investment from the respect of strategies. While NAFTA has energysystem in a codified chapter, with the dispute settlements apply to all members. Othertypical regional organizations such as ASEAN, APEC and MERCOSUR also considerenergy investment in their laws and policies. On the state level, United States, the largestenergy consuming country in North America, boasts a complex and comprehensiveenergy laws and regulation. EU country Germany has also formed a developed energyinvestment legal systems. As the major energy supply countries, Russia Federation andCanada also have their own characteristics.
Chapter III discusses the related procedural issues in international energyinvestment disputes. With the dispute settlement as the core, this chapter unfolded theissues on the methods for international energy investment disputes, choices on arbitrationwith different paths, special procedural issues in dispute settlement. It is to be noted thatADR has been waked up under international energy investment disputes field, besides thetraditional litigation. The investors have their preference on negotiation, conciliation,mediation, expert determination as well as arbitration with their unique features. Amongarbitration for dispute settlement, three international arbitration centers would beavailable, ICSID afflicted to the World Bank, SCC of ICC Stockholm, UNCITRALarbitration. After a brief introduction for the above, a comparative judge has been madefor the investors. As the jump of energy investment disputes number, several proceduralissues appeared in the process of energy dispute settlement, for example, jurisdictionissue, fork-in-the-road clause, provisional and negative application of ECT.
Chapter IV starts form the practice of international energy investment disputes,demonstrates on the issues of FET, indirect expropriation and state liability which are thekey points in substantive parts of international energy investment disputes that direct the further development in this field. In the recent years, FET standard under internationalinvestment arbitration tribunal has its own trend, which is collected in this chapter bytime order. Combined with the latest arbitration award, this chapter has reviewed theelements of FET standard and summarized its trend. With the general situation of FET inthe mind, suggestions are expected to be made for the states and their investors. On theother hand, indirect expropriation has witnessed a growing status under internationalenergy investment disputes. The judgment for the indirect expropriation has become thecrucial parts to be improved in international investment arbitration. Controversy has beenexisted for a long time for indirect expropriation; however, the definition still confrontsobstacles to some degree. Explanation from the international has some implication on thestates practices and the international investment law itself. Also the arbitration practicescomprise circumstances for state liability. The2001Draft works as the theoreticalfoundation for it has a clear picture on the principals and rules for the state liability. Mostcases have followed the criteria in the draft, which reflects the transformation fromstructure test to function test with the later has the major way. Despite some specialissues such as federal states in judging state liability, the criteria are still to be furtherclarified in practices.
Chapter V mainly explores on the two typical clauses, stabilization clause andrenegotiation clause which have shown the bargain between states and investors formrespective sides. With the rise of stabilization clause, the tribunal has taken an newattitude towards the effect of such clause, combing the clause itself and investmenttreatment to strike a balance between the host states and investors. The stabilizationclause also triggered the discussion on basic questions of domestic law and internationallaw. Much attention should be paid on stabilization clause in academic and practicalinternational energy investment. The renegotiation clause stemmed from modern energyinvestment contract, now provides a better place for contract revision, disputesprevention and the communication of the parties with its growing application. Theintroduction of renegotiation clause is beneficial to states and investors understandinternational energy investment disputes in contracts.
Chapter VI makes a response to international energy investment disputes from theperspective of China. The status of China under international energy investment is highlydependent on its role on the international investment. A current phenomenon is thatChina has tagged as dual status, one is the traditional host state to attract foreigninvestment, and the other is the outbound investing state. As the status quo of international energy investment, foreign investment is directed in order on2011editionCatalogue for the guidance of Foreign Investment Industries. There has beenimprovement on the scope of energy investment. The soaring of outbound investment hasaccumulated cases of international significances, with the mergers and acquisitions as thetrend in overseas energy investment from China. From the respect of the host state, it isimportant to control the pre-establishment of investment, improve the investment and thetreatment, to deal with the concession agreement related issues. From the respect of theinvesting state, legal risks under overseas investment should be noticed with theconstruction and improvement of overseas investment insurance and regulations in orderto safeguard the smooth operation of overseas energy investment.
引文
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128Ibid para.83.
129MTD Equity Sdn Bbd and MTD Chile SA v. Chile, ICISD ARB/01/7, Award rendered on May25,2004(Sureda. Lalonde.Oreamuno), para.113.
130Metalclad Corporation v. United States of Mexico, ICSID ARB(AF)/97/1, Final Award rendered onAug.30,2000(Lauterpacht.Civiletti. Siqueiros),para.91.
131Government of Kuweit v. American Independent Oil Co(Aminoil), Award of. March24,1982,21ILM976(1982).
132Generation Ukraine Inc v. Ukraine, ICSID ARB/00/9, Final Award rendered onSept.16,2003(Paulsson.Salpius Voss), para.20.37.
133Tecnicàs Medioambientales Tecmed SA v. United Mexican States, ICSID ARB(AF)/00/2, FinalAward rendered on May29,2003(Grigera Na n.Fernàndez Rozas.Verea.),para.154.
134Saluka Investments BV v. Czech Republic PCA, UNCITRAL, Partial award rendered on Mar.17,2006(Watts.Fortier. Behrens).para.302.
135CME Czech Republic BV v. Czech Republic SCC, UNCITRAL, Partial award rendered on Jan.13,2001(Kühn.Schwebel.Hàndl.)para.611.
136International Thunderbird Gaming v. United States of Mexico, UNCITRAL, Award rendered onJan26,2006(Van den Berg.W lde.Ariosa), para.147.
137Eureko BV v. Republic of Poland, Ad-hoc Tribunal, Partial Award rendered on Aug19,2005(Fortier.Schwebel.Rajski), para.232.
138Saluka case, above note134, para.308.
139GAMI Investment Inc v. United Mexican States UNCITRAL, Final Award rendered onNov.15,2004(Reisman. Lacarte Mur.Paulsson),para.91.
140S.D.Meyers case, above note124,para.261.
141Eudoro A Olgu n v.Republic of Paraguay, ICSID ARB/98/5, Final Award rendered June26,2001(Oreamuno.Mayora-Alvarado.Rezek),para.70.
142Siemens v. Argentina(Siemens case-Merits), ICSID ARB/02/8, Award rendered on Feb.6,2007(Rigo Sureda.Brower.Bello Janeiro),para.274.
143Occidental Exploration and Production Company v. Ecuador LCIA, UN3467, Final awardrendered on July1st,2004(Vicuna.Brower.Sweeney), para.183.
144LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E Capital Corp and LG&E International Inc v. Argentina ICSID,ARB/02/1, Decision on Liability rendered on Oct.3,2006(De Maekelt.Rezek.Van den Berg),para.131.
145PSEG Global Inc and Konya Ilgin Elektrik retim ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi v. Republic ofTurkey ICSID, ARB/02/5, Award rendered on Jan19,2007(OrregoVicuna.Fortier.Kaufmann-Kohler),para253.
146Loewen case, above note125, para.132.
147Metalcald case, above note130, para.76.
148Tecmed case, above note133, para.154.
149Lauder case, above note120, para.219.
150Saluka case, above note134, para.313.
151Bogdanov v. Republic of Moldova SCC, Award rendered on Sept.22,2005(Cordero Moss-solearbitrator), para.16.
152Lauder case, above note120, para.292.
153Methanex case, above note123, para.274.
154LG&E case, above note144, para.147.
155Lauder case, above note120, para.221.
156Tecmed case,above note133, para.154.
157Loewen case,above note125,para.131.
158Tecmed case,above note133, para.154.
159S.D.Meyers case, above124,para.259.
160LG&E case,above note144, para.162.
161ICSID Award, Case No. ARB/07/22.
165Domenico Di Pietro, The Use of Precedents in ICSID Arbitration Regularity or Certainty?International Arbitration Law Review(2007), Vol.10, Issue3, pp.95-96.
166Theodore Kill, Don’t Cross the Streams: Past and Present Overstatement of CustomaryInternational Law in Connection with Conventional Fair and Equitable Treatment Obligations,Michigan Law Review (2007), Vol.106, p.870.
167G.M.Ingram, Expropration of U.S. Property in South America: Nationalization of Oil and CopperCompanies in Peru, Bolivia,and Chile(New York: Praeger Prublishers,1974),p.7.
168R.C.Allison, Protecting against the Expropriation Risk in Investing Abroad(Albany,New York,United States: Matthew Bender,1988), p.7.
169I.Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law,6th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press,2003), p.509.
170K.Hober,“Investment Arbitration in Eastern Europe: Recent Cases on Expropriation”,Am.Rev.Int’l Arb.14(2003):383.
171Article1of the First Protocol to the European Convention.
172K.Hober,“Investment Arbitration in Eastern Europe: Recent Cases on Expropriation”,Am.Rev.Int’l Arb.14(2003):383.
173Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011),p.67.
174Black’s Law Dictionary,8thed.2004.
175UNCTAD, Investor-State Disputes Arising From Investment Treaties: A Review(New York andGeneva: United Nations,2005), p.41.
176Cambridge International Dictionary of English(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1995),322.
177UNCTAD, Investor-State Disputes Arising From Investment Treaties: A Review(New York andGeneva: United Nations,2005),42.
178Generation Ukraine, Inc.v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No.ARB/00/9, Award of Sept.16,2003,44ILM404(2005),para.20.22.
179General Assembly Resolution3281(XXIX),29UN GAOR Supp.(No.31),50,UNDoc.A/9631(1974).
180M.Sornarajah, The Pursuit of Nationalized Property(The Hague: Kluwer AcademicPublishers,1986),174.
181K.Hober,“Investment Arbitration in Eastern Europe: Recent Cases on Expropriation”,Am.Rev.Int’l Arb.14(2003):384.
182K.Hober,“Investment Arbitration in Eastern Europe: Recent Cases on Expropriation”,Am.Rev.Int’l Arb.14(2003):385.
183Amoco International Finance Corp. v. Iran, U.S.v. Iran,15Iran-U.S. Cl.Trib.Rep.189,(1987).
184K.Hober,“Investment Arbitration in Eastern Europe: Recent Cases on Expropriation”,Am.Rev.Int’l Arb.14(2003):384-386.
185Restatement(Third)of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States,$712, com,(f),200.
186A.F.M.Maniruzzaman,“Expropriation of Alien Property and the Principle of Non-Discriminationin International law of Foreign Investment：an Overview”,J.Transnat’l L.&Pol’y8(1998):57.
187H.Van Houtte, The Law of International Trade,2nd edn(London:Sweet&Maxwell,2002),252.
188M.Robert“,Multilateral and Regional Investment Rules: What Comes Next?”, A publication of theOrganization of American States(OAS)Trade Unit,2001.
189R.Volterra,“Mitigating Expropriation Risk for Oil&Gas Investment in the Caspian Region”, APresentation to IEA Roundtable on Caspian Oil&Gas Scenarios, Apr.15,2003.
190Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011),p.82.
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193G.Verhoosel,“Foreign Direct Investment and Legal Constraints on Domestic EnvironmentalPolicies: Striking a ‘Resonable’Balance between Stability and Change”, Law&Pol’y Int’lBus.29(1998):451,478.
194Coastal Petroleum Co v. Department of Envtl. Regulation, No.96-3226(Flo.1st DCA10Feb1997)
195P.D.Cameron,“Stabilization in Investment Contracts and Changes of Rules in Host Countries:Tools for Oil&Gas Investors”, AIPN Research Paper Final Report,2006, p.76.
196J. Paulson&Z. Douglas,“Indirect Expropriations in Investment Treaty Arbitrations”, inArbitrating Foreign Investment Disputes, eds N. Horn&S.Kr ll(The Hague: Kluwer,2004),145.
197C.Schreuer,“The Concept of Expropriation under the ETC and other Investment ProtectionTreaties”, in Investment Arbitration and the Energy Charter Treaty, ed.C.Riberio(Huntington, NewYork, United States: Juris Publishing,2006).
198Metalclad Corp.v. United Mexican States,(ICSID Additional Facility CaseNo.ARB(AF)/97/1),Aug.30,2000, para.103.
199S.D.Myers. Inc v. Government of Canada, Partial Award of Nov.13,2000,40ILM1408(2001)para.283.
200Metaclad Corp.v. United Mexican States,(ICSID Additional Facility Case No.ARB(AF)/97/1),Aug.30,2000,para.103.
201Pope&Talbot, Inc v. Government of Canada, Interim Award(Jun.26,2007), para.96.
202Occidental Exploration&Production Company v. The Republic of Ecuador, Final Award, LCIACase No UN3467of Jul.1,2004,43ILM1248(2004), para.88.
203S.D.Myers. Inc v. Government of Canada, Partial Award of Nov.13,2000,40ILM1408(2001),para.283.
204BG Group Plc. v. The Republic of Argentina, Final Award, Dec.24,2007, UNCITRAL Case,para.270-271.
205L.Y.Fortier,&S.L.Drymer，“Indirect Expropriation in the Law of International Investment: IKnow it when I see it, or Caveat Investor”, ICSID Review Foreign Investment Law Journal19,No.2(2004):313.
206Sea-Land Sev., Inc v. Iran,6Iran-U.S.Cl.Trib. Rep.149(1984),166.
207S.D.Myers. Inc v. Government of Canada, Partial Award of Nov.13,2000,40ILM1408(2001),para.285.
208Olguin v. Republic of Paraguay, ICSID Case NO.Arb/98/5Jul.26,2001,para.84.
209Phillips Petroleum Co. Iran v.Islamic Republic of Iran-U.S.Cl.Trib.Rep.79,115.
210Biloune and Marine Drive Complex Ltd.v.Ghana Investment Centre and the Government of Ghana,Award on Jurisdiction and Liability,Oct.27,1989,95ILR184, para.209.
211R.Dolzer&F.Bloch,“Indirect Expropriation: Conceptual Realignments?”,International LawForum du droit international5,no.3(2003):155,158.
212Metaclad Corp.v. United Mexican States,(ICSID Additional Facility Case No.ARB(AF)/97/1),Aug.30,2000,para.7.
213S.D.Myers. Inc v. Government of Canada, Partial Award of Nov.13,2000,40ILM1408(2001),para.281.
214Compania del Desarollo de Santa Elena, S.A. v. Republic of Costa Rica, Final Award,17Feburary2000,para.171.
215Feldman v. Mexico, ICSID Case No.ARB(AF)/99/1,Award,Dec.16,2002,para.110.
216Pope&Talbot, Inc v. Government of Canada, Interim Award(Jun.26,2007), para.99.
217August Reinisch, Standards of Investment Protection, Oxford University Press(2008), p.166.
218Lauder(US)v. Czech Republic(Final Award)(September3,2002), available atwww.mfcr.cz/scripts/hpe/default.asp, last visited on June20,2012.
219Tecnicas Medioambientales Tecmed S.A, v. The United Mexican States, ICSID Award Case No.ARB(AF)/00/2.
220D. Myers, Inc. v. Government of Canada, Partial Award,13November2000,40ILM(2001)1408.
221Metalcald Corp. v. United Mexican States, Award,Aug.30,2000,5ICSID reports.
222Occidental Exploration and Protection Co.v. Ecuador, Award, July1,2004.
223Draft Convention on the Protection of Foreign Property and Resolution of the Council of theOECD on the Draft Convention, Oct.12,1967, pp.23-25.
224The Multilateral Agreement on Investment(Report by the Chairman of the Negotiating Group)DAFFE/MAI(98)17, May4.1998, available at http://www1.oecd.org/daf/mai/pdf/ng/ng9817e.pdf, lastvisited on June27,2012.
225Judgement of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Mar.16,2004(DocketNos.02-9237(L)-9272(Conditions))
230Nykomb Synergetics Technology Holding AB and the Republic of Latvia. Arbitral Award,Dec.16,2003, available on http://ita.law.uvic.ca/alphabetical_list.HTML, last visited on June29,2012.
233Peter D.Cameron, International Energy Investment Law: The Pursuit of Stability, Oxford (2010),p.68.
234United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, State Contracts: UNCTAD Series onIssues in International Investment Agreements (New York&Geneva: United Nations,2004) at26,available at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/iteiit200411_en.pdf, last visited on Feb.13,2012.
235See Kuwait v. American Independent Oil Company,1982I.L.M.976,1003(Final Award dated24Mar.1982).
236Andrea Shemberg, Stabilization and Human Rights, A research project conducted for IFC and theUnited Nations Special Representative to the Secretary General on Business and HumanRights(March11,2008), available athttp://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/p_StabilizationClausesandHumanRights/$FILE/Stabilization+Paper.pdf, last visited on Feb.12,2012.
237Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger, Markus W. Gehring, Andrew Newcombe, SustainableDevelopment in World Investment Law, Kluwer Law International BV.(2011), p.336.
238Agreement on the Joint Development and Production Sharing for the Azeri and Chirug Fields andthe Deep Water Portion of the Gurashli Field in the Azerbaijan Sector of the Caspian Sea,20September1994, Art XXIII.2., above note1,p.81.
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241CMS GAS Transmission Company v. The Argentine Republic(Award,12May2005), ICSID CaseNo. ARB/01/08, at para.151.
242Azurix Corp. v. The Argentina Republic(Award,16July2006), ICSID Case No. ARB/01/12, atpara.284.
243El Paso Energy International Company Claimant(Award on Jurisdiction,27April2006), ICSIDCase No. ARB/03/15, at para.81.
244Parkerings-Compagniet AS v. Republic of Lithuania(Award,14Aug.2007), ICISD CaseNo.ARB/05/08, at paras332-333.
245Duke Energy International Peru Investments No.1, Ltd. v. Republic of Peru(Award,18Aug.2008),ICISD Case No.ARB/05/08, at paras224-228.
246F.V. Garcia-Amador, State Responsibility in Cases of “Stabilization Clauses”, Journal ofTransnational Law&Policy(Spring,1993).
247Katia Yannaca-Small, Fair and Equitable Treatment Standand: Recent Developments, Edited byAugust Reinish, Standard of Investment Protection, Oxford University Press (2008), p.118.
248Evaristus shionebo, Stabilization Clauses in Natural Resource Extraction Contracts: Legal,Economic and Social Implication for Developing Countries, Asper Review of International Businessand Trade Law(2010).
249Jernej Letnar C ernic, Corporate Human Rights Obligations under Stabilization Clauses, GermanLaw Journal (2010), p.214.
250Jan Ole Voss, The Impact of Investment Treaties on Contracts between Host States and ForeignInvestors, Martinus Nihoff Publishers (2011), pp.160-161.
251OECD Working Papers on International Investment, Interpretation of the Umbrella Clause inInvestment Agreements, Number2006/3, Oct.2006, available athttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/3/20/37579220.pdf, last visited on Feb.28.
252Lars Albath, Trade and Energy: Investment in the Gas and Electricity Sectors, Cameron MayPress(2004), p.28.
254Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011), p.150.
255J.W. Salacuse,“Renegotiating International Project Agreements”, Fordham Int’l L.J.24(2001):1321.
256Z.A. Alqurashi,“Investment Protection under International Petroleum Agreements: An Analysis ofthe Pertinent Arbitral Jurisprudence”, PhD Thesis, University of Dundee,2004, p.234.
258A. F. M. Maniruzaman,“International Energy Contracts and Cross-border Pipeline Projects:Stabilization, Renegotiation and Economic Balancing in Changed Circumstances: Some RecentTrends”, OGEL Online Journal4, No.4(2006):12, n.31.
259Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011), p.168.
260Z.A. Al Qurashi,”Renegotiation of International Petroleum Agreements”, Journal of InternationalArbitration22, No.4(2005):266.
261M. Sornarajah, Foreign Investment, The International Law on Foreign Investment,2ndedn(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2004), p.83.
262J.W. Salacuse,“Renegotiating International Project Agreements”, Fordham Int’l L.J.24(2001):1329.
263Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011), p.181.
264B.Nwete, To What Extent can Renegotiation Clauses Achieve Stability and Flexibility inPetroleum Development Contracts, I.E.L.T.R(2006):56,59.
265S.K.B.Asante“,Stability of Contractual Relations in the Transnational Investment Process”, Int’l&Comp.L.Q.28(1979):401,406, from Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stabilitythrough Contractual Clauses, Wolters Kluwer(2011), p.202.
266W.M.Rsisman, Foreign Investment Disputes:Cases, Materials and Commentary, Kluwer LawInternational(2005), pp.304-305.
267P.Bernardini,“Stabilization and Adaptation in Oil and Gas Investment”, Journal of World EnergyLaw&Business1, No.1(2008), p.98.
268Above note258, pp.12-13.
269J. Bowman,“Stabilization, Renegotiation, Arbitration, and Adaptation of International PetroleumContracts” introduction delivered in AIPN International Dispute Resolution in Oil and Gas, Dubai,November2006.
270Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011), p.215.
272余劲松主编：《国际投资法》，法律出版社2007年版，第53页。
276梁咏：《中国投资者海外投资法律保障制度研究》，复旦大学博士论文(2009年),第10-11页。
277刘宏杰：《中国能源（石油）对外直接投资研究》，人民出版社2010年版，第57页。
278张广荣：《中国的资源能源类境外投资基本问题研究：基于中国企业实践和政府政策的角度》，中国经济出版社2010年版，第52页。
279俄罗斯计划铺设新管道加速向中国交付石油，资料来源：中国化工信息网http://www.cheminfo.gov.cn/ZXZX/page_info.aspx?id=263477&Tname=hgyw&c=10，浏览日期：2012年9月5日。
280张涵：《中俄“贷款换能源”添煤炭样本：未来25年进口1500-2000万吨煤炭》，载《中国能源报》(2010-09-13第16版)，资料来源：人民网http://energy.people.com.cn/GB/12726801.html，浏览日期：2012年9月3日。
281徐芳：《海外并购的额外法律风险及其对策——由“中海油并购优尼科案”引发的思考》，载《法商研究》2006年第5期，第75页。
2822008年1月中海油收购尼日利亚国家石油公司，标的额27亿美元；2008年9月中海油服收购挪威海上钻井公司，标的额25亿美元；2009年5月中石油收购新加坡石油公司，标的额10.2亿美元；2009年6月中石化收购Addax，标的额72.3亿美元。以上数据来源为：李众敏、何帆：《中国海外能源投资的回顾与展望》，资料来源：中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所国际金融研究中心http://58.194.177.231/gjmyx/data/zl52.pdf(浏览日期：2011年8月19日)。
283谢长军：《国电16亿收购加拿大风电项目，央企开启海外能源投资新领域》，资料来源：中国新能源网http://www.newenergy.org.cn/html/0117/7141141534.html(浏览日期：2011年8月22日)。
284付碧莲：《中国海外并购逆市上扬，北美能源行业成大目标》，载《国际金融报》，资料来源：投资资讯http://news.chinaventure.com.cn/2/20120824/95872.shtml，浏览日期：2012年9月5日。
285张勇著：《能源基本法研究》，法律出版社2011年版，第23页。
286杨解君主编：《变革中的中国能源法制》，中国出版集团世界图书出版公司2011年版，第59页。
287徐箐：《加入WTO与我国外资法的完善》，载《法学》2001年第1期，第67页。
288田小穹：《论我国外国投资者并购境内企业行政审查程序制度的完善》，载《法律适用》2010年第5期。
289汤树梅著：《国际投资法的理论与实践》，中国社会科学出版社2004年版，第267页。
290投资定义大体上可以分为三种类型：以资产为基础的投资定义、以企业为基础的投资定义和以交易为基础的投资定义。参见詹晓宁、葛顺奇：《国际投资条约：投资和投资者的范围与定义》，载《国际经济合作》2003年第1期。
291《中华人民共和国和德意志联邦共和国关于促进和相互保护投资的协定》第9条；《中华人民共和国和西班牙王国关于促进和相互保护投资的协定》；《中华人民共和国和葡萄牙王国关于促进和相互保护投资的协定》第9条。
292陈安主编：《国际投资法的新发展与双边投资条约的新实践》，复旦大学出版社2007年版，第51页。2932012U.S. Model Bilateral Investment Treaty, Treaty Between The Government of the United States of Americaand The Government of [Country] Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment, Article1“investment”(c)、(g), available at http://www.state.gov/e/eb/ifd/bit/index.htm,last visited on Feb.15,2013..
294Paul E. Comeaux, N. Stephan Kinsella, Protecting Foreign Investment under International Law, Legal Aspects ofPolitical Risk, Oceana Publications Inc.，1997，pp.105-106.转引自曾华群：《变革期双边投资条约实践述评》，载陈安主编：《国际经济法学刊》（第14卷第3期），北京大学出版社2007年版，第15页。
295《中华人民共和国政府与新加坡政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第5条。
296《中华人民共和国政府与日本政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条。
297同上注，第4条。
298如1996年《中华人民共和国政府与沙特阿拉伯政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条。类似规定在与阿拉伯联合酋长国、马其顿等国的投资协定中也有所体现。
299《中华人民共和国政府与阿根廷政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第四款。
300《中华人民共和国政府与南非政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第五款。
301《中华人民共和国政府与韩国政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第三款；《中华人民共和国政府与沙特阿拉伯政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第二款；《中华人民共和国政府与捷克斯洛伐克政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第二款。
302《中华人民共和国政府与西班牙政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第四款；《中华人民共和国政府与冰岛政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第三款；《中华人民共和国政府与南斯拉夫联盟政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第二款。
303《中华人民共和国政府与摩洛哥政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第一款。
304《中华人民共和国政府与尼日利亚政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第4条。
305《中华人民共和国政府与伊朗政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第5条。
306《中华人民共和国政府与韩国政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第4条。
307陈咏梅、孙静：《国际投资法中的国民待遇问题》，载《西北师范大学学报》（社会科学版）2003年第6期。
308林一飞：《双边投资协定的仲裁管辖权、最惠国待遇及保护伞条款问题》，载陈安主编：《国际经济法学刊》（第13卷第1期），北京大学出版社2006年版，第263页。
309《中华人民共和国政府与阿根廷政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第四款中规定阿根廷与意大利、西班牙签订的提供优惠贷款的双边协议中的优惠、特权和特许不延及中国投资者。
310王海浪：《MFN条款在BIT争端解决中的适用问题》，载陈安主编：《国际经济法学刊》（第14卷第2期），北京大学出版社2007年版，第175页。
312刘笋：《浅析投资准入阶段推行国民待遇的条约法的实践及影响》，载《天津市政法管理干部学院学报》2003年第1期。
313参见张彩霞：《审视与重构中外双边投资协定中的国民待遇制度》，http://www.studa.net/guojifa/070421/16085521.html（浏览日期：2008年2月17日）。
314余劲松：《国际投资法》（第三版），法律出版社2007年版，第115页。
315宋晓：《论双边投资条约对国际投资法的发展——中国视角》，载《江苏行政学院学报》2005年第6期。
316蔡从燕：《国际投资结构的变迁与发展中国家双边投资条约实践的发展——双边投资条约实践的新思维》，载陈安主编：《国际经济法学刊》（第14卷第3期），北京大学出版社2007年版，第52页。
317Peter D. Cameron: International Energy Investment Law: The Pursuit of Stability, Oxford University Press(2010),p.36.
318邢鸿飞：《政府特许经营协议的行政性》，载《中国法学》2004年第6期，第60页。
319孟国碧：《BOT特许协议的法律性质新论》，载《武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006年第6期，第860页。
321陈安：《国际经济法专论》(分论)，高等教育出版社2002年版，第678页。
322Rachel D. Edsall, Indirect Expropriation under NAFTA and DR-CAFTA: Potential Inconsistencies in the Treatmentof State Public Welfare Regulations, Boston University Law Review(2006), p.961.
323余劲松：《国际投资法》，法律出版社2007年版，第218页。
324Katia Yannaca-Small, Fair and Equitable Treatment Standand: Recent Developments, Edited by August Reinish,Standard of Investment Protection, Oxford University Press (2008), p.118.
325杨慧芳：《外资公平与公正待遇标准的要素分析》，载《法学评论》2009年第3期。
326佚名：《中石油在利比亚等6海外项目中止，影响年收入约12亿》，资料来源：和讯网http://news.hexun.com/2011-08-23/132718038.html(浏览日期：2011年8月23日)。
327梁咏：《中国投资者海外投资法律保障与风险防范》，法律出版社2010年版，第25页。
328Christoph H. Shreuer, The ICSID Convention: A Commentary, Cambridge University Press (2001), p.140.
329ICSID Case No.ARB/06/5Award.
330我国对外签订双边投资协定一览表，资料来源：中华人民共和国商务部条约法律司http://tfs.mofcom.gov.cn/column/2010.shtml(浏览日期：2011年8月23日)。
331Peter D Cameron, International Energy Investment Law:The Pursuit of Stability, Oxford University Press(2010),pp.423-424.
332Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, MIGA Article17.
333中华人民共和国商务部条约法律司：我国对外签订双边投资保护协定一览表http://tfs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/Nocategory/201111/20111107819474.htm
336慕亚平、陈晓燕：《我国海外投资保险制度的构建》，载《法学》2006年第8期。
337孙蕾：《美国海外投资保险制度的实施与发展》，载《国际经济法学刊》2010年第17卷第4期。
338张菲：《大国海外投资保险制度的比较及对中国的启示》，载《国际商务财会》2012年第9期。
339王春燕：《论我国的海外投资保险制度中保险机构的设置》，载《社会科学论坛》2007年第4期。
340同上注。
341吴智：《我国海外投资保险制度法律关系主体的思考》，载《时代法学》2003年第1期。
343栾平平：《论我国海外投资保险制度的构建》，载《政法论丛》2012年第2期。
344梁开银：《论海外投资保险代位权及其实现——兼论我国海外投资保险立法模式之选择》，载《法商研究》2006年第3期。
347梁开银：《论中国海外投资立法的路径和体系》，载《河北法学》2006年第2期，第51-53页。
348赵晓迪：《中国对外直接投资长期发展趋势》，新华出版社2008年版，第113页。
349周忠海：《海外投资的外交保护》，载《政法论坛》2007年第3期。
350单文华：《中企“走出去”需防范海外投资风险》，载《法制日报》2012年1月10日第010版。
351严明：《海外投资金融支持——以中国企业为对象》，社会科学文献出版社2006年版，第210页。
352李众敏、何帆：《扩大我国海外能源投资的政策思考》，载《中国财政》2010年第14期。
1、杨泽伟著：《中国能源安全法律保障研究》，中国政法大学出版社2009年版。
2、崔宏伟著：《欧盟能源安全战略研究》，知识产权出版社2010年版。
3、袁新华著：《俄罗斯的能源战略与外交》，上海人民出版社2007年版。
4、余劲松著：《国际投资法》，法律出版社2007年版。
5、刘宏杰著：《中国能源（石油）对外直接投资研究》，人民出版社2010年版。
6、张广荣著：《中国的资源能源类境外投资基本问题研究：基于中国企业实践和政府政策的角度》，中国经济出版社2010年版。
7、张勇著：《能源基本法研究》，法律出版社2011年版。
8、汤树梅著：《国际投资法的理论与实践》，中国社会科学出版社2004年版。
9、梁咏著：《中国投资者海外投资法律保障与风险防范》，法律出版社2010年版。
10、严明著：《海外投资金融支持——以中国企业为对象》，社会科学文献出版社2006年版，第210页。
11、赵晓迪著：《中国对外直接投资长期发展趋势》，新华出版社2008年版，第113页。
1、余劲松主编：《国际投资法》，法律出版社2007年版。
2、杨解君主编：《变革中的中国能源法制》，中国出版集团世界图书出版公司2011年版。
3、陈安主编：《国际投资法的新发展与双边投资条约的新实践》，复旦大学出版社2007年版。
4、陈安主编：《国际经济法专论》(分论)，高等教育出版社2002年版。
1、徐芳：《海外并购的额外法律风险及其对策——由“中海油并购优尼科案”引发的思考》，载《法商研究》2006年第5期。
2、徐箐：《加入WTO与我国外资法的完善》，载《法学》2001年第1期。
3、田小穹：《论我国外国投资者并购境内企业行政审查程序制度的完善》，载《法律适用》2010年第5期。
4、詹晓宁、葛顺奇：《国际投资条约：投资和投资者的范围与定义》，载《国际经济合作》2003年第1期。
5、曾华群：《变革期双边投资条约实践述评》，载《国际经济法学刊》2007年第14卷第3期。
6、林一飞：《双边投资协定的仲裁管辖权、最惠国待遇及保护伞条款问题》，载《国际经济法学刊》2006年第13卷第1期。
7、王海浪：《MFN条款在BIT争端解决中的适用问题》，载：《国际经济法学刊》2007年第14卷第2期。
8、陈咏梅、孙静：《国际投资法中的国民待遇问题》，载《西北师范大学学报》（社会科学版）2003年第6期。
9、刘笋：《浅析投资准入阶段推行国民待遇的条约法的实践及影响》，载《天津市政法管理干部学院学报》2003年第1期。
10、宋晓：《论双边投资条约对国际投资法的发展——中国视角》，载《江苏行政学院学报》2005年第6期。
11、蔡从燕：《国际投资结构的变迁与发展中国家双边投资条约实践的发展——双边投资条约实践的新思维》，载《国际经济法学刊》2007年第14卷第3期。
12、邢鸿飞：《政府特许经营协议的行政性》，载《中国法学》2004年第6期。
13、孟国碧：《BOT特许协议的法律性质新论》，载《武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006年第6期。
14、杨慧芳：《外资公平与公正待遇标准的要素分析》，载《法学评论》2009年第3期。
15、慕亚平、陈晓燕：《我国海外投资保险制度的构建》，载《法学》2006年第8期。
16、孙蕾：《美国海外投资保险制度的实施与发展》，载《国际经济法学刊》2010年第17卷第4期。
17、王春燕：《论我国的海外投资保险制度中保险机构的设置》，载《社会科学论坛》2007年第4期。
18、吴智：《我国海外投资保险制度法律关系主体的思考》，载《时代法学》2003年第1期。
19、栾平平：《论我国海外投资保险制度的构建》，载《政法论丛》2012年第2期。
20、梁开银：《论海外投资保险代位权及其实现——兼论我国海外投资保险立法模式之选择》，载《法商研究》2006年第3期。
21、周忠海：《海外投资的外交保护》，载《政法论坛》2007年第3期。
22、梁开银：《论中国海外投资立法的路径和体系》，载《河北法学》2006年第2期。
23、李众敏、何帆：《扩大我国海外能源投资的政策思考》，载《中国财政》2010年第14期。
24、胡国松、邓翔：《<欧洲能源宪章条约>述评》，载《欧洲》1996年第6期。
25、刘颖：《美国<2005国家能源政策法案>分析及对我国能源立法的借鉴》，载《能源与环境》2007年第5期。四、学位论文类梁咏：《中国投资者海外投资保障制度研究》，复旦大学博士学位论文，2009年。
1、张涵：《中俄“贷款换能源”添煤炭样本：未来25年进口1500-2000万吨煤炭》，载《中国能源报》2010年9月13日第16版。
2、单文华：《中企“走出去”需防范海外投资风险》，载《法制日报》2012年1月10日第010版。
1、《2011年1-12月全国吸收直接外商投资情况》，http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/tongjiziliao/v/201201/20120107940573.html，（访问日期：2012年8月1日）。
2、佚名：《外商投资产业指导目录公布，取消部分领域股比限制》，资料来源：中国新闻网http://www.chinanews.com/cj/2011/12-29/3568835.shtml，（访问日期：2012年2月1日）。
3、《中国首超美国，成最大风电装机国》，http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxfw/hyyw/t20110117_391296.htm，（访问日期：2012年9月1日）。
4、俄罗斯计划铺设新管道加速向中国交付石油，http://www.cheminfo.gov.cn/ZXZX/page_info.aspx?id=263477&Tname=hgyw&c=10，（访问日期：2012年9月5日）。
5、谢长军：《国电16亿收购加拿大风电项目，央企开启海外能源投资新领域》，http://www.newenergy.org.cn/html/0117/7141141534.html，(访问日期：2011年8月22日)。
6、付碧莲：《中国海外并购逆市上扬，北美能源行业成大目标》，http://news.chinaventure.com.cn/2/20120824/95872.shtml，（访问日期：2012年9月5日）。
7、张彩霞：《审视与重构中外双边投资协定中的国民待遇制度》，http://www.studa.net/guojifa/070421/16085521.html，（访问日期：2008年2月17日）。
8、我国对外签订双边投资协定一览表，中华人民共和国商务部条约法律司http://tfs.mofcom.gov.cn/column/2010.shtml，(访问日期：2011年8月23日)。
9、李瑞民、邱阳、郭伟：《境外石油天然气项目的政治风险管理》，中国出口信用保险公司http://www.sinosure.com.cn/sinosure/cpyfw/tzbx/zxdt/xmxx/58741.html，（访问日期：2012年11月14日）。
10、国家发展改革委有关负责人就《关于鼓励和引导民营企业积极开展境外投资的实施意见》答记者问， http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwfb/t20120809_496753.htm，（访问日期：2012年11月15日）。
11、中国投资指南：《2012年1-9月我国非金融类对外直接投资简明统计》，资料来源：http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI/wztj/jwtztj/t20121029_147091.htm，（访问日期：2012年11月15日）。
1、Tradex Hellas S.A.(Greece) v.Republic of Albania, ICSID Award, Case No. ARB/94/2T.
2、CMS Gas Company v.Argentine Republic, ICSID Award, Case No.ARB/01/8.
3、Azurix Corp. v. The Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/01/12).
4、PSEG Global Inc.etc.v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Award, Case No. ARB/02/5.
5、Duke Energy Electroquil Partners&Electroquil S.A v. Republic of Ecuador,(Case No.ARB/04/19).
6、Edf(Service) Limited v. Romania，ICSID Award, Case No. ARB/05/13.
7、Ronald S Lauder v. Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Award rendered on Sept.3,2001.
8、American Manufacturing&Trading, Inc.v. Democratica Republic of Congo(AMTCase), ICSID ARB/93/1.
9、Mondev International Ltd v. United States of America, ICSID ARB(AF)/99/2.
10、Methanex Corporation v. United States of America, UNCITIAL Final Award renderedon Aug.3,2005.
11、S.D.Meyers Inc v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, First Partial Award renderedon Sept.13,2000.
12、Loewen Group Inc and Raymond L Loewen v. United States of America, ICSIDARB(AF)/98/3.
13、Robert Azinian v. United Mexican States ICSID, ARB(AF)/97/2, Final Awardrendered on Nov.1,1999.
14、MTD Equity Sdn Bbd and MTD Chile SA v. Chile, ICISD ARB/01/7, Awardrendered on May25,2004.
15、Metalclad Corporation v. United States of Mexico, ICSID ARB(AF)/97/1, FinalAward rendered on Aug.30,2000.
16、Government of Kuweit v. American Independent Oil Co(Aminoil),(1982)66ILR518.
17、Generation Ukraine Inc v. Ukraine, ICSID ARB/00/9, Final Award rendered onSept.16,2003.18、 Tecnicàs Medioambientales Tecmed SA v. United Mexican States, ICSIDARB(AF)/00/2.
19、Saluka Investments BV v. Czech Republic PCA, UNCITRAL, Partial award renderedon Mar.17,2006.
20、CME Czech Republic BV v. Czech Republic SCC, UNCITRAL, Partial awardrendered on Jan.13,2001.
21、International Thunderbird Gaming v. United States of Mexico, UNCITRAL, Awardrendered on Jan26,2006.
22、Eureko BV v. Republic of Poland, Ad-hoc Tribunal, Partial Award rendered on Aug19,2005.
23、GAMI Investment Inc v. United Mexican States UNCITRAL, Final Award renderedon Nov.15,2004.
24、Eudoro A Olgu n v.Republic of Paraguay, ICSID ARB/98/5, Final Award renderedJune26,2001.
25、Siemens v. Argentina(Siemens case-Merits), ICSID ARB/02/8, Award rendered onFeb.6,2007.
26、Occidental Exploration and Production Company v. Ecuador LCIA, UN3467, Finalaward rendered on July1st,2004.
27、LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E Capital Corp and LG&E International Inc v. ArgentinaICSID, ARB/02/1, Decision on Liability rendered on Oct.3,2006.
28、PSEG Global Inc and Konya Ilgin Elektrik retim ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi v.Republic of Turkey ICSID, ARB/02/5, Award rendered on Jan19,2007.
29、Bogdanov v. Republic of Moldova SCC, Award rendered on Sept.22,2005.
30、AES Summit、AES-Tisza v. Hungary，ICSID Award, Case No. ARB/07/22.
31、Generation Ukraine, Inc.v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No.ARB/00/9, Award of Sept.16,2003.
32、 Amoco International Finance Corp. v. Iran, U.S.v. Iran,15Iran-U.S.Cl.Trib.Rep.189(1987).
33、Generation Ukraine, Inc. v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No.ARB/00/9, Award of Sept.16,2003.
34、Tippetts, Abbett, McCarthy, Stratton v. TAMS-AFFA Consulting Eng’rs of Iran,6Iran-U.S.Cl.Trib. Rep.219(1984).
35、lguin v. Republic of Paraguay, ICSID Case NO.Arb/98/5Jul.26,2001.
36、Pope&Talbot, Inc v. Government of Canada, Interim Award(Jun.26,2007).
37、 Biloune and Marine Drive Complex Ltd.v.Ghana Investment Centre and theGovernment of Ghana, Award on Jurisdiction and Liability,Oct.27,1989.
38、Compania del Desarollo de Santa Elena, S.A. v. Republic of Costa Rica, Final Award,17Feburary2000.
39、Feldman v. Mexico, ICSID Case No.ARB(AF)/99/1,Award,Dec.16,2002.
40、Judgement of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Mar.16,2004.
41、Salini Sostruttori S.p.A and Italstrade S.P.A v. The Kingdom of Morocco, ICSID CaseNo.ARB/00/4.
42、Tokios Tokelès v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No.ARB/02/18.
43、Vivendi v. Argentina, ICSID Case No.ARB/97/3.
44、Occidental Exploration and Production Company(OEPC) v. Ecuador, ICSID CasesARB06/11.
45、CMS Gas Transmission Co. v. The Republic of Argentina, ICSID Cases ARB01/8.
46、Azurix v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Cases ARB03/30.
47、Petrobart Ltd v. Kyrgyz Republic, Award29March2005, p.62.
48、Kardassopoulos v. Georgia，Decision on Jurisdiction,6July2007
49、Yukos Universal Ltd v. Russia, Interim Awards on Jurisdiction and Admissibility.
50、Plama Consortium v. Bulgaria, ICSID Case No.ARB03/24.
51、Generation Ukraine Inc v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No.00/9.
52、Kuwait v. American Independent Oil Company,1982I.L.M.976,1003(Final Awarddated24Mar.1982).
53、CMS GAS Transmission Company v. The Argentine Republic(Award,12May2005),ICSID Case No. ARB/01/08, at para.151.
54、Azurix Corp. v. The Argentina Republic(Award,16July2006), ICSID Case No.ARB/01/12, at para.284.
55、El Paso Energy International Company Claimant(Award on Jurisdiction,27April2006), ICSID Case No. ARB/03/15, at para.81.
56、Parkerings-Compagniet AS v. Republic of Lithuania(Award,14Aug.2007), ICISDCase No.ARB/05/08, at paras332-333.
57、Duke Energy International Peru Investments No.1, Ltd. v. Republic of Peru(Award,18Aug.2008), ICISD Case No.ARB/05/08, at paras224-228.
1、Leonardo Mssai, European Climate and Clean Energy Law and Policy, Earthscan,2012.
2、Richard Youngs, Energy Security: Europe’s New Foreign Policy Challenge, Routledge,2009.
3、Indra verland and Heidi Kj rnet, Russian Renewable Energy: The Potential forInternational Cooperation, Ashgate,2009.
4、Ralph H.Folsom, NAFTA and Free Trade in the Americas in a nutshell,3rd ed.,Thomson West,2008.
5、Peter D. Cameron, Competition in Energy Market: Law and Regulation in theEuropean Union,2nd ed., Oxford,2007.
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23胡国松、邓翔：《<欧洲能源宪章条约>述评》，载《欧洲》1996年第6期。
24Yulia Selivanova, Regulation of Energy in International Trade Law: WTO, NAFTA and EnergyCharter, Wolters Kluwer(2011), pp.375-376.
25K Hober, Investment Arbitration and Energy Charter Treaty, Journal of International DisputeSettlement, Vol.1,(2010), p.155.
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27Yulia Selivanova, Regulation of Energy in International Trade Law: WTO, NAFTA and EnergyCharter, Wolters Kluwer(2011), pp.315-317.
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47Bram Delvaux, Michael Hunt, Kim Talus, EU Energy Law and Policy Issues,2nd ed.,Euroconfidentiel(2010), pp.256.
51Yulia Selivanova, Regulation of Energy in International Trade Law: WTO, NAFTA and EnergyCharter, Wolters Kluwer(2011),p.359.
52Alan M.Rugman, Foreign Investment and NAFTA, University of South Carolina Press(1994), p.53.
53Alan M.Rugman, Foreign Investment and NAFTA, University of South Carolina Press(1994),p.66.
54Ralph H.Folsom, NAFTA and Free Trade in the Americas in a nutshell,3rd ed., ThomsonWest(2008), p.159.
55如在GAT分销贸易服务中根据不同的来源分类，确认恰当的比较群体。
56Todd Weiler, Investment Law and Arbitration: Past Issues, Current Practice, Future Prospects,Transnational Publishers(2004), p.32.
62朱景文：《比较法总论》（第二版），中国人民大学出版社2008年版，第156页。
63刘颖：《美国<2005国家能源政策法案>分析及对我国能源立法的借鉴》，载《能源与环境》2007年第5期，第26页。
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66袁新华：《俄罗斯的能源战略与外交》，上海人民出版社2007年版，第48页。
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70Rebeka Ryvola, Country Report: Canada, Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review(2011),p.314.
71I.A.Adjenughure, Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR)-Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ),Transnational Dispute Management Online Journal1, No.3(2004):1, available atwww.transnational-dispute-management.com, last visited on May30,2012.
72Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011), p.240.
73The American Arbitration Association’s Guide to Mediation and Arbitration for Business People,available at www.adr.org/si.asp?id=5010, last visited on June5th,2012.
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75The American Arbitration Association’s Guide to Mediation and Arbitration for Business People,
available at www.adr.org/si.asp?id=5010, last visited on June5th,2012.
80M.Sornarajah, The International Law on Foreign Investment, Cambridge Press (2004), p.18.
84Daria Kozlowska, The Revised UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules Seen through the Prism ofElectronic Disclosure, Journal of International Arbitration,Vol.28, Issue1(2011), p.54.
86Energy Charter Investor-State Dispute Settlement Cases, available at http://www.encharter.org, lastvisited on Mar.2,2013.
87Graham Coop and Clarisse Ribeiro, Investment Protection and the Energy Charter Treaty, JurisNet,LLC(2008), p.4.
88George K. Foster, Striking a Balance between Investor Protections and National Sovereignty: TheRelevance of Local Remedies in Invest Treaty Arbitration, Columbia Journal of TransnationalLawVol.49,(2011) p.282.
89Occidental Exploration and Production Company(OEPC) v. Ecuador, ICSID Cases ARB06/11.
90CMS Gas Transmission Co. v. The Republic of Argentina, ICSID Cases ARB01/8.
91Azurix v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Cases ARB03/30.
92The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties(1969), Article25(1),25(2)。
93International Law Commission,“Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties with Commentaries”(1966)II Yearbook of the International Law Commission,186,210.
94Petrobart Ltd v. Kyrgyz Republic, SCC Case No.126/2003, Award29March2005, p.62.
95Kardassopoulos v. Georgia, ARB05/18, Decision on Jurisdiction,6July2007, paragraph203.
97Yukos Universal Ltd v. Russia, Interim Awards on Jurisdiction and Admissibility, para.248.
99Plama Consortium v. Bulgaria, ICSID Case No.ARB03/24.
100Generation Ukraine Inc v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No.00/9.
101Plama Consortium v. Bulgaria, Decision on Jurisdiction,8February2005, para.161.
104Thomas Roe, Matthew Happlod and James Dingemans QC, Settlement of Investment Disputesunder the Energy Charter Treaty, Cambridge University Press(2011), p.87.
105余劲松：《国际投资法》，法律出版社2007年版，第218页。
111Azurix Corp. v. The Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/01/12), para.364.
112ICSID Award, Case No. ARB/02/5, para.239.
113Id, para.240.
114Duke Energy Electroquil Partners&Electroquil S.A v. Republic of Ecuador,(Case No.ARB/04/19), para.340.
115ICSID Award, Case No. ARB/05/13, para.104.
117Katia Yannaca-Small, Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard: Recent Developments, Edited byAugust Reinish, Standard of Investment Protection, Oxford University Press (2008), p.118.
118Rudolf Dolzer&Christoph Schreuer, Principles of International Investment Law, OxfordUniversity Press(2008), pp.133-147.
119See OECD Working Papers on International Investment (Number2004/3), Fair and EquitableTreatment Standard in Investment Law, September2004, available athttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/22/53/33776498.pdf, p.40, last visited on Nov.27,2010.
120Ronald S Lauder v. Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Award rendered onSept.3,2001(Briner.Cutler.Klein),para.292.
121American Manufacturing&Trading, Inc.v. Democratica Republic of Congo(AMT Case), ICSIDARB/93/1, Final Award rendered on21Feb.1997, para.6.05.
122Mondev International Ltd v. United States of America, ICSID ARB(AF)/99/2,Final Awardrendered on Oct.11,2012(Ninian. Crawford. Schwebel),para.120.
123Methanex Corporation v. United States of America, UNCITIAL Final Award rendered on Aug.3,2005(Veeder.Rowley.Reisman), para.264.
124S.D.Meyers Inc v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, First Partial Award rendered on Sept.13,2000(Hunter.Schwartz.Rac),para.259.
125Loewen Group Inc and Raymond L Loewen v. United States of America, ICSID ARB(AF)/98/3,Final Award rendered on June26,2003(Mason.Mikva. Mustill), para.119,123.
126Mondev Casse, above note122, para.126.
127Azinian case, ICSID ARB(AF)/97/2, para.99.
128Ibid para.83.
129MTD Equity Sdn Bbd and MTD Chile SA v. Chile, ICISD ARB/01/7, Award rendered on May25,2004(Sureda. Lalonde.Oreamuno), para.113.
130Metalclad Corporation v. United States of Mexico, ICSID ARB(AF)/97/1, Final Award rendered onAug.30,2000(Lauterpacht.Civiletti. Siqueiros),para.91.
131Government of Kuweit v. American Independent Oil Co(Aminoil), Award of. March24,1982,21ILM976(1982).
132Generation Ukraine Inc v. Ukraine, ICSID ARB/00/9, Final Award rendered onSept.16,2003(Paulsson.Salpius Voss), para.20.37.
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134Saluka Investments BV v. Czech Republic PCA, UNCITRAL, Partial award rendered on Mar.17,2006(Watts.Fortier. Behrens).para.302.
135CME Czech Republic BV v. Czech Republic SCC, UNCITRAL, Partial award rendered on Jan.13,2001(Kühn.Schwebel.Hàndl.)para.611.
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137Eureko BV v. Republic of Poland, Ad-hoc Tribunal, Partial Award rendered on Aug19,2005(Fortier.Schwebel.Rajski), para.232.
138Saluka case, above note134, para.308.
139GAMI Investment Inc v. United Mexican States UNCITRAL, Final Award rendered onNov.15,2004(Reisman. Lacarte Mur.Paulsson),para.91.
140S.D.Meyers case, above note124,para.261.
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146Loewen case, above note125, para.132.
147Metalcald case, above note130, para.76.
148Tecmed case, above note133, para.154.
149Lauder case, above note120, para.219.
150Saluka case, above note134, para.313.
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152Lauder case, above note120, para.292.
153Methanex case, above note123, para.274.
154LG&E case, above note144, para.147.
155Lauder case, above note120, para.221.
156Tecmed case,above note133, para.154.
157Loewen case,above note125,para.131.
158Tecmed case,above note133, para.154.
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160LG&E case,above note144, para.162.
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171Article1of the First Protocol to the European Convention.
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178Generation Ukraine, Inc.v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No.ARB/00/9, Award of Sept.16,2003,44ILM404(2005),para.20.22.
179General Assembly Resolution3281(XXIX),29UN GAOR Supp.(No.31),50,UNDoc.A/9631(1974).
180M.Sornarajah, The Pursuit of Nationalized Property(The Hague: Kluwer AcademicPublishers,1986),174.
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184K.Hober,“Investment Arbitration in Eastern Europe: Recent Cases on Expropriation”,Am.Rev.Int’l Arb.14(2003):384-386.
185Restatement(Third)of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States,$712, com,(f),200.
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190Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011),p.82.
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194Coastal Petroleum Co v. Department of Envtl. Regulation, No.96-3226(Flo.1st DCA10Feb1997)
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197C.Schreuer,“The Concept of Expropriation under the ETC and other Investment ProtectionTreaties”, in Investment Arbitration and the Energy Charter Treaty, ed.C.Riberio(Huntington, NewYork, United States: Juris Publishing,2006).
198Metalclad Corp.v. United Mexican States,(ICSID Additional Facility CaseNo.ARB(AF)/97/1),Aug.30,2000, para.103.
199S.D.Myers. Inc v. Government of Canada, Partial Award of Nov.13,2000,40ILM1408(2001)para.283.
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202Occidental Exploration&Production Company v. The Republic of Ecuador, Final Award, LCIACase No UN3467of Jul.1,2004,43ILM1248(2004), para.88.
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204BG Group Plc. v. The Republic of Argentina, Final Award, Dec.24,2007, UNCITRAL Case,para.270-271.
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206Sea-Land Sev., Inc v. Iran,6Iran-U.S.Cl.Trib. Rep.149(1984),166.
207S.D.Myers. Inc v. Government of Canada, Partial Award of Nov.13,2000,40ILM1408(2001),para.285.
208Olguin v. Republic of Paraguay, ICSID Case NO.Arb/98/5Jul.26,2001,para.84.
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213S.D.Myers. Inc v. Government of Canada, Partial Award of Nov.13,2000,40ILM1408(2001),para.281.
214Compania del Desarollo de Santa Elena, S.A. v. Republic of Costa Rica, Final Award,17Feburary2000,para.171.
215Feldman v. Mexico, ICSID Case No.ARB(AF)/99/1,Award,Dec.16,2002,para.110.
216Pope&Talbot, Inc v. Government of Canada, Interim Award(Jun.26,2007), para.99.
217August Reinisch, Standards of Investment Protection, Oxford University Press(2008), p.166.
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219Tecnicas Medioambientales Tecmed S.A, v. The United Mexican States, ICSID Award Case No.ARB(AF)/00/2.
220D. Myers, Inc. v. Government of Canada, Partial Award,13November2000,40ILM(2001)1408.
221Metalcald Corp. v. United Mexican States, Award,Aug.30,2000,5ICSID reports.
222Occidental Exploration and Protection Co.v. Ecuador, Award, July1,2004.
223Draft Convention on the Protection of Foreign Property and Resolution of the Council of theOECD on the Draft Convention, Oct.12,1967, pp.23-25.
224The Multilateral Agreement on Investment(Report by the Chairman of the Negotiating Group)DAFFE/MAI(98)17, May4.1998, available at http://www1.oecd.org/daf/mai/pdf/ng/ng9817e.pdf, lastvisited on June27,2012.
225Judgement of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Mar.16,2004(DocketNos.02-9237(L)-9272(Conditions))
230Nykomb Synergetics Technology Holding AB and the Republic of Latvia. Arbitral Award,Dec.16,2003, available on http://ita.law.uvic.ca/alphabetical_list.HTML, last visited on June29,2012.
233Peter D.Cameron, International Energy Investment Law: The Pursuit of Stability, Oxford (2010),p.68.
234United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, State Contracts: UNCTAD Series onIssues in International Investment Agreements (New York&Geneva: United Nations,2004) at26,available at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/iteiit200411_en.pdf, last visited on Feb.13,2012.
235See Kuwait v. American Independent Oil Company,1982I.L.M.976,1003(Final Award dated24Mar.1982).
236Andrea Shemberg, Stabilization and Human Rights, A research project conducted for IFC and theUnited Nations Special Representative to the Secretary General on Business and HumanRights(March11,2008), available athttp://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/p_StabilizationClausesandHumanRights/$FILE/Stabilization+Paper.pdf, last visited on Feb.12,2012.
237Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger, Markus W. Gehring, Andrew Newcombe, SustainableDevelopment in World Investment Law, Kluwer Law International BV.(2011), p.336.
238Agreement on the Joint Development and Production Sharing for the Azeri and Chirug Fields andthe Deep Water Portion of the Gurashli Field in the Azerbaijan Sector of the Caspian Sea,20September1994, Art XXIII.2., above note1,p.81.
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241CMS GAS Transmission Company v. The Argentine Republic(Award,12May2005), ICSID CaseNo. ARB/01/08, at para.151.
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244Parkerings-Compagniet AS v. Republic of Lithuania(Award,14Aug.2007), ICISD CaseNo.ARB/05/08, at paras332-333.
245Duke Energy International Peru Investments No.1, Ltd. v. Republic of Peru(Award,18Aug.2008),ICISD Case No.ARB/05/08, at paras224-228.
246F.V. Garcia-Amador, State Responsibility in Cases of “Stabilization Clauses”, Journal ofTransnational Law&Policy(Spring,1993).
247Katia Yannaca-Small, Fair and Equitable Treatment Standand: Recent Developments, Edited byAugust Reinish, Standard of Investment Protection, Oxford University Press (2008), p.118.
248Evaristus shionebo, Stabilization Clauses in Natural Resource Extraction Contracts: Legal,Economic and Social Implication for Developing Countries, Asper Review of International Businessand Trade Law(2010).
249Jernej Letnar C ernic, Corporate Human Rights Obligations under Stabilization Clauses, GermanLaw Journal (2010), p.214.
250Jan Ole Voss, The Impact of Investment Treaties on Contracts between Host States and ForeignInvestors, Martinus Nihoff Publishers (2011), pp.160-161.
251OECD Working Papers on International Investment, Interpretation of the Umbrella Clause inInvestment Agreements, Number2006/3, Oct.2006, available athttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/3/20/37579220.pdf, last visited on Feb.28.
252Lars Albath, Trade and Energy: Investment in the Gas and Electricity Sectors, Cameron MayPress(2004), p.28.
254Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011), p.150.
255J.W. Salacuse,“Renegotiating International Project Agreements”, Fordham Int’l L.J.24(2001):1321.
256Z.A. Alqurashi,“Investment Protection under International Petroleum Agreements: An Analysis ofthe Pertinent Arbitral Jurisprudence”, PhD Thesis, University of Dundee,2004, p.234.
258A. F. M. Maniruzaman,“International Energy Contracts and Cross-border Pipeline Projects:Stabilization, Renegotiation and Economic Balancing in Changed Circumstances: Some RecentTrends”, OGEL Online Journal4, No.4(2006):12, n.31.
259Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011), p.168.
260Z.A. Al Qurashi,”Renegotiation of International Petroleum Agreements”, Journal of InternationalArbitration22, No.4(2005):266.
261M. Sornarajah, Foreign Investment, The International Law on Foreign Investment,2ndedn(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2004), p.83.
262J.W. Salacuse,“Renegotiating International Project Agreements”, Fordham Int’l L.J.24(2001):1329.
263Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011), p.181.
264B.Nwete, To What Extent can Renegotiation Clauses Achieve Stability and Flexibility inPetroleum Development Contracts, I.E.L.T.R(2006):56,59.
265S.K.B.Asante“,Stability of Contractual Relations in the Transnational Investment Process”, Int’l&Comp.L.Q.28(1979):401,406, from Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stabilitythrough Contractual Clauses, Wolters Kluwer(2011), p.202.
266W.M.Rsisman, Foreign Investment Disputes:Cases, Materials and Commentary, Kluwer LawInternational(2005), pp.304-305.
267P.Bernardini,“Stabilization and Adaptation in Oil and Gas Investment”, Journal of World EnergyLaw&Business1, No.1(2008), p.98.
268Above note258, pp.12-13.
269J. Bowman,“Stabilization, Renegotiation, Arbitration, and Adaptation of International PetroleumContracts” introduction delivered in AIPN International Dispute Resolution in Oil and Gas, Dubai,November2006.
270Mustafa Erkan, International Energy Investment Law: Stability through Contractual Clauses,Wolters Kluwer(2011), p.215.
272余劲松主编：《国际投资法》，法律出版社2007年版，第53页。
276梁咏：《中国投资者海外投资法律保障制度研究》，复旦大学博士论文(2009年),第10-11页。
277刘宏杰：《中国能源（石油）对外直接投资研究》，人民出版社2010年版，第57页。
278张广荣：《中国的资源能源类境外投资基本问题研究：基于中国企业实践和政府政策的角度》，中国经济出版社2010年版，第52页。
279俄罗斯计划铺设新管道加速向中国交付石油，资料来源：中国化工信息网http://www.cheminfo.gov.cn/ZXZX/page_info.aspx?id=263477&Tname=hgyw&c=10，浏览日期：2012年9月5日。
280张涵：《中俄“贷款换能源”添煤炭样本：未来25年进口1500-2000万吨煤炭》，载《中国能源报》(2010-09-13第16版)，资料来源：人民网http://energy.people.com.cn/GB/12726801.html，浏览日期：2012年9月3日。
281徐芳：《海外并购的额外法律风险及其对策——由“中海油并购优尼科案”引发的思考》，载《法商研究》2006年第5期，第75页。
2822008年1月中海油收购尼日利亚国家石油公司，标的额27亿美元；2008年9月中海油服收购挪威海上钻井公司，标的额25亿美元；2009年5月中石油收购新加坡石油公司，标的额10.2亿美元；2009年6月中石化收购Addax，标的额72.3亿美元。以上数据来源为：李众敏、何帆：《中国海外能源投资的回顾与展望》，资料来源：中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所国际金融研究中心http://58.194.177.231/gjmyx/data/zl52.pdf(浏览日期：2011年8月19日)。
283谢长军：《国电16亿收购加拿大风电项目，央企开启海外能源投资新领域》，资料来源：中国新能源网http://www.newenergy.org.cn/html/0117/7141141534.html(浏览日期：2011年8月22日)。
284付碧莲：《中国海外并购逆市上扬，北美能源行业成大目标》，载《国际金融报》，资料来源：投资资讯http://news.chinaventure.com.cn/2/20120824/95872.shtml，浏览日期：2012年9月5日。
285张勇著：《能源基本法研究》，法律出版社2011年版，第23页。
286杨解君主编：《变革中的中国能源法制》，中国出版集团世界图书出版公司2011年版，第59页。
287徐箐：《加入WTO与我国外资法的完善》，载《法学》2001年第1期，第67页。
288田小穹：《论我国外国投资者并购境内企业行政审查程序制度的完善》，载《法律适用》2010年第5期。
289汤树梅著：《国际投资法的理论与实践》，中国社会科学出版社2004年版，第267页。
290投资定义大体上可以分为三种类型：以资产为基础的投资定义、以企业为基础的投资定义和以交易为基础的投资定义。参见詹晓宁、葛顺奇：《国际投资条约：投资和投资者的范围与定义》，载《国际经济合作》2003年第1期。
291《中华人民共和国和德意志联邦共和国关于促进和相互保护投资的协定》第9条；《中华人民共和国和西班牙王国关于促进和相互保护投资的协定》；《中华人民共和国和葡萄牙王国关于促进和相互保护投资的协定》第9条。
292陈安主编：《国际投资法的新发展与双边投资条约的新实践》，复旦大学出版社2007年版，第51页。2932012U.S. Model Bilateral Investment Treaty, Treaty Between The Government of the United States of Americaand The Government of [Country] Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment, Article1“investment”(c)、(g), available at http://www.state.gov/e/eb/ifd/bit/index.htm,last visited on Feb.15,2013..
294Paul E. Comeaux, N. Stephan Kinsella, Protecting Foreign Investment under International Law, Legal Aspects ofPolitical Risk, Oceana Publications Inc.，1997，pp.105-106.转引自曾华群：《变革期双边投资条约实践述评》，载陈安主编：《国际经济法学刊》（第14卷第3期），北京大学出版社2007年版，第15页。
295《中华人民共和国政府与新加坡政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第5条。
296《中华人民共和国政府与日本政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条。
297同上注，第4条。
298如1996年《中华人民共和国政府与沙特阿拉伯政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条。类似规定在与阿拉伯联合酋长国、马其顿等国的投资协定中也有所体现。
299《中华人民共和国政府与阿根廷政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第四款。
300《中华人民共和国政府与南非政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第五款。
301《中华人民共和国政府与韩国政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第三款；《中华人民共和国政府与沙特阿拉伯政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第二款；《中华人民共和国政府与捷克斯洛伐克政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第二款。
302《中华人民共和国政府与西班牙政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第四款；《中华人民共和国政府与冰岛政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第三款；《中华人民共和国政府与南斯拉夫联盟政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第二款。
303《中华人民共和国政府与摩洛哥政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第一款。
304《中华人民共和国政府与尼日利亚政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第4条。
305《中华人民共和国政府与伊朗政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第5条。
306《中华人民共和国政府与韩国政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第4条。
307陈咏梅、孙静：《国际投资法中的国民待遇问题》，载《西北师范大学学报》（社会科学版）2003年第6期。
308林一飞：《双边投资协定的仲裁管辖权、最惠国待遇及保护伞条款问题》，载陈安主编：《国际经济法学刊》（第13卷第1期），北京大学出版社2006年版，第263页。
309《中华人民共和国政府与阿根廷政府相互鼓励和保护投资协定》第3条第四款中规定阿根廷与意大利、西班牙签订的提供优惠贷款的双边协议中的优惠、特权和特许不延及中国投资者。
310王海浪：《MFN条款在BIT争端解决中的适用问题》，载陈安主编：《国际经济法学刊》（第14卷第2期），北京大学出版社2007年版，第175页。
312刘笋：《浅析投资准入阶段推行国民待遇的条约法的实践及影响》，载《天津市政法管理干部学院学报》2003年第1期。
313参见张彩霞：《审视与重构中外双边投资协定中的国民待遇制度》，http://www.studa.net/guojifa/070421/16085521.html（浏览日期：2008年2月17日）。
314余劲松：《国际投资法》（第三版），法律出版社2007年版，第115页。
315宋晓：《论双边投资条约对国际投资法的发展——中国视角》，载《江苏行政学院学报》2005年第6期。
316蔡从燕：《国际投资结构的变迁与发展中国家双边投资条约实践的发展——双边投资条约实践的新思维》，载陈安主编：《国际经济法学刊》（第14卷第3期），北京大学出版社2007年版，第52页。
317Peter D. Cameron: International Energy Investment Law: The Pursuit of Stability, Oxford University Press(2010),p.36.
318邢鸿飞：《政府特许经营协议的行政性》，载《中国法学》2004年第6期，第60页。
319孟国碧：《BOT特许协议的法律性质新论》，载《武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006年第6期，第860页。
321陈安：《国际经济法专论》(分论)，高等教育出版社2002年版，第678页。
322Rachel D. Edsall, Indirect Expropriation under NAFTA and DR-CAFTA: Potential Inconsistencies in the Treatmentof State Public Welfare Regulations, Boston University Law Review(2006), p.961.
323余劲松：《国际投资法》，法律出版社2007年版，第218页。
324Katia Yannaca-Small, Fair and Equitable Treatment Standand: Recent Developments, Edited by August Reinish,Standard of Investment Protection, Oxford University Press (2008), p.118.
325杨慧芳：《外资公平与公正待遇标准的要素分析》，载《法学评论》2009年第3期。
326佚名：《中石油在利比亚等6海外项目中止，影响年收入约12亿》，资料来源：和讯网http://news.hexun.com/2011-08-23/132718038.html(浏览日期：2011年8月23日)。
327梁咏：《中国投资者海外投资法律保障与风险防范》，法律出版社2010年版，第25页。
328Christoph H. Shreuer, The ICSID Convention: A Commentary, Cambridge University Press (2001), p.140.
329ICSID Case No.ARB/06/5Award.
330我国对外签订双边投资协定一览表，资料来源：中华人民共和国商务部条约法律司http://tfs.mofcom.gov.cn/column/2010.shtml(浏览日期：2011年8月23日)。
331Peter D Cameron, International Energy Investment Law:The Pursuit of Stability, Oxford University Press(2010),pp.423-424.
332Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, MIGA Article17.
333中华人民共和国商务部条约法律司：我国对外签订双边投资保护协定一览表http://tfs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/Nocategory/201111/20111107819474.htm
336慕亚平、陈晓燕：《我国海外投资保险制度的构建》，载《法学》2006年第8期。
337孙蕾：《美国海外投资保险制度的实施与发展》，载《国际经济法学刊》2010年第17卷第4期。
338张菲：《大国海外投资保险制度的比较及对中国的启示》，载《国际商务财会》2012年第9期。
339王春燕：《论我国的海外投资保险制度中保险机构的设置》，载《社会科学论坛》2007年第4期。
340同上注。
341吴智：《我国海外投资保险制度法律关系主体的思考》，载《时代法学》2003年第1期。
343栾平平：《论我国海外投资保险制度的构建》，载《政法论丛》2012年第2期。
344梁开银：《论海外投资保险代位权及其实现——兼论我国海外投资保险立法模式之选择》，载《法商研究》2006年第3期。
347梁开银：《论中国海外投资立法的路径和体系》，载《河北法学》2006年第2期，第51-53页。
348赵晓迪：《中国对外直接投资长期发展趋势》，新华出版社2008年版，第113页。
349周忠海：《海外投资的外交保护》，载《政法论坛》2007年第3期。
350单文华：《中企“走出去”需防范海外投资风险》，载《法制日报》2012年1月10日第010版。
351严明：《海外投资金融支持——以中国企业为对象》，社会科学文献出版社2006年版，第210页。
352李众敏、何帆：《扩大我国海外能源投资的政策思考》，载《中国财政》2010年第14期。
1、杨泽伟著：《中国能源安全法律保障研究》，中国政法大学出版社2009年版。
2、崔宏伟著：《欧盟能源安全战略研究》，知识产权出版社2010年版。
3、袁新华著：《俄罗斯的能源战略与外交》，上海人民出版社2007年版。
4、余劲松著：《国际投资法》，法律出版社2007年版。
5、刘宏杰著：《中国能源（石油）对外直接投资研究》，人民出版社2010年版。
6、张广荣著：《中国的资源能源类境外投资基本问题研究：基于中国企业实践和政府政策的角度》，中国经济出版社2010年版。
7、张勇著：《能源基本法研究》，法律出版社2011年版。
8、汤树梅著：《国际投资法的理论与实践》，中国社会科学出版社2004年版。
9、梁咏著：《中国投资者海外投资法律保障与风险防范》，法律出版社2010年版。
10、严明著：《海外投资金融支持——以中国企业为对象》，社会科学文献出版社2006年版，第210页。
11、赵晓迪著：《中国对外直接投资长期发展趋势》，新华出版社2008年版，第113页。
1、余劲松主编：《国际投资法》，法律出版社2007年版。
2、杨解君主编：《变革中的中国能源法制》，中国出版集团世界图书出版公司2011年版。
3、陈安主编：《国际投资法的新发展与双边投资条约的新实践》，复旦大学出版社2007年版。
4、陈安主编：《国际经济法专论》(分论)，高等教育出版社2002年版。
1、徐芳：《海外并购的额外法律风险及其对策——由“中海油并购优尼科案”引发的思考》，载《法商研究》2006年第5期。
2、徐箐：《加入WTO与我国外资法的完善》，载《法学》2001年第1期。
3、田小穹：《论我国外国投资者并购境内企业行政审查程序制度的完善》，载《法律适用》2010年第5期。
4、詹晓宁、葛顺奇：《国际投资条约：投资和投资者的范围与定义》，载《国际经济合作》2003年第1期。
5、曾华群：《变革期双边投资条约实践述评》，载《国际经济法学刊》2007年第14卷第3期。
6、林一飞：《双边投资协定的仲裁管辖权、最惠国待遇及保护伞条款问题》，载《国际经济法学刊》2006年第13卷第1期。
7、王海浪：《MFN条款在BIT争端解决中的适用问题》，载：《国际经济法学刊》2007年第14卷第2期。
8、陈咏梅、孙静：《国际投资法中的国民待遇问题》，载《西北师范大学学报》（社会科学版）2003年第6期。
9、刘笋：《浅析投资准入阶段推行国民待遇的条约法的实践及影响》，载《天津市政法管理干部学院学报》2003年第1期。
10、宋晓：《论双边投资条约对国际投资法的发展——中国视角》，载《江苏行政学院学报》2005年第6期。
11、蔡从燕：《国际投资结构的变迁与发展中国家双边投资条约实践的发展——双边投资条约实践的新思维》，载《国际经济法学刊》2007年第14卷第3期。
12、邢鸿飞：《政府特许经营协议的行政性》，载《中国法学》2004年第6期。
13、孟国碧：《BOT特许协议的法律性质新论》，载《武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006年第6期。
14、杨慧芳：《外资公平与公正待遇标准的要素分析》，载《法学评论》2009年第3期。
15、慕亚平、陈晓燕：《我国海外投资保险制度的构建》，载《法学》2006年第8期。
16、孙蕾：《美国海外投资保险制度的实施与发展》，载《国际经济法学刊》2010年第17卷第4期。
17、王春燕：《论我国的海外投资保险制度中保险机构的设置》，载《社会科学论坛》2007年第4期。
18、吴智：《我国海外投资保险制度法律关系主体的思考》，载《时代法学》2003年第1期。
19、栾平平：《论我国海外投资保险制度的构建》，载《政法论丛》2012年第2期。
20、梁开银：《论海外投资保险代位权及其实现——兼论我国海外投资保险立法模式之选择》，载《法商研究》2006年第3期。
21、周忠海：《海外投资的外交保护》，载《政法论坛》2007年第3期。
22、梁开银：《论中国海外投资立法的路径和体系》，载《河北法学》2006年第2期。
23、李众敏、何帆：《扩大我国海外能源投资的政策思考》，载《中国财政》2010年第14期。
24、胡国松、邓翔：《<欧洲能源宪章条约>述评》，载《欧洲》1996年第6期。
25、刘颖：《美国<2005国家能源政策法案>分析及对我国能源立法的借鉴》，载《能源与环境》2007年第5期。四、学位论文类梁咏：《中国投资者海外投资保障制度研究》，复旦大学博士学位论文，2009年。
1、张涵：《中俄“贷款换能源”添煤炭样本：未来25年进口1500-2000万吨煤炭》，载《中国能源报》2010年9月13日第16版。
2、单文华：《中企“走出去”需防范海外投资风险》，载《法制日报》2012年1月10日第010版。
1、《2011年1-12月全国吸收直接外商投资情况》，http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/tongjiziliao/v/201201/20120107940573.html，（访问日期：2012年8月1日）。
2、佚名：《外商投资产业指导目录公布，取消部分领域股比限制》，资料来源：中国新闻网http://www.chinanews.com/cj/2011/12-29/3568835.shtml，（访问日期：2012年2月1日）。
3、《中国首超美国，成最大风电装机国》，http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxfw/hyyw/t20110117_391296.htm，（访问日期：2012年9月1日）。
4、俄罗斯计划铺设新管道加速向中国交付石油，http://www.cheminfo.gov.cn/ZXZX/page_info.aspx?id=263477&Tname=hgyw&c=10，（访问日期：2012年9月5日）。
5、谢长军：《国电16亿收购加拿大风电项目，央企开启海外能源投资新领域》，http://www.newenergy.org.cn/html/0117/7141141534.html，(访问日期：2011年8月22日)。
6、付碧莲：《中国海外并购逆市上扬，北美能源行业成大目标》，http://news.chinaventure.com.cn/2/20120824/95872.shtml，（访问日期：2012年9月5日）。
7、张彩霞：《审视与重构中外双边投资协定中的国民待遇制度》，http://www.studa.net/guojifa/070421/16085521.html，（访问日期：2008年2月17日）。
8、我国对外签订双边投资协定一览表，中华人民共和国商务部条约法律司http://tfs.mofcom.gov.cn/column/2010.shtml，(访问日期：2011年8月23日)。
9、李瑞民、邱阳、郭伟：《境外石油天然气项目的政治风险管理》，中国出口信用保险公司http://www.sinosure.com.cn/sinosure/cpyfw/tzbx/zxdt/xmxx/58741.html，（访问日期：2012年11月14日）。
10、国家发展改革委有关负责人就《关于鼓励和引导民营企业积极开展境外投资的实施意见》答记者问， http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwfb/t20120809_496753.htm，（访问日期：2012年11月15日）。
11、中国投资指南：《2012年1-9月我国非金融类对外直接投资简明统计》，资料来源：http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI/wztj/jwtztj/t20121029_147091.htm，（访问日期：2012年11月15日）。
1、Tradex Hellas S.A.(Greece) v.Republic of Albania, ICSID Award, Case No. ARB/94/2T.
2、CMS Gas Company v.Argentine Republic, ICSID Award, Case No.ARB/01/8.
3、Azurix Corp. v. The Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/01/12).
4、PSEG Global Inc.etc.v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Award, Case No. ARB/02/5.
5、Duke Energy Electroquil Partners&Electroquil S.A v. Republic of Ecuador,(Case No.ARB/04/19).
6、Edf(Service) Limited v. Romania，ICSID Award, Case No. ARB/05/13.
7、Ronald S Lauder v. Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Award rendered on Sept.3,2001.
8、American Manufacturing&Trading, Inc.v. Democratica Republic of Congo(AMTCase), ICSID ARB/93/1.
9、Mondev International Ltd v. United States of America, ICSID ARB(AF)/99/2.
10、Methanex Corporation v. United States of America, UNCITIAL Final Award renderedon Aug.3,2005.
11、S.D.Meyers Inc v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, First Partial Award renderedon Sept.13,2000.
12、Loewen Group Inc and Raymond L Loewen v. United States of America, ICSIDARB(AF)/98/3.
13、Robert Azinian v. United Mexican States ICSID, ARB(AF)/97/2, Final Awardrendered on Nov.1,1999.
14、MTD Equity Sdn Bbd and MTD Chile SA v. Chile, ICISD ARB/01/7, Awardrendered on May25,2004.
15、Metalclad Corporation v. United States of Mexico, ICSID ARB(AF)/97/1, FinalAward rendered on Aug.30,2000.
16、Government of Kuweit v. American Independent Oil Co(Aminoil),(1982)66ILR518.
17、Generation Ukraine Inc v. Ukraine, ICSID ARB/00/9, Final Award rendered onSept.16,2003.18、 Tecnicàs Medioambientales Tecmed SA v. United Mexican States, ICSIDARB(AF)/00/2.
19、Saluka Investments BV v. Czech Republic PCA, UNCITRAL, Partial award renderedon Mar.17,2006.
20、CME Czech Republic BV v. Czech Republic SCC, UNCITRAL, Partial awardrendered on Jan.13,2001.
21、International Thunderbird Gaming v. United States of Mexico, UNCITRAL, Awardrendered on Jan26,2006.
22、Eureko BV v. Republic of Poland, Ad-hoc Tribunal, Partial Award rendered on Aug19,2005.
23、GAMI Investment Inc v. United Mexican States UNCITRAL, Final Award renderedon Nov.15,2004.
24、Eudoro A Olgu n v.Republic of Paraguay, ICSID ARB/98/5, Final Award renderedJune26,2001.
25、Siemens v. Argentina(Siemens case-Merits), ICSID ARB/02/8, Award rendered onFeb.6,2007.
26、Occidental Exploration and Production Company v. Ecuador LCIA, UN3467, Finalaward rendered on July1st,2004.
27、LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E Capital Corp and LG&E International Inc v. ArgentinaICSID, ARB/02/1, Decision on Liability rendered on Oct.3,2006.
28、PSEG Global Inc and Konya Ilgin Elektrik retim ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi v.Republic of Turkey ICSID, ARB/02/5, Award rendered on Jan19,2007.
29、Bogdanov v. Republic of Moldova SCC, Award rendered on Sept.22,2005.
30、AES Summit、AES-Tisza v. Hungary，ICSID Award, Case No. ARB/07/22.
31、Generation Ukraine, Inc.v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No.ARB/00/9, Award of Sept.16,2003.
32、 Amoco International Finance Corp. v. Iran, U.S.v. Iran,15Iran-U.S.Cl.Trib.Rep.189(1987).
33、Generation Ukraine, Inc. v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No.ARB/00/9, Award of Sept.16,2003.
34、Tippetts, Abbett, McCarthy, Stratton v. TAMS-AFFA Consulting Eng’rs of Iran,6Iran-U.S.Cl.Trib. Rep.219(1984).
35、lguin v. Republic of Paraguay, ICSID Case NO.Arb/98/5Jul.26,2001.
36、Pope&Talbot, Inc v. Government of Canada, Interim Award(Jun.26,2007).
37、 Biloune and Marine Drive Complex Ltd.v.Ghana Investment Centre and theGovernment of Ghana, Award on Jurisdiction and Liability,Oct.27,1989.
38、Compania del Desarollo de Santa Elena, S.A. v. Republic of Costa Rica, Final Award,17Feburary2000.
39、Feldman v. Mexico, ICSID Case No.ARB(AF)/99/1,Award,Dec.16,2002.
40、Judgement of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Mar.16,2004.
41、Salini Sostruttori S.p.A and Italstrade S.P.A v. The Kingdom of Morocco, ICSID CaseNo.ARB/00/4.
42、Tokios Tokelès v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No.ARB/02/18.
43、Vivendi v. Argentina, ICSID Case No.ARB/97/3.
44、Occidental Exploration and Production Company(OEPC) v. Ecuador, ICSID CasesARB06/11.
45、CMS Gas Transmission Co. v. The Republic of Argentina, ICSID Cases ARB01/8.
46、Azurix v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Cases ARB03/30.
47、Petrobart Ltd v. Kyrgyz Republic, Award29March2005, p.62.
48、Kardassopoulos v. Georgia，Decision on Jurisdiction,6July2007
49、Yukos Universal Ltd v. Russia, Interim Awards on Jurisdiction and Admissibility.
50、Plama Consortium v. Bulgaria, ICSID Case No.ARB03/24.
51、Generation Ukraine Inc v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No.00/9.
52、Kuwait v. American Independent Oil Company,1982I.L.M.976,1003(Final Awarddated24Mar.1982).
53、CMS GAS Transmission Company v. The Argentine Republic(Award,12May2005),ICSID Case No. ARB/01/08, at para.151.
54、Azurix Corp. v. The Argentina Republic(Award,16July2006), ICSID Case No.ARB/01/12, at para.284.
55、El Paso Energy International Company Claimant(Award on Jurisdiction,27April2006), ICSID Case No. ARB/03/15, at para.81.
56、Parkerings-Compagniet AS v. Republic of Lithuania(Award,14Aug.2007), ICISDCase No.ARB/05/08, at paras332-333.
57、Duke Energy International Peru Investments No.1, Ltd. v. Republic of Peru(Award,18Aug.2008), ICISD Case No.ARB/05/08, at paras224-228.
1、Leonardo Mssai, European Climate and Clean Energy Law and Policy, Earthscan,2012.
2、Richard Youngs, Energy Security: Europe’s New Foreign Policy Challenge, Routledge,2009.
3、Indra verland and Heidi Kj rnet, Russian Renewable Energy: The Potential forInternational Cooperation, Ashgate,2009.
4、Ralph H.Folsom, NAFTA and Free Trade in the Americas in a nutshell,3rd ed.,Thomson West,2008.
5、Peter D. Cameron, Competition in Energy Market: Law and Regulation in theEuropean Union,2nd ed., Oxford,2007.
6、Christian Tietje, International Investment Protection and Arbitration: Theoretical andPractical Perspectives, BWV·Berrlinger, Wissenschafts-Verlag,2008.
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