从《到灯塔去》析伍尔夫的性别思想和性别差异思想
摘要
弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫(1882-1941)不仅是一位世界著名的英国小说及随笔作家,更因其文学批评享誉世界。她是公认的最杰出的重要现代主义作家之一。早在20世纪20年代,她就对父权制社会政治、经济和文化体系进行了批判,并提倡用女性的视角重新审视人类的历史,从而创造一种全新的性别观。她的小说《到灯塔去》正是可以体现她女性主义思想的作品之一。然而,在现有对《到灯塔去》众多的文学研究中,有一个视角是长期以来一直被忽视的,即伍尔夫的性别差异思想,她的性别差异思想和女性主义思想间的关系,以及这些批评思想,是如何体现在她的写作中的。本篇论文因此将着手探索该种关系并将从性别差异思想的角度作出对《到灯塔去》的全新解析。
本文分析的重点是伍尔夫经常在其写作中探讨,尤其在《到灯塔去》中最为显著的三个主题:女性主义,对性别的理解和性别差异思想。本论文试图确认并分析这些主题是如何在《到灯塔去》中体现出来的,并由此打开《到灯塔去》研究的一个新篇章。
本论文由四章组成。第一章主要介绍伍尔夫的生平及作品,国内外对《到灯塔去》的研究成果,以及本论文的组成结构。第二章简单总结了伍尔夫的女性主义思想以及她对此的态度。另外,她的雌雄同体思想、她对性别的理解以及她的性别差异思想也在第二章中作了概述。分析的部分主要在第三章。这一章里面对伍尔夫的性别差异思想进行了更为深入的分析,并且在此基础之上研究并评论了她的其它一些文学批评思想。本文以第四章结语,总结综述了在本论文中提到的主要观点。
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) is not only a renowned English writer best known for her novels and essays but also well acclaimed for her work on literary criticism. Commonly acknowledged is her importance as one of the most outstanding modernist authors. She criticize the social political, economic and cultural system in the patriarchal society as early as the 1920s. She upholds that human history should be interpreted from female perspective in order to create a new civilization. And her novel To the Lighthouse can be regarded as one of her works that embody such feminist thoughts. However, among the existing researches on To the Lighthouse, one perspective is seriously neglected: Woolf’s thoughts of gender differences and the relationship between her feminist thoughts and her thoughts of gender differences, and how these ideas are reflected in her writing. This thesis, therefore, intends to embark upon the exploration of this relationship and offers a fresh analysis of the book from the perspective of gender differences.
The emphasis in this analysis is on three issues which Woolf very often approached in her works, particularly in To the Lighthouse: feminism, the understanding of gender and the thoughts of gender differences. It is their manifestations in To the Lighthouse that the thesis attempts to identify and examine and by doing so to open up a new dimension in the discussion of To the Lighthouse.
The thesis is divided into four chapters. The First Chapter serves as an introduction, which includes the life and work of Virginia Woolf. It also looks into critical responses to To the Lighthouse abroad and in China and into the organization of this thesis. The Second Chapter draws a brief sketch on Woolf’s critical ideas on feminism and her ambivalent response to it. Besides, her androgynous vision and thoughts of gender and gender differences are also discussed. The analytical part of this thesis can be found in Chapter Three. This chapter studies Woolf’s thoughts of gender differences in a more in-depth way and some of her critical ideas are further researched and commented. This thesis closes with the last chapter“Conclusion”, summarizing and reviewing the major points discussed in this thesis.
本文分析的重点是伍尔夫经常在其写作中探讨,尤其在《到灯塔去》中最为显著的三个主题:女性主义,对性别的理解和性别差异思想。本论文试图确认并分析这些主题是如何在《到灯塔去》中体现出来的,并由此打开《到灯塔去》研究的一个新篇章。
本论文由四章组成。第一章主要介绍伍尔夫的生平及作品,国内外对《到灯塔去》的研究成果,以及本论文的组成结构。第二章简单总结了伍尔夫的女性主义思想以及她对此的态度。另外,她的雌雄同体思想、她对性别的理解以及她的性别差异思想也在第二章中作了概述。分析的部分主要在第三章。这一章里面对伍尔夫的性别差异思想进行了更为深入的分析,并且在此基础之上研究并评论了她的其它一些文学批评思想。本文以第四章结语,总结综述了在本论文中提到的主要观点。
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) is not only a renowned English writer best known for her novels and essays but also well acclaimed for her work on literary criticism. Commonly acknowledged is her importance as one of the most outstanding modernist authors. She criticize the social political, economic and cultural system in the patriarchal society as early as the 1920s. She upholds that human history should be interpreted from female perspective in order to create a new civilization. And her novel To the Lighthouse can be regarded as one of her works that embody such feminist thoughts. However, among the existing researches on To the Lighthouse, one perspective is seriously neglected: Woolf’s thoughts of gender differences and the relationship between her feminist thoughts and her thoughts of gender differences, and how these ideas are reflected in her writing. This thesis, therefore, intends to embark upon the exploration of this relationship and offers a fresh analysis of the book from the perspective of gender differences.
The emphasis in this analysis is on three issues which Woolf very often approached in her works, particularly in To the Lighthouse: feminism, the understanding of gender and the thoughts of gender differences. It is their manifestations in To the Lighthouse that the thesis attempts to identify and examine and by doing so to open up a new dimension in the discussion of To the Lighthouse.
The thesis is divided into four chapters. The First Chapter serves as an introduction, which includes the life and work of Virginia Woolf. It also looks into critical responses to To the Lighthouse abroad and in China and into the organization of this thesis. The Second Chapter draws a brief sketch on Woolf’s critical ideas on feminism and her ambivalent response to it. Besides, her androgynous vision and thoughts of gender and gender differences are also discussed. The analytical part of this thesis can be found in Chapter Three. This chapter studies Woolf’s thoughts of gender differences in a more in-depth way and some of her critical ideas are further researched and commented. This thesis closes with the last chapter“Conclusion”, summarizing and reviewing the major points discussed in this thesis.
引文
Allen, Prudence, RSM. The Concept of Woman: The Aristotelian Revolution 750BC - AD 1250. Montreal: Eden Press, 1985
Bamberger, Joan.“The Myth of Matriarchy: Why Men Rule in Primitive Society”, Women, Culture, and Society, ed. by M Rosaldo and L Lamphere, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1974, pp. 263-280.
Beauvoir, de Simone. Hard Times: Force of Circumstances, 1952-1962. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press, 1992.
Beauvoir, de Simone. The Second Sex. London: Vintage Books, 1973.
Beja, Morris. Critical Essays on Virginia Woolf. Boston, Massachusetts: G. K. Hall and Co., 1985.
Bem, S. L.“Gender Schema Theory: A Cognitive Account of Sex Typing”, Psychological Review, 88, 1981, pp. 354-364.
Bell, Quentin. Virginia Woolf: A Biography. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972. Cixous, Helene.“The Laugh of the Medusa.”from http://xbf99.blog.hexun.com/1378627_d.html
Cornell, Drucilla. At the Heart of Freedom: Feminism, Sex, and Equality. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998.
DeSalvo, Louise A.; Fox, Alice; Hill, Katherine C. Virginia Woolf and Leslie Stephen. New York City: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 1982.
Dick, Susan; Virginia Woolf. The Original Holograph Draft. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982.
Echols, Alice. Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989.
Faludi, Susan. Backlash: The Undeclared War against Women. London: Vintage Books, 1992.
Fox, Margalit.“Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in‘Feminine Mystique,’Dies at 85”. from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/national/05friedan.html?ex=1296795600&en=30472e5004a66ea3&ei=5090
Freedman, Estelle B. No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women.Ballantine Books, 2003.
Freedman, Ralph. Virginia Woolf: Revaluation and Continuity. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1975.
Garnett, Angelica. Deceived with Kindness: A Bloomsbury Childhood. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984.
Gillis, Stacy; Howie, Gillian; Munford, Rebecca. Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd., 2007.
Griselda Pollock. Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum: Time, Space and the Archive. London: Routledge, 2007.
Hanisch, Carol. The Personal Is Political. from http://scholar.alexanderstreet.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2259
Harper E. B.; Howing W. K.; Holm G.; Dubanovsky I.“Young Children's Yielding to False Adult Judgment”, Child Development, Lo, 1965, pp. 175-183.
Haule, James. Contemporary Literature. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982.
Heilbrum, Carolyn. Towards a Recognition of Androgyny. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973.
Henry, Astrid. Not My Mother’s Sister: Generational Conflict and Third-wave Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
Humm, Maggie. The Dictionary of Feminist Theory. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990.
Humm, Maggie. Modern Feminisms: Political, Literary, Cultural. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
Hussey, Mark. Virginia Woolf A to Z: A Comprehensive Reference for Students, Teachers, and Common Readers to Her Life, Work and Critical Reception. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1995.
Jones, Amelia.“Postfeminism, Feminist Pleasures, and Embodied Theories of Art,”New Feminist Criticism: Art, Identity, Action, ed. by Joana Frueh, Cassandra L. Langer and Arlene Raven. New York: HarperCollins, 1994, pp. 16-41.
Levenson, Michael, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Modernism. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Leslie, Heywood; Drake, Jennifer. Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
Mc Coby E. E. The Development of Sex Differences. Stanford California: Stanford University Press, 1966.
McNees, Eleanor, ed. Virginia Woolf: Critical Assessments. Vol. I-IV. Boston: Helm Information Ltd., 1994.
Mepham, John. Virginia Woolf: Criticism in Focus. New York: Saint. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1992.
Modleski, Tania. Feminism without Women: Culture and Criticism in A“Postfeminist”Age. New York: Routledge, 1991.
Moi, Toril. French Feminist Thought: A Reader. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1987.
Moi, Toril. Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory. London & New York: Methuen Publishing, 1985.
Panken, Shirley. Virginia Woolf and the "Lust of Creation": a Psychoanalytic Exploration. New York: State University of New York Press, 1987.
Patmore, Coventry. Angel in the House. from http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_19c/thackeray/angel.html.
Phillips, Melanie. The Ascent of Woman: A History of the Suffragette Movement and the Ideas behind It. London: Abacus, 2004.
Raman, Selden; Peter, Widdowson. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory. New York: Harvester, 1993.
Reiter, Rayna R. Toward An Anthropology of Women. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975.
Roe, Sue. Writing and Gender: Virginia Woolf’s Writing Practice. New York: Saint Martin’s Press, Inc., 1990.
Rose, Phyllis. Woman of Letters: A Life of Virginia Woolf. London: Routledge, 1986.
Rosenfeld, Natania. Outsiders Together:Virginia and Leonard Woolf. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Showalter, Elaine. The New Feminist Criticism: Essays on Women, Literature, and Theory.New York: Pantheon, 1985.
Swisher, Clarice. Victorian England. San Diego, California : Greenhaven Press, 2000.
Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers’Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983.
Whelehan, Imelda. Modern Feminist Thought: from the Second Wave to“Post-Feminism”. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995.
Woolf, Virginia. Granite and Rainbow: Essays. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1958.
Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own in Selected Works of Virginia Woolf. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2005a.
Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse in Selected Works of Virginia Woolf. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2005b.
Woolf, Virginia.“Professions for Women”in The Death of the Moth and Other Essays. from http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91d/#chapter27, 2009.
Wright, Elizabeth. Lacan and Postfeminism (Postmodern Encounters). Hong Kong: Totem Books, 2000.
胡全生,“‘仁’与‘智’的撞击——美、法女权主义批评之比较”。《国外文学》,北京:北京大学出版社,1997年第1期,pp. 20-26。
瞿世镜,“弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说理论”。《论小说与小说家》,上海:上海译文出版社,1986。
王逢振,《2000年度新译西方文论选》,广西:漓江出版社,2001。
吴庆宏,《弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫与女权主义》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005。
伍厚恺,《弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫——存在的瞬间》,成都:四川人民出版社,1999。
袁素华,On the Woman’s Self-consciousness Manifested in Pride and Prejudice, Jane Eyre, Orlando,博士学位论文,中山大学,2004年5月。
朱刚,《二十世纪西方文艺批评理论》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001。
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=androgynous
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3678
Bamberger, Joan.“The Myth of Matriarchy: Why Men Rule in Primitive Society”, Women, Culture, and Society, ed. by M Rosaldo and L Lamphere, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1974, pp. 263-280.
Beauvoir, de Simone. Hard Times: Force of Circumstances, 1952-1962. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press, 1992.
Beauvoir, de Simone. The Second Sex. London: Vintage Books, 1973.
Beja, Morris. Critical Essays on Virginia Woolf. Boston, Massachusetts: G. K. Hall and Co., 1985.
Bem, S. L.“Gender Schema Theory: A Cognitive Account of Sex Typing”, Psychological Review, 88, 1981, pp. 354-364.
Bell, Quentin. Virginia Woolf: A Biography. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972. Cixous, Helene.“The Laugh of the Medusa.”from http://xbf99.blog.hexun.com/1378627_d.html
Cornell, Drucilla. At the Heart of Freedom: Feminism, Sex, and Equality. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998.
DeSalvo, Louise A.; Fox, Alice; Hill, Katherine C. Virginia Woolf and Leslie Stephen. New York City: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 1982.
Dick, Susan; Virginia Woolf. The Original Holograph Draft. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982.
Echols, Alice. Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989.
Faludi, Susan. Backlash: The Undeclared War against Women. London: Vintage Books, 1992.
Fox, Margalit.“Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in‘Feminine Mystique,’Dies at 85”. from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/national/05friedan.html?ex=1296795600&en=30472e5004a66ea3&ei=5090
Freedman, Estelle B. No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women.Ballantine Books, 2003.
Freedman, Ralph. Virginia Woolf: Revaluation and Continuity. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1975.
Garnett, Angelica. Deceived with Kindness: A Bloomsbury Childhood. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984.
Gillis, Stacy; Howie, Gillian; Munford, Rebecca. Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd., 2007.
Griselda Pollock. Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum: Time, Space and the Archive. London: Routledge, 2007.
Hanisch, Carol. The Personal Is Political. from http://scholar.alexanderstreet.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2259
Harper E. B.; Howing W. K.; Holm G.; Dubanovsky I.“Young Children's Yielding to False Adult Judgment”, Child Development, Lo, 1965, pp. 175-183.
Haule, James. Contemporary Literature. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982.
Heilbrum, Carolyn. Towards a Recognition of Androgyny. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973.
Henry, Astrid. Not My Mother’s Sister: Generational Conflict and Third-wave Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
Humm, Maggie. The Dictionary of Feminist Theory. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990.
Humm, Maggie. Modern Feminisms: Political, Literary, Cultural. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
Hussey, Mark. Virginia Woolf A to Z: A Comprehensive Reference for Students, Teachers, and Common Readers to Her Life, Work and Critical Reception. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1995.
Jones, Amelia.“Postfeminism, Feminist Pleasures, and Embodied Theories of Art,”New Feminist Criticism: Art, Identity, Action, ed. by Joana Frueh, Cassandra L. Langer and Arlene Raven. New York: HarperCollins, 1994, pp. 16-41.
Levenson, Michael, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Modernism. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Leslie, Heywood; Drake, Jennifer. Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
Mc Coby E. E. The Development of Sex Differences. Stanford California: Stanford University Press, 1966.
McNees, Eleanor, ed. Virginia Woolf: Critical Assessments. Vol. I-IV. Boston: Helm Information Ltd., 1994.
Mepham, John. Virginia Woolf: Criticism in Focus. New York: Saint. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1992.
Modleski, Tania. Feminism without Women: Culture and Criticism in A“Postfeminist”Age. New York: Routledge, 1991.
Moi, Toril. French Feminist Thought: A Reader. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1987.
Moi, Toril. Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory. London & New York: Methuen Publishing, 1985.
Panken, Shirley. Virginia Woolf and the "Lust of Creation": a Psychoanalytic Exploration. New York: State University of New York Press, 1987.
Patmore, Coventry. Angel in the House. from http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_19c/thackeray/angel.html.
Phillips, Melanie. The Ascent of Woman: A History of the Suffragette Movement and the Ideas behind It. London: Abacus, 2004.
Raman, Selden; Peter, Widdowson. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory. New York: Harvester, 1993.
Reiter, Rayna R. Toward An Anthropology of Women. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975.
Roe, Sue. Writing and Gender: Virginia Woolf’s Writing Practice. New York: Saint Martin’s Press, Inc., 1990.
Rose, Phyllis. Woman of Letters: A Life of Virginia Woolf. London: Routledge, 1986.
Rosenfeld, Natania. Outsiders Together:Virginia and Leonard Woolf. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Showalter, Elaine. The New Feminist Criticism: Essays on Women, Literature, and Theory.New York: Pantheon, 1985.
Swisher, Clarice. Victorian England. San Diego, California : Greenhaven Press, 2000.
Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers’Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983.
Whelehan, Imelda. Modern Feminist Thought: from the Second Wave to“Post-Feminism”. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995.
Woolf, Virginia. Granite and Rainbow: Essays. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1958.
Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own in Selected Works of Virginia Woolf. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2005a.
Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse in Selected Works of Virginia Woolf. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2005b.
Woolf, Virginia.“Professions for Women”in The Death of the Moth and Other Essays. from http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91d/#chapter27, 2009.
Wright, Elizabeth. Lacan and Postfeminism (Postmodern Encounters). Hong Kong: Totem Books, 2000.
胡全生,“‘仁’与‘智’的撞击——美、法女权主义批评之比较”。《国外文学》,北京:北京大学出版社,1997年第1期,pp. 20-26。
瞿世镜,“弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说理论”。《论小说与小说家》,上海:上海译文出版社,1986。
王逢振,《2000年度新译西方文论选》,广西:漓江出版社,2001。
吴庆宏,《弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫与女权主义》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005。
伍厚恺,《弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫——存在的瞬间》,成都:四川人民出版社,1999。
袁素华,On the Woman’s Self-consciousness Manifested in Pride and Prejudice, Jane Eyre, Orlando,博士学位论文,中山大学,2004年5月。
朱刚,《二十世纪西方文艺批评理论》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001。
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=androgynous
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3678