收获期和刈割强度对两种禾本科牧草生理生态及营养价值的影响
|
摘要
为了给选育与利用优质牧草资源提供理论依据,选取广西河池地区环江喀斯特生态观测站内一块面积为800 m~2洼地以及一块面积为240 m~2坡地(分成12个区,按照随机区组设计,设计成四个组)。进行了收获期和不同刈割强度对喀斯特地区人工种植牧草生理生态与营养价值影响的研究。试验结果表明:
1收获期和刈割强度对牧草生理生态的影响
随着收获期推移,桂牧一号及宽叶雀稗叶面积、叶长、叶宽、干物质、茎叶比、分蘖数、总叶绿素含量的大小变化都呈上升变化,而种群密度、游离水、叶绿素a/b值都呈下降变化。两种牧草株高相对生长速率(RGH)都随着收获期推移呈下降变化(桂牧一号株高RGH呈二次曲线相关,宽叶雀稗株高RGH呈一次曲线相关),而其株高、茎长、地上干(鲜)生物量随着收获期地推移呈直线上升变化。
不同强度刈割收获宽叶雀稗地上干(鲜)生物量表现出极显著差异(P＜0.01,P＜0.001)。在整个刈割期中,75%重度刈割对宽叶雀稗地上鲜(干)生物量沉积有明显抑制作用,而25%刈割强度最能提高宽叶雀稗地上鲜(干)生物量在牧草体内的沉积。其中,25%强度刈割宽叶雀稗地上鲜(干)生物量比75%的最高可提高25.25 kg/m~2(5.5 kg/m~2)。另外,相比0%、50%及75%刈割强度,25%轻度刈割强度最能提高宽叶雀稗株高相对再生生长速率、叶茎比、总叶绿素含量及叶绿素a/b值。相比不刈割,25%、50%及75%刈割强度的宽叶雀稗叶面积最大值的出现时间都提前了。
2收获期和刈割强度对牧草不同部位营养价值的影响
收获期对桂牧一号及宽叶雀稗整株、茎及叶CP、DM、OM、NDF、ADF和HC影响显著。随着收获期推移,牧草整株、茎及叶DM、OM含量呈显著线性上升,CP含量呈显著线性下降。桂牧一号整株及叶中ADF和NDF含量都呈下降变化,而其茎中的则呈上升变化。宽叶雀稗不同部位的ADF含量都呈上升变化。宽叶雀稗整株及茎中NDF含量呈上升变化,而叶中的呈下降变化。两种牧草不同部位的HC含量都呈下降变化。
比较25%、50%和75%强度刈割宽叶雀稗整株、茎及叶DM及OM含量,以25%刈割的最高。虽然,不同刈割强度收获宽叶雀稗不同部位CP含量变化都呈下降趋势,且差异极显著(P＜0.01,P＜0.001),但75%较其它三种刈割强度(0%、25%、50%)更能减缓宽叶雀稗整株、茎及叶CP含量下降速度。其中,最大减缓幅度分别达2.62%、1.71%和3.54%。在整个刈割期中,比较0%、25%、50%、75%四种不同刈割强度,宽叶雀稗不同部位的ADF、HC含量差异并不显著(P＞0.05)。而相对于NDF含量,以25%强度刈割宽叶雀稗整株、茎及叶中NDF含量显著(P＜0.05)高于其它强度刈割的,其最高提高了5.90%、2.30%和10.5%。
3不同刈割强度对宽叶雀稗整株体外消化率的影响
从整个刈割期来看,不同刈割强度对宽叶雀稗整株最大产气量(A)、最大理论产气速率常数(b)、产气发酵延长时间(LAG)、整株干物质消失率(IVDM)及有机质消失率(IVOM)的影响并无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。但是,7月份,50%刈割强度收获宽叶雀稗的b显著(P＜0.05)高出25%的0.95 ml/h;9月份,50%强度刈割的LAG值最小;25%轻度刈割强度对宽叶雀稗整株干物质消失率(IVDM)及有机质消失率(IVOM)都分别显著(P＜0.05)高于0%、50%、75%刈割强度的17.9%、8.8%、6.6%和17.9%、9.2%、6.7%。
综上所述,收获期对桂牧一号和宽叶雀稗生理生态指标及不同部位营养物质含量变化都有很大影响,其原因很可能与牧草品种、牧草不同部位之间存在差异性以及牧草所处地理气候条件有关。在不同刈割强度中,25%轻度刈割对宽叶雀稗生理生态影响最大,其可以通过提高该牧草营养物质沉积来使其朝着有利于动物消化利用的方向沉积。75%重度刈割能有效减缓其不同部位CP含量下降速度;分析其原因很可能是适当刈割强度可以通过充分发挥牧草的超补偿性和均衡性生长作用来改变该牧草生理生态和体内某些营养物质沉积方向和沉积量,进而提高其在动物体外的消化率。
In order to give the theoretical basis for the seed selection and using the high quality resources of grazing, this experiment was conducted with a billabong and a sloping field which the area are 800 and 240 square meters respectively in HuanJiang experimental station of karst ecosystem. The sloping field was divided into 12 blocks which were designed and randomly divided into four groups. To study the effect of harvest and different clipping intensities on physio-ecology and nutrition of grazing in Karst area. The results showed as follows:
1 Effect of the harvest and clipping intensities on physio-ecology of grazing
Along with harvest, some of the physio-ecological index of Pennisetum purpureum and Broadleaf paspalum increased, which included leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, dry matter, ratio of stem and leaf, tiller number and total chlorophyl. On the other hands the value, population density, free water content and C_a/C_b decreased in the two grasses. The relative height growth rate (RGH) of Pennisetum purpureum was a katabatic conic curve. And the RGH of paspalum was a katabatic curve of first degree. The physio-ecological index which included plant height, stem height; aboveground fresh biomass and aboveground dry biomass linearly increased with the harvest.
The aboveground regenerative fresh biomass and aboveground dry biomass of Broadleaf paspalum varied significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) with the different clipping intensities. In the whole clipping times, for both the aboveground fresh and dry biomass of Broadleaf paspalum were restrained by 75% clipping intensity. The aboveground regenerative fresh and dry biomass of this grass which was cut at 25% clipping intensity gave the highest increase of 25.25 kg/m~2 and 5.5 kg/m~2 respectively compared with that of 75% intensities. Additionally, in comparison with 0%, 50% and 75% clipping intensities, 25% light clipping intensity was the best which could enhance the relative height regrowth rate, proportion of stem and leaf, total
chlorophyll and a/b value compared with 0% clipping intensity. The arisen time of highest leaf area could be advanced by all of the clipping intensities which included 25%, 50% and 75% clipping intensities.
2 Effect of the harvest and clipping intensities on nutrient composition of grazing materials
The nutrient composition of different parts of Pennisetum purpureum and Broadleaf paspalum varied significantly with different harvest months. Along with harvesting period, the dry matter and organic matter contensts in the plant, stem and leaf of these two grasses were linearly raised, while the crude protein content decreased linearly. The ADF and NDF contents which were in the plant and leaf of Pennisetum purpureum declined, but increased in the stem. For the ADF of Broadleaf paspalum, the ADF content of the plant and stem of this grass was on the increase and that of the leaf. The HC content for different parts of Pennisetum purpureum and Broadleaf paspalum also declined.
Compared with 25%, 50% and 75% clipping intensities, the highest dry matter and organic matter contents which were in plant, stem and leaf of Broadleaf paspalum were cut by 25% clipping intensity. The crude protein content which were in different part of this grass declined significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) with different clipping intensities. The rate of decline of crude protein content in the plant, stem and leaf of this grass, cut at 75% clipping intensity, was less than those of 0%, 25% and 50% intensity. The highest degressive extents were 2.62%, 1.71% and 3.54% respectively for plant, stem and leaf. In the whole clipping time, and comparing among 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% clipping intensities, the ADF and HC components of the different parts of the Broadleaf paspalum had no significant difference (P > 0.05) .The NDF content of plant, stem and leaf of the Broadleaf paspalum which were cut at 25% clipping intensity showed significant increase (P < 0.05) by 5.90%, 2.30% and 10.5% respectively compared with other clipping intensities.
3 Effect of the clipping intensities on the in vitro digestibility of
Broadleaf paspalum plant
In the whole clipping time, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the values of gas produced from maximum theoretic gas production (A), constant of rate of gas production (b) , LAG , in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDM) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOM) in total plant of Broadleaf paspalum subjected to different clipping intensities. But in July, the b value of total plant of Broadleaf paspalum which was cut by 50% clipping intensity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of 25% intensity, enhanced 0.95 ml/h. In September, the LAG value indicated lowest. The IVDM and IVOM in the total plant of this grass were enhanced by 17.9%, 8.8%, 6.6% and 17.9%, 9.2%, 6.7% respectively at 25% clipping intensity compared with those of 0%, 50% and 75% clipping intensities.
It was concluded that there was a prodigious effect of the harvest on physio-ecology and nutritive components of different parts of Pennisetum purpureum and Broadleaf paspalum, which may be caused by difference in the kind of grass, as well as the parts of grasses and also the prevailing climate condition where the types of grasses are located. In the different clipping intensities, the 25% light clipping intensity was judged the best which could significantly influence the physio-ecology of Broadleaf paspalum, leading to enhanced forage quality and better animal performance. The 75% heavy clipping intensity could slower the decline rate of crude protein content. All of these may be caused by over-compensation and functional equilibrium of plant.
1收获期和刈割强度对牧草生理生态的影响
随着收获期推移,桂牧一号及宽叶雀稗叶面积、叶长、叶宽、干物质、茎叶比、分蘖数、总叶绿素含量的大小变化都呈上升变化,而种群密度、游离水、叶绿素a/b值都呈下降变化。两种牧草株高相对生长速率(RGH)都随着收获期推移呈下降变化(桂牧一号株高RGH呈二次曲线相关,宽叶雀稗株高RGH呈一次曲线相关),而其株高、茎长、地上干(鲜)生物量随着收获期地推移呈直线上升变化。
不同强度刈割收获宽叶雀稗地上干(鲜)生物量表现出极显著差异(P＜0.01,P＜0.001)。在整个刈割期中,75%重度刈割对宽叶雀稗地上鲜(干)生物量沉积有明显抑制作用,而25%刈割强度最能提高宽叶雀稗地上鲜(干)生物量在牧草体内的沉积。其中,25%强度刈割宽叶雀稗地上鲜(干)生物量比75%的最高可提高25.25 kg/m~2(5.5 kg/m~2)。另外,相比0%、50%及75%刈割强度,25%轻度刈割强度最能提高宽叶雀稗株高相对再生生长速率、叶茎比、总叶绿素含量及叶绿素a/b值。相比不刈割,25%、50%及75%刈割强度的宽叶雀稗叶面积最大值的出现时间都提前了。
2收获期和刈割强度对牧草不同部位营养价值的影响
收获期对桂牧一号及宽叶雀稗整株、茎及叶CP、DM、OM、NDF、ADF和HC影响显著。随着收获期推移,牧草整株、茎及叶DM、OM含量呈显著线性上升,CP含量呈显著线性下降。桂牧一号整株及叶中ADF和NDF含量都呈下降变化,而其茎中的则呈上升变化。宽叶雀稗不同部位的ADF含量都呈上升变化。宽叶雀稗整株及茎中NDF含量呈上升变化,而叶中的呈下降变化。两种牧草不同部位的HC含量都呈下降变化。
比较25%、50%和75%强度刈割宽叶雀稗整株、茎及叶DM及OM含量,以25%刈割的最高。虽然,不同刈割强度收获宽叶雀稗不同部位CP含量变化都呈下降趋势,且差异极显著(P＜0.01,P＜0.001),但75%较其它三种刈割强度(0%、25%、50%)更能减缓宽叶雀稗整株、茎及叶CP含量下降速度。其中,最大减缓幅度分别达2.62%、1.71%和3.54%。在整个刈割期中,比较0%、25%、50%、75%四种不同刈割强度,宽叶雀稗不同部位的ADF、HC含量差异并不显著(P＞0.05)。而相对于NDF含量,以25%强度刈割宽叶雀稗整株、茎及叶中NDF含量显著(P＜0.05)高于其它强度刈割的,其最高提高了5.90%、2.30%和10.5%。
3不同刈割强度对宽叶雀稗整株体外消化率的影响
从整个刈割期来看,不同刈割强度对宽叶雀稗整株最大产气量(A)、最大理论产气速率常数(b)、产气发酵延长时间(LAG)、整株干物质消失率(IVDM)及有机质消失率(IVOM)的影响并无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。但是,7月份,50%刈割强度收获宽叶雀稗的b显著(P＜0.05)高出25%的0.95 ml/h;9月份,50%强度刈割的LAG值最小;25%轻度刈割强度对宽叶雀稗整株干物质消失率(IVDM)及有机质消失率(IVOM)都分别显著(P＜0.05)高于0%、50%、75%刈割强度的17.9%、8.8%、6.6%和17.9%、9.2%、6.7%。
综上所述,收获期对桂牧一号和宽叶雀稗生理生态指标及不同部位营养物质含量变化都有很大影响,其原因很可能与牧草品种、牧草不同部位之间存在差异性以及牧草所处地理气候条件有关。在不同刈割强度中,25%轻度刈割对宽叶雀稗生理生态影响最大,其可以通过提高该牧草营养物质沉积来使其朝着有利于动物消化利用的方向沉积。75%重度刈割能有效减缓其不同部位CP含量下降速度;分析其原因很可能是适当刈割强度可以通过充分发挥牧草的超补偿性和均衡性生长作用来改变该牧草生理生态和体内某些营养物质沉积方向和沉积量,进而提高其在动物体外的消化率。
In order to give the theoretical basis for the seed selection and using the high quality resources of grazing, this experiment was conducted with a billabong and a sloping field which the area are 800 and 240 square meters respectively in HuanJiang experimental station of karst ecosystem. The sloping field was divided into 12 blocks which were designed and randomly divided into four groups. To study the effect of harvest and different clipping intensities on physio-ecology and nutrition of grazing in Karst area. The results showed as follows:
1 Effect of the harvest and clipping intensities on physio-ecology of grazing
Along with harvest, some of the physio-ecological index of Pennisetum purpureum and Broadleaf paspalum increased, which included leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, dry matter, ratio of stem and leaf, tiller number and total chlorophyl. On the other hands the value, population density, free water content and C_a/C_b decreased in the two grasses. The relative height growth rate (RGH) of Pennisetum purpureum was a katabatic conic curve. And the RGH of paspalum was a katabatic curve of first degree. The physio-ecological index which included plant height, stem height; aboveground fresh biomass and aboveground dry biomass linearly increased with the harvest.
The aboveground regenerative fresh biomass and aboveground dry biomass of Broadleaf paspalum varied significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) with the different clipping intensities. In the whole clipping times, for both the aboveground fresh and dry biomass of Broadleaf paspalum were restrained by 75% clipping intensity. The aboveground regenerative fresh and dry biomass of this grass which was cut at 25% clipping intensity gave the highest increase of 25.25 kg/m~2 and 5.5 kg/m~2 respectively compared with that of 75% intensities. Additionally, in comparison with 0%, 50% and 75% clipping intensities, 25% light clipping intensity was the best which could enhance the relative height regrowth rate, proportion of stem and leaf, total
chlorophyll and a/b value compared with 0% clipping intensity. The arisen time of highest leaf area could be advanced by all of the clipping intensities which included 25%, 50% and 75% clipping intensities.
2 Effect of the harvest and clipping intensities on nutrient composition of grazing materials
The nutrient composition of different parts of Pennisetum purpureum and Broadleaf paspalum varied significantly with different harvest months. Along with harvesting period, the dry matter and organic matter contensts in the plant, stem and leaf of these two grasses were linearly raised, while the crude protein content decreased linearly. The ADF and NDF contents which were in the plant and leaf of Pennisetum purpureum declined, but increased in the stem. For the ADF of Broadleaf paspalum, the ADF content of the plant and stem of this grass was on the increase and that of the leaf. The HC content for different parts of Pennisetum purpureum and Broadleaf paspalum also declined.
Compared with 25%, 50% and 75% clipping intensities, the highest dry matter and organic matter contents which were in plant, stem and leaf of Broadleaf paspalum were cut by 25% clipping intensity. The crude protein content which were in different part of this grass declined significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) with different clipping intensities. The rate of decline of crude protein content in the plant, stem and leaf of this grass, cut at 75% clipping intensity, was less than those of 0%, 25% and 50% intensity. The highest degressive extents were 2.62%, 1.71% and 3.54% respectively for plant, stem and leaf. In the whole clipping time, and comparing among 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% clipping intensities, the ADF and HC components of the different parts of the Broadleaf paspalum had no significant difference (P > 0.05) .The NDF content of plant, stem and leaf of the Broadleaf paspalum which were cut at 25% clipping intensity showed significant increase (P < 0.05) by 5.90%, 2.30% and 10.5% respectively compared with other clipping intensities.
3 Effect of the clipping intensities on the in vitro digestibility of
Broadleaf paspalum plant
In the whole clipping time, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the values of gas produced from maximum theoretic gas production (A), constant of rate of gas production (b) , LAG , in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDM) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOM) in total plant of Broadleaf paspalum subjected to different clipping intensities. But in July, the b value of total plant of Broadleaf paspalum which was cut by 50% clipping intensity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of 25% intensity, enhanced 0.95 ml/h. In September, the LAG value indicated lowest. The IVDM and IVOM in the total plant of this grass were enhanced by 17.9%, 8.8%, 6.6% and 17.9%, 9.2%, 6.7% respectively at 25% clipping intensity compared with those of 0%, 50% and 75% clipping intensities.
It was concluded that there was a prodigious effect of the harvest on physio-ecology and nutritive components of different parts of Pennisetum purpureum and Broadleaf paspalum, which may be caused by difference in the kind of grass, as well as the parts of grasses and also the prevailing climate condition where the types of grasses are located. In the different clipping intensities, the 25% light clipping intensity was judged the best which could significantly influence the physio-ecology of Broadleaf paspalum, leading to enhanced forage quality and better animal performance. The 75% heavy clipping intensity could slower the decline rate of crude protein content. All of these may be caused by over-compensation and functional equilibrium of plant.
引文
[1]邹春静,韩士杰,徐文泽,等.沙地云杉生态型对干旱胁迫生理生态响应[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(9):1446-1450.
[2]张大勇,姜新华,赵松岭.再论生长的冗余[J].草业学报,1995,4(3):17-22.
[3]杨文义.典型草原牧草返青的气象条件研究[J].草业科学,1995,12(6):47-49.
[4]G.Misra,K.P.Singh.Total nonstructural carbohydrates of one temperate and two tropical grasses under varying clipping and soil moisture regimes[J].Agro-Ecosystems,1981,7(6).213-223.
[5]Long T,Yang G;Jinqing W,et al.Designing an effective:clipping regime for controling the invasive plant Spartina alterniflora in an estuarine salt marsh[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,10.13-21.
[6]J.P.M.Lenssen,F.B.J.Menting,W,H.van der Putten.et al.Do competition and selective herbivory cause replacement of Phragmites australis by tall forbs?[J].Aquatic Botany,2004,78.217-232.
[7]Mark van Kleunen,Graziella Ramponi,Bernhard Schmid.Effect of herhivory simulated by clipping and jasmonic acid on Solidago Canadensis[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2004,52.173-181.
[8]Nigel Hayball,Meryl Pearce.Influences of simulated grazing and water-depth on the growth of juvenile Bolboschoenus caldwellii,Phragmites australis and Schoenoplectus validus plants[J].Aquatic Botany,2004,78.233-242.
[9]Ying Gao,Deli Wang,Lei Ba.et al.Interactions between herbivory and resource availability on grazing tolerance of Leymus chinensis[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2008,63.113-122.
[10]马红彬,余治家.放牧草地植物补偿效应的研究进展[J].农业科学研究,2006,27(1):63-67.
[11]崔鲜一,彭玉梅,程渡.科尔沁羊草-贝加尔针茅草原物候期和产草量与 气象条件关系的研究[J].草地学报,2004,4:302-307.
[12]苗树君,杨柳,曲永利,等.不同收获期青贮玉米前和贮后营养含量变化研究[J].草食家畜,2005,3:40-42.
[13]赵海新,黄晓群,朱占林,等.刈割对无芒雀麦、苜蓿混播草层根体积、根重及含糖量的影响[J].草原与草坪,2007,4(总123期):50-57.
[14]冯丽华.不同春小麦品种的最佳播种期及收获期[J].现代化农业,1996,3:1-2.
[15]闫贵龙,陈绍江,孟庆翔.高油647玉米秸秆营养价值随籽粒成熟期的变化规律[J].中国农业大学学报,2005,10(4):102-108.
[16]裴彩霞,董宽虎,范华.不同刈割期和干燥方法对牧草营养成分含量的影响[J].中国草地,2002,24(1):32-37.
[17]王建刚.不同刈割期和晒制方法对沙打旺青干草粗蛋白质和粗纤维含量的影响[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2006,3:50-51.
[18]朱树国,刘景辉,成建宏,等.不同收获期青贮玉米品种粗灰分和无氮浸出物的积累与分配[J].玉米科学,2008,16(2):110-114.
[19]奚广生,姚运生.播种期和收获期对高油玉米产量影响的研究[J].黑龙江农业科学,2007:15-17.
[20]赵丽华,余汝华,莫放,等.不同收获和贮存时间对高油298玉米秸秆营养价值的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2004,31(8):11-13.
[21]王常慧,杨建强,王永新,等.不同收获期及不同干燥方法对苜蓿草粉营养成分的影响[J].动物营养学报,2004,16(2):60-64.
[22]彭玉梅.水热条件与天然草地地上初级净生物量及营养动态关系研究[J].内蒙古气象,1996,4:25-29.
[23]刘太宇,李梦云,聂芙蓉,等.黄河滩区2种豆科牧草不同生育期氨基酸瘤胃降解特性的研究[J].草业学报,2009,18(1):105-111.
[24]刘太宇,聂芙蓉,刘庆华,等.黄河滩区6种牧草不同生育期粗蛋白和氨基酸含量的动态分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(1):11-16.
[25]谢黎虹,叶定池,陈能,等.播期和收获期对水稻“丰两优1号”品质的 影响[J].中国农业气象,2008,29(1):83-85.
[26]许能祥,顾洪如,沈益新,等.温度对多花黑麦草细胞壁成分变化的影响[J].中国草地学报,2009,31(2):70-75.
[27]钟小仙,江海东,顾洪如,等.氮肥水平和刈割间隔对杂交狼尾草根系活力和粗蛋白质含量的影响[J].草业学报,2004,13(6):60-64.
[28]虞道耿,刘国道,白昌军,等.不同刈割周期对热研11号黑籽雀稗产草量及品质的影响[J].中国农业通报,2007,23(7):564-567.
[29]王金梅,李运起,张凤明,等.刈割间隔时间对苜蓿产量、品质及越冬率的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2006,29(3):86-90.
[30]多立安,赵树兰.生长季羊草割草场刈割胁迫响应[J].草地学报,2001,9(1):25-33.
[31]林洁荣.刈割强度对闽牧42饲用杂交甘蔗的影响[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2005,34(4):514-517.
[32]赵彩霞,何文清,胡跃高,等.低氮环境下燕麦与箭筈间混作与刈割时间对饲草产量特性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(5):5-9.
[33]马春珲,韩建国,毛培胜.一年生饲用燕麦与豌豆混种最佳刈割期的研究[J].西北农业学报,2001,10(4):76-79.
[34]田玉民,何丽涛.刈割期对紫花苜蓿叶粉营养成分的影响[J].草业科学,2007,24(1):38-40.
[35]霍成君,韩建国,洪绂曹,等.刈割期和留茬高度对混播草地产草量及品质的影响[J].草地学报,2001,9(4):257-264.
[36]余汝华,莫放,赵丽华,等.刈割时间对青贮玉米秸秆饲料营养成分的影响[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(6):10-13.
[37]Binnie R C,Chestnutt D.M.B.Effect of regrowth interval on the productivity of swards defoliated by cutting and grazing[J].Grass and Forage Science,1991,46(4):343-350.
[38]田新会,杜文华,曹致中.猫尾草不同品种的最佳刈割时期[J].草业科学,2003,20(9):12-15.
[39]张勤.牧草的刈割与放牧[J].河南畜牧兽医,2004,25(12):30-31.
[40]李明,郭孝.高羊茅在不同刈割组合下生产力的研究[J].草业科学,2005,22(12):37-39.
[41]苟文龙,张新跃,何光武,等.刈割时期对光叶紫花苕生产性能的影响[J].中国草地学报,2006,28(3):35-37.
[42]周行飞.张日火.黄其军,等.不同收获期对甘蔗产量及糖分的影响[J].甘蔗,2002,9(3):33-36.
[43]李英年.高寒草甸植物地下生物量与气象条件的关系及周转值分析[J].中国农业气象,1998,19(1):36-38,42.
[44]符昕,魏臻武,耿小丽,等.早期刈割对苜蓿再生性的影响[J].草业科学,2007,24(3):56-61.
[45]王显国,韩建国,刘富渊,等.刈割对紫花苜蓿生殖生育期的调控及对种子产量和质量性状的影响[J].草地学报,2005,13(4):274-277.
[46]李存焕,王红霞.不同利用方式对短花针茅荒漠草原生产量及根系植物量的影响[J].中国草地,1991,5:33-38.
[47]Marshall A H,Hides D H,Borin M(Ed),Stattin M.Influence of spring management on white clover(Trifolium repens L.) seed crops [A].Proceedings of the third congress of the European Society for Agronomy,Padova University[C].Italy:Abano-Padova,1994.180-182.
[48]李连香,张彪年.不同刈割时间、高度及频率对草地产草量的影响[J].青海畜牧业,2001,(4)总68:38-39.
[49]赵世锋,田长叶,陈淑萍,等.草用燕麦品种适宜刈割期的确定[J].华北农业学报,2005,(20):132-134.
[50]张国利.寒湿区红豆草末次刈割期对越冬率的影响[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,2005,4(总183期):14-15.
[51]耿文诚,张英俊,邵学芬,等.刈割对白三叶种子及草产量的影响[J].草地学报,2007,15(3):248-253.
[52]杨义成,龙忠富,卢敏.火烧、刈割处理下百喜草种子产量的相关通径分析[J].山地农业生物学报,2006,25(5):412-417.
[53]鲍雅静,李政海,包青海,等.多年割草对羊草草原群落生物量及羊草和 洽草种群重要值的影响[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(3):309-313.
[54]王明玖,李青丰,青秀玲,等.刈割处理对贝加尔针茅草原植物生长与繁殖状况的影响之当年处理的效果及对返青状况的影响[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2002,23(1):20-28.
[55]叶定池,谢黎虹,陈能.不同播期和收获期对水稻丰两优1号RVA特征谱的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2007,19(3):179-183.
[56]Bao G Z,Lu G H,Guo J X,et al.Effect of grazing,cutting and decapitating on grass populations ori the artificial grassland in subtropical zone of China[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2003,14(8):1327-1331.
[57]高彩霞,王培.收获期和干燥方法对苜蓿干草质量的影响[J].草地学报,1997,5(2):113-116.
[58]韩学琴,邓菊芬,沙毓沧,等.施肥量、刈割期对纳罗克非洲狗尾草株高、分蕖数的影响[J].西南农业学报,2006,19:210-213.
[59]鲍雅静,李政海,韩兴国,等.刈割对羊草叶面积指数的影响[J].草地学报,2004,12(4):313-317.
[60]刘金根,刘红霞,陈卫平,等.刈割对香根草生长发育的影响[J].草原与草坪,2007,4(总123期):82-86.
[61]张永亮,胡自治,赵海新,等.刈割对混播当年生物量及再生速率的影响[J].草地学报,2004,12(4):308-312.
[62]赵海新,黄晓群,杨丽敏,等.刈割频率对无芒雀麦、苜蓿混播草层产量竞争及翌年叶片功能的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2007,4:90-93.
[63]陈红,王海洋,杜国桢.刈割时间、刈割强度与施肥处理对燕麦补偿的影响[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(6):969-975.
[64]Nigel Hayball,Meryl Pearce.Influences of simulated grazing and water-depth on the growth of juvenile Bolboschoenus caldwellii,Phragmites australis and Schoenoplectus validus plants[J].Aquatic Botany,2004,78.233-242.
[65]Donaghy D J,Fulkerson W J.Priority for allocation of water-soluble carbohydrate reserves during regrowth of Lolium perenne[J].Grass and Forage science,1998,53:211-218.
[66]G.Misra,K.P.Singh.Total nonstructural carbohydrates of one temperate and two tropical grasses under varying clipping and soil moisture regimes [J].Agro-Ecosystems,1981,7(6):213-223.
[67]王国良,李向林,万里强,等.刈割强度对羊草可溶性碳水化合物含量及根茎构件的影响[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(4):74-80.
[68]刘景辉,赵宝平,焦立新,等.刈割次数与留茬高度对内农1号苏丹草产草量和品质的影响[J].草地学报,2005,13(2):93-110.
[69]Ying Gao,Deli Wang,Lei Ba et al.Interactions between herbivory and resource availability on grazing tolerance of Leymus chinensis[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2008,63.113-122.
[70]Constantinos N,.Tsiouvaras.Long term effect of clipping on production and vigor ofkermes oak[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1988,24(2).159-166.
[71]Constantinos N,Tsiouvaras.Clipping intensities improves growth rate of kermes oak twigs[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1986,15(3).229-237.
[72]王常慧.不同刈割方式对苜蓿草粉营养价值的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(3):140-142.
[73]孙德智,李凤山,杨恒山,等.刈割次数对紫花苜蓿翌年生长及草产量的影响[J].中国草地,2005,27(5):33-37.
[74]吴进东.刈割频度和强度对红三叶与黑麦草混播草地生产力的影响[J].皖西学院学报,2001,17(4):96-97.
[75]Stur W.W,Humphreys L.R.Burning,cutting and the structure of seed yield in brochiaria decumbens proceeding of the XV[A].International Grassland Congress [C].1985,303-304.
[76]王明玖,李青丰,青秀玲,等.刈割处理对贝加尔针茅草原植物生长与繁殖状况的影响之对生殖状况的影响[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2003,24(2):40-46.
[77]姜义宝,王成章,李振田.高丹草不同刈割高度对产量、品质及青贮效果 的影响[J].河南农业科学,2005,(3):78-79.
[78]Wang S.P,Wan G.G.Ronald E.C.,et al.Influence of different clipping intensities and R/FR ratio in light radiation On tillering of weeping grassland [J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2001,12(2):245-248.
[79]章家恩,刘文高,陈景青,等.不同刈割强度对牧草地上部和地下部生长性状的影响[J].应用生态学学报,2005,16(9):1740-1744.
[80]刘敬阳,陈凤生,牟建梅.刈割方式对杂交狼尾草产草量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2005,33(6):957-958,973.
[81]郭连云,公保才让,张旭萍,等.不同密度、不同刈割高度下老芒麦种群生物量的变化[J].草业与畜牧,2007,3(总136期):16-32.
[82]Mark van Kleunen,Graziella Ramponi,Bernhard Schmid.Effect of herhivory simulated by clipping and jasmonic acid on Solidago Canadensis[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2004.52.173-181.
[83]莫本田,罗天琼,莫志萍,等.不同刈割方式对苇状羊茅混播草地生产性能的影响[J].四川草原,2001,(1):24-27.
[84]许岳飞,毕玉芬,涂旭川,等.王草不同刈割次数、留茬高度与生理性状和产量关系的研究[J].四川草原,2006,(总122):23-27.
[85]韩永芬,李辰琼,陈培燕.普那菊苣不同刈割利用方式的研究[J].四川草原,2004,11(总108期):14-15.
[86]兰兴平.退耕草地的刈割利用技术[J].畜牧市场,2005,8:174-175.
[87]Zhong Y.K.,Bao Q.H.The Effect of different mowing intensities on natural grassland[J].Grassland of China,1999,(5).15-18.
[88]周秉荣,马宗泰,李红梅,等.刈牧胁迫对高寒草甸牧草补偿生长的影响[J].草业科学,2007,24(4):79-83.
[89]周秉荣,马宗泰,李红梅,等.刈割及放牧对牧草生长的补偿效应[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版),2006,24(4):18-20.
[90]杜占池,杨宗贵.刈割对羊草光合特性影响的研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1989,13(4):367-371.
[91].J.P.M.Lenssen,F.B.J.Menting,W.H.van der Putten,et al.Do competition and selective herbivory cause replacement of Phragmites australis by tall forbs?[J].Aquatic Botany,2004,78.217-232.
[92]Connell J H.Diversity in tropical rainforests and coral reefs[J].Science,1978,199.1302-1310.
[93]王文,苗建勋,常生华,等.刈割对混播草地种群生长与产量关系及中间竞争特性的影响[J].草业科学,2003,20(9):20-23.
[94]何峰,李向林,万里强.刈割方式对扁穗牛鞭草与白三叶混播草地竞争的研究[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(4):61-66.
[95]章家恩,刘文高,陈景青,等,刈割对牧草地下部根区土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响[J].生态环境,2005,14(3):387-391.
[96]裴昕,郭智,李建勇,等.刈割对龙葵生长和富集镉的影响及其机理[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2007,25(2):125-129.
[97]钟海民,杨福囤,陆国泉,等.矮蒿草高寒草甸地上生物量与气象因子的关系[J].中国草地,1991,4:7-11.
[98]祁娟,徐柱,马玉宝,等.披碱草属六种野生牧草苗期抗旱胁迫的生理变化[J].中国草地学报,2008,30(5):18-24.
[99]徐胜,何兴元,陈玮等.高羊茅对高温的生理生态响应[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(10):2219-2226.
[100]杜占池,杨宗贵.羊草不同叶龄叶片光-光合特性的初步研究[J].植物学报,1988,30(2):196-206.
[101]郭继勋,祝廷成.气候因子对羊草群落产量影响的综合分析植被生态学研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1994,245-257.
[102]李英年,王启基,周兴民.矮蒿草草甸地上生物量与气象因子的关系及其预报模式的建立高寒草甸生态系统[M].北京:科学出版社,1995,1-10.
[103]李英年,王启基,周兴民.矮蒿草草甸地上生物量与气象条件响应的判别分析[J].草业学报,1996,4(2):155-161.
[104]Russell J.R.Influence of harvest date on the nutritive value and ensiling characteristics of maize stover[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1986, 14: 11-27.
[105] Adugna Tolera, Frik Sundst(?)l, Abdullah.N.Said. The effect of stage of matrity on yield and quality of maize grain and stover (J) . Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1998, 75: 157-168.
[106] Tolera A., Sundst(?)l F., Said A. N. The effect of stage of maturity on yield and quality of maize grain and stover (J) . Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1998,75.157-168.
[107] Viekery P J. Grazing and net primary production of temperate grassland (J) . Journal of Applied Ecology, 1972, 9. 307-314.
[108] Hllbert D. W., Wift J. K., Detling, et al. Relative growth rates and the grazing optimization hypothesis (J) . Oecologia (Berlin), 1981,51.14-18.
[109] Dyer M. I., Deangelis W. M., Post A. Model of herbivore feedback on plant productivity (J) . Mathematical Biosciences, 1986,79.171-184.
[110] Edelstein keshet L. Mathematical theory fox plant herbivore systems (J) . Journal of Mathematical Biology, 1986,24. 25-28.
[111] M. C, Naughton S. J., F. S. Effect of phosphorus nutrition and defoliation on C4 graminoids from the Serengeti plants (J). Ecology, 1985,66.1617-1629.
[112] Owen D. F., R. G. Wiegert. Mutualism between grasses and grazers: an evolutionary hypothesis (J) . Oikos, 1981, 36. 376-378.
[113] Dyer M. I., U G Bokhari. Plant-animal interactions: studies of the effects of grasshopper grazing in blue grass (J) . Ecology, 1976, 57. 762-772.
[[114] Doak D. F. The consequences of herbivore for dwarf fireweed: different time scales, different morphological scales (J) . Ecology, 1991, 72(4). 1397-1407.
[115] MC, Naughton S. J. Grassland herbivore Dynamics. In: A. R. E. Sinclair & M. Norton Griffiths(eds). Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem (M) .USA, University of Chicago, 1979, 46-81.
[116] Dyer M. L., Detling J. K., Ccleman D. C., et al. The Role of Herbivores in Grassland (M) . U.S.A, University of Oklahoma, 1982, 225-261.
[117] Belsky A. J. Does herbivore benefit plants? A review of the evidence (J) . The American Naturalist,1986,127(6).871-891.
[118]Knapp A.K.,Sea.Stede,T.R.Detritus Accumulation Limits Productivity of Tall grass Prairies[J].Bioscience,1986,36.662-668.
[119]Trlica M.J.,L.R.Rittenhouse.Grazing and plant performance[J].Ecological Applications,1993,3(1).21-23.
[120]M.B.Coughenour.Dwarf shrub and graminoid responses to clipping,nitrogen and water:simplified simulations of biomass and nitrogen dynamics[J].Ecological Modeling,54(2).81-110.
[121]陈守良,金岳杏,庄体德,等.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,1990,305.
[122]B.Schmid,A.Hector,M.A.Huston,et al.Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functionin Synthesis and perspectives[M].U.S.A,Michel Loreau Shahid Naeem,2002.61-75.
[123]卢德勋,谢崇文.现代反刍动物研究方法和技术[M].北京:农业出版社,1990,62-65.
[124]李明,郭孝.高羊茅在不同刈割组合下生产力能力的研究[J].草业科学,2005,22(12):37-39.
[125]石风善.俄罗斯紫花苜蓿二茬草刈割期对产量和品质影响的研究[J].草业科学,2004,21(6):28-29.
[126]高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[127]杨胜.饲料分析与饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:中国农业大学出报社,1993.
[128]赵威.羊草对过渡放牧和刈割的生理生态相应[D]..中国科学院,2006,45.
[129]Schofield P.R.,Pitt E.,Pell A.N.Kinetics of fiber digestion from in vitro gas production[J].Anim Sci,1994,72.2980-2991.
[130]闫贵龙,孟庆翔,陈绍江.高油298玉米秸秆的适宜收获期及其营养价值与其他品种玉米秸秆的比较优势[J].畜牧兽医学报,2006,37(3):250-256.
[131]张瑞霞,刘景辉,牛敏,等.不同收获期青贮玉米品种营养成分的积累与分配[J].玉米科学,2006,14(6):108-112,116.
[132]冯秀藻,闵庆文.一个用于反映天然牧草生长规律的综合农业气象指数[J].中国农业气象,1994,15(2):47-49.
[133]钟海民,杨福囤,陆国泉,等.高寒矮蒿草草甸地上生物量与气象因子的关系[J].生态学杂志,1992,11(5):16-19.
[134]赵喜印,李敬兰,刘惠等.气象因素对羊草草场生产力的影响[J].中国草地,1993,6:26-29.
[135]魏永林,王玉环.不同气象条件对冰草种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响[J].青海气象,2002,2:30-32.
[136]崔鲜一,彭玉梅,程渡.科尔沁羊草-贝加尔针茅草原物候期和产草量与气象条件关系的研究[J].草地学报,1996,4(4):302-307.
[137]AiKebaier,Hua Tianmao.Effects of soil moisture on the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of different cotton varieties[J].China Cotton,2000,27(2).21-22.
[138]杜占池,杨宗贵,崔骁勇.草原植物光合生理生态研究[J].中国草地,1999,3:20-27.
[139]原保忠,王静,赵松岭.植物补偿作用机制探讨[J].生态学杂志,1998,17:45-49.
[140]朱珏,张彬,谭支良,等.刈割对牧草生物量和品质影响的研究进展[J].草业科学,2009,26(2):80-85.
[141]杨恒山,曹敏建,范富,等.刈割次数对健宝(Jumbo)产草量及品质的影响[J].中国草地,2003,25(3):28-31.
[142]王静,漾持,王铁娟,等.不同刈割强度下冷蒿再生生长与可溶性碳水化合物的相关分析[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2004,35(2):177-182.
[143]杨凤.动物营养学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[144]Penkov D.,Pavlov D.,Mihovsky T.Comparative study of the amino acids true digestibility of different clover varieties in experiments with ganders (J) . Journal of central European Agricuture, 2003, 4. 191-198.
[145] L. O. Abdelhadi, J. M. Tricarico. Effects of stage of maturity and microbial inculation at harvest on nutritive quality and degradability of grain sorghum whole — plant and head-chop silages (J) . Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2009,12 (103). 1- 11.
[146] Asugna Tolera, Trygve Berg, Frik Sundst(?)1. The effect of variety on maize grain and crop residue yield and nutritive value of the stover (J). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1999,79. 165-177.
[147] S. X. Tang, J. Gan, L. X. Sheng, et al. Morphological fractions, chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of maize stover of five genotypes (J) .Animal,2008,2(12). 1772-1779.
[148] Thomas Ettle, Frieder Jorg Schwarz. Effect of maize variety harvested at different maturity stages on feeding value and performance of dairy cows (J) .Animal Res, 2003, 52. 337-349.
[149] Hege Nordheim-Viken, Harald Volden. Effect of maturity stage, nitrogen fertilization and seasonal variation on ruminal degradation characteristics of neutral detergent fibre in timothy (Phleum pretense L.) (J) . Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2009, 149: 30-59.
[150] Haifeng Wang, Yueming Wu, Jianxin Liu, et al. Morphological fractions, chemical compositions and in vitro gas production of rice straw from wild and brittle culml variety harvested at different growth stages (J) . Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2006,129.159-171.
[151] Joze Verbic, Drago Babnik, Vida Znidarsic, et al. The effect of dent versus flint maize genotype on site and the extent of starch and protein digestion, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep (J) . Animal Res, 2005, 54. 443-458.
[2]张大勇,姜新华,赵松岭.再论生长的冗余[J].草业学报,1995,4(3):17-22.
[3]杨文义.典型草原牧草返青的气象条件研究[J].草业科学,1995,12(6):47-49.
[4]G.Misra,K.P.Singh.Total nonstructural carbohydrates of one temperate and two tropical grasses under varying clipping and soil moisture regimes[J].Agro-Ecosystems,1981,7(6).213-223.
[5]Long T,Yang G;Jinqing W,et al.Designing an effective:clipping regime for controling the invasive plant Spartina alterniflora in an estuarine salt marsh[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,10.13-21.
[6]J.P.M.Lenssen,F.B.J.Menting,W,H.van der Putten.et al.Do competition and selective herbivory cause replacement of Phragmites australis by tall forbs?[J].Aquatic Botany,2004,78.217-232.
[7]Mark van Kleunen,Graziella Ramponi,Bernhard Schmid.Effect of herhivory simulated by clipping and jasmonic acid on Solidago Canadensis[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2004,52.173-181.
[8]Nigel Hayball,Meryl Pearce.Influences of simulated grazing and water-depth on the growth of juvenile Bolboschoenus caldwellii,Phragmites australis and Schoenoplectus validus plants[J].Aquatic Botany,2004,78.233-242.
[9]Ying Gao,Deli Wang,Lei Ba.et al.Interactions between herbivory and resource availability on grazing tolerance of Leymus chinensis[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2008,63.113-122.
[10]马红彬,余治家.放牧草地植物补偿效应的研究进展[J].农业科学研究,2006,27(1):63-67.
[11]崔鲜一,彭玉梅,程渡.科尔沁羊草-贝加尔针茅草原物候期和产草量与 气象条件关系的研究[J].草地学报,2004,4:302-307.
[12]苗树君,杨柳,曲永利,等.不同收获期青贮玉米前和贮后营养含量变化研究[J].草食家畜,2005,3:40-42.
[13]赵海新,黄晓群,朱占林,等.刈割对无芒雀麦、苜蓿混播草层根体积、根重及含糖量的影响[J].草原与草坪,2007,4(总123期):50-57.
[14]冯丽华.不同春小麦品种的最佳播种期及收获期[J].现代化农业,1996,3:1-2.
[15]闫贵龙,陈绍江,孟庆翔.高油647玉米秸秆营养价值随籽粒成熟期的变化规律[J].中国农业大学学报,2005,10(4):102-108.
[16]裴彩霞,董宽虎,范华.不同刈割期和干燥方法对牧草营养成分含量的影响[J].中国草地,2002,24(1):32-37.
[17]王建刚.不同刈割期和晒制方法对沙打旺青干草粗蛋白质和粗纤维含量的影响[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2006,3:50-51.
[18]朱树国,刘景辉,成建宏,等.不同收获期青贮玉米品种粗灰分和无氮浸出物的积累与分配[J].玉米科学,2008,16(2):110-114.
[19]奚广生,姚运生.播种期和收获期对高油玉米产量影响的研究[J].黑龙江农业科学,2007:15-17.
[20]赵丽华,余汝华,莫放,等.不同收获和贮存时间对高油298玉米秸秆营养价值的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2004,31(8):11-13.
[21]王常慧,杨建强,王永新,等.不同收获期及不同干燥方法对苜蓿草粉营养成分的影响[J].动物营养学报,2004,16(2):60-64.
[22]彭玉梅.水热条件与天然草地地上初级净生物量及营养动态关系研究[J].内蒙古气象,1996,4:25-29.
[23]刘太宇,李梦云,聂芙蓉,等.黄河滩区2种豆科牧草不同生育期氨基酸瘤胃降解特性的研究[J].草业学报,2009,18(1):105-111.
[24]刘太宇,聂芙蓉,刘庆华,等.黄河滩区6种牧草不同生育期粗蛋白和氨基酸含量的动态分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(1):11-16.
[25]谢黎虹,叶定池,陈能,等.播期和收获期对水稻“丰两优1号”品质的 影响[J].中国农业气象,2008,29(1):83-85.
[26]许能祥,顾洪如,沈益新,等.温度对多花黑麦草细胞壁成分变化的影响[J].中国草地学报,2009,31(2):70-75.
[27]钟小仙,江海东,顾洪如,等.氮肥水平和刈割间隔对杂交狼尾草根系活力和粗蛋白质含量的影响[J].草业学报,2004,13(6):60-64.
[28]虞道耿,刘国道,白昌军,等.不同刈割周期对热研11号黑籽雀稗产草量及品质的影响[J].中国农业通报,2007,23(7):564-567.
[29]王金梅,李运起,张凤明,等.刈割间隔时间对苜蓿产量、品质及越冬率的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2006,29(3):86-90.
[30]多立安,赵树兰.生长季羊草割草场刈割胁迫响应[J].草地学报,2001,9(1):25-33.
[31]林洁荣.刈割强度对闽牧42饲用杂交甘蔗的影响[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2005,34(4):514-517.
[32]赵彩霞,何文清,胡跃高,等.低氮环境下燕麦与箭筈间混作与刈割时间对饲草产量特性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(5):5-9.
[33]马春珲,韩建国,毛培胜.一年生饲用燕麦与豌豆混种最佳刈割期的研究[J].西北农业学报,2001,10(4):76-79.
[34]田玉民,何丽涛.刈割期对紫花苜蓿叶粉营养成分的影响[J].草业科学,2007,24(1):38-40.
[35]霍成君,韩建国,洪绂曹,等.刈割期和留茬高度对混播草地产草量及品质的影响[J].草地学报,2001,9(4):257-264.
[36]余汝华,莫放,赵丽华,等.刈割时间对青贮玉米秸秆饲料营养成分的影响[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(6):10-13.
[37]Binnie R C,Chestnutt D.M.B.Effect of regrowth interval on the productivity of swards defoliated by cutting and grazing[J].Grass and Forage Science,1991,46(4):343-350.
[38]田新会,杜文华,曹致中.猫尾草不同品种的最佳刈割时期[J].草业科学,2003,20(9):12-15.
[39]张勤.牧草的刈割与放牧[J].河南畜牧兽医,2004,25(12):30-31.
[40]李明,郭孝.高羊茅在不同刈割组合下生产力的研究[J].草业科学,2005,22(12):37-39.
[41]苟文龙,张新跃,何光武,等.刈割时期对光叶紫花苕生产性能的影响[J].中国草地学报,2006,28(3):35-37.
[42]周行飞.张日火.黄其军,等.不同收获期对甘蔗产量及糖分的影响[J].甘蔗,2002,9(3):33-36.
[43]李英年.高寒草甸植物地下生物量与气象条件的关系及周转值分析[J].中国农业气象,1998,19(1):36-38,42.
[44]符昕,魏臻武,耿小丽,等.早期刈割对苜蓿再生性的影响[J].草业科学,2007,24(3):56-61.
[45]王显国,韩建国,刘富渊,等.刈割对紫花苜蓿生殖生育期的调控及对种子产量和质量性状的影响[J].草地学报,2005,13(4):274-277.
[46]李存焕,王红霞.不同利用方式对短花针茅荒漠草原生产量及根系植物量的影响[J].中国草地,1991,5:33-38.
[47]Marshall A H,Hides D H,Borin M(Ed),Stattin M.Influence of spring management on white clover(Trifolium repens L.) seed crops [A].Proceedings of the third congress of the European Society for Agronomy,Padova University[C].Italy:Abano-Padova,1994.180-182.
[48]李连香,张彪年.不同刈割时间、高度及频率对草地产草量的影响[J].青海畜牧业,2001,(4)总68:38-39.
[49]赵世锋,田长叶,陈淑萍,等.草用燕麦品种适宜刈割期的确定[J].华北农业学报,2005,(20):132-134.
[50]张国利.寒湿区红豆草末次刈割期对越冬率的影响[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,2005,4(总183期):14-15.
[51]耿文诚,张英俊,邵学芬,等.刈割对白三叶种子及草产量的影响[J].草地学报,2007,15(3):248-253.
[52]杨义成,龙忠富,卢敏.火烧、刈割处理下百喜草种子产量的相关通径分析[J].山地农业生物学报,2006,25(5):412-417.
[53]鲍雅静,李政海,包青海,等.多年割草对羊草草原群落生物量及羊草和 洽草种群重要值的影响[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(3):309-313.
[54]王明玖,李青丰,青秀玲,等.刈割处理对贝加尔针茅草原植物生长与繁殖状况的影响之当年处理的效果及对返青状况的影响[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2002,23(1):20-28.
[55]叶定池,谢黎虹,陈能.不同播期和收获期对水稻丰两优1号RVA特征谱的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2007,19(3):179-183.
[56]Bao G Z,Lu G H,Guo J X,et al.Effect of grazing,cutting and decapitating on grass populations ori the artificial grassland in subtropical zone of China[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2003,14(8):1327-1331.
[57]高彩霞,王培.收获期和干燥方法对苜蓿干草质量的影响[J].草地学报,1997,5(2):113-116.
[58]韩学琴,邓菊芬,沙毓沧,等.施肥量、刈割期对纳罗克非洲狗尾草株高、分蕖数的影响[J].西南农业学报,2006,19:210-213.
[59]鲍雅静,李政海,韩兴国,等.刈割对羊草叶面积指数的影响[J].草地学报,2004,12(4):313-317.
[60]刘金根,刘红霞,陈卫平,等.刈割对香根草生长发育的影响[J].草原与草坪,2007,4(总123期):82-86.
[61]张永亮,胡自治,赵海新,等.刈割对混播当年生物量及再生速率的影响[J].草地学报,2004,12(4):308-312.
[62]赵海新,黄晓群,杨丽敏,等.刈割频率对无芒雀麦、苜蓿混播草层产量竞争及翌年叶片功能的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2007,4:90-93.
[63]陈红,王海洋,杜国桢.刈割时间、刈割强度与施肥处理对燕麦补偿的影响[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(6):969-975.
[64]Nigel Hayball,Meryl Pearce.Influences of simulated grazing and water-depth on the growth of juvenile Bolboschoenus caldwellii,Phragmites australis and Schoenoplectus validus plants[J].Aquatic Botany,2004,78.233-242.
[65]Donaghy D J,Fulkerson W J.Priority for allocation of water-soluble carbohydrate reserves during regrowth of Lolium perenne[J].Grass and Forage science,1998,53:211-218.
[66]G.Misra,K.P.Singh.Total nonstructural carbohydrates of one temperate and two tropical grasses under varying clipping and soil moisture regimes [J].Agro-Ecosystems,1981,7(6):213-223.
[67]王国良,李向林,万里强,等.刈割强度对羊草可溶性碳水化合物含量及根茎构件的影响[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(4):74-80.
[68]刘景辉,赵宝平,焦立新,等.刈割次数与留茬高度对内农1号苏丹草产草量和品质的影响[J].草地学报,2005,13(2):93-110.
[69]Ying Gao,Deli Wang,Lei Ba et al.Interactions between herbivory and resource availability on grazing tolerance of Leymus chinensis[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2008,63.113-122.
[70]Constantinos N,.Tsiouvaras.Long term effect of clipping on production and vigor ofkermes oak[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1988,24(2).159-166.
[71]Constantinos N,Tsiouvaras.Clipping intensities improves growth rate of kermes oak twigs[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1986,15(3).229-237.
[72]王常慧.不同刈割方式对苜蓿草粉营养价值的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(3):140-142.
[73]孙德智,李凤山,杨恒山,等.刈割次数对紫花苜蓿翌年生长及草产量的影响[J].中国草地,2005,27(5):33-37.
[74]吴进东.刈割频度和强度对红三叶与黑麦草混播草地生产力的影响[J].皖西学院学报,2001,17(4):96-97.
[75]Stur W.W,Humphreys L.R.Burning,cutting and the structure of seed yield in brochiaria decumbens proceeding of the XV[A].International Grassland Congress [C].1985,303-304.
[76]王明玖,李青丰,青秀玲,等.刈割处理对贝加尔针茅草原植物生长与繁殖状况的影响之对生殖状况的影响[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2003,24(2):40-46.
[77]姜义宝,王成章,李振田.高丹草不同刈割高度对产量、品质及青贮效果 的影响[J].河南农业科学,2005,(3):78-79.
[78]Wang S.P,Wan G.G.Ronald E.C.,et al.Influence of different clipping intensities and R/FR ratio in light radiation On tillering of weeping grassland [J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2001,12(2):245-248.
[79]章家恩,刘文高,陈景青,等.不同刈割强度对牧草地上部和地下部生长性状的影响[J].应用生态学学报,2005,16(9):1740-1744.
[80]刘敬阳,陈凤生,牟建梅.刈割方式对杂交狼尾草产草量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2005,33(6):957-958,973.
[81]郭连云,公保才让,张旭萍,等.不同密度、不同刈割高度下老芒麦种群生物量的变化[J].草业与畜牧,2007,3(总136期):16-32.
[82]Mark van Kleunen,Graziella Ramponi,Bernhard Schmid.Effect of herhivory simulated by clipping and jasmonic acid on Solidago Canadensis[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2004.52.173-181.
[83]莫本田,罗天琼,莫志萍,等.不同刈割方式对苇状羊茅混播草地生产性能的影响[J].四川草原,2001,(1):24-27.
[84]许岳飞,毕玉芬,涂旭川,等.王草不同刈割次数、留茬高度与生理性状和产量关系的研究[J].四川草原,2006,(总122):23-27.
[85]韩永芬,李辰琼,陈培燕.普那菊苣不同刈割利用方式的研究[J].四川草原,2004,11(总108期):14-15.
[86]兰兴平.退耕草地的刈割利用技术[J].畜牧市场,2005,8:174-175.
[87]Zhong Y.K.,Bao Q.H.The Effect of different mowing intensities on natural grassland[J].Grassland of China,1999,(5).15-18.
[88]周秉荣,马宗泰,李红梅,等.刈牧胁迫对高寒草甸牧草补偿生长的影响[J].草业科学,2007,24(4):79-83.
[89]周秉荣,马宗泰,李红梅,等.刈割及放牧对牧草生长的补偿效应[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版),2006,24(4):18-20.
[90]杜占池,杨宗贵.刈割对羊草光合特性影响的研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1989,13(4):367-371.
[91].J.P.M.Lenssen,F.B.J.Menting,W.H.van der Putten,et al.Do competition and selective herbivory cause replacement of Phragmites australis by tall forbs?[J].Aquatic Botany,2004,78.217-232.
[92]Connell J H.Diversity in tropical rainforests and coral reefs[J].Science,1978,199.1302-1310.
[93]王文,苗建勋,常生华,等.刈割对混播草地种群生长与产量关系及中间竞争特性的影响[J].草业科学,2003,20(9):20-23.
[94]何峰,李向林,万里强.刈割方式对扁穗牛鞭草与白三叶混播草地竞争的研究[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(4):61-66.
[95]章家恩,刘文高,陈景青,等,刈割对牧草地下部根区土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响[J].生态环境,2005,14(3):387-391.
[96]裴昕,郭智,李建勇,等.刈割对龙葵生长和富集镉的影响及其机理[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2007,25(2):125-129.
[97]钟海民,杨福囤,陆国泉,等.矮蒿草高寒草甸地上生物量与气象因子的关系[J].中国草地,1991,4:7-11.
[98]祁娟,徐柱,马玉宝,等.披碱草属六种野生牧草苗期抗旱胁迫的生理变化[J].中国草地学报,2008,30(5):18-24.
[99]徐胜,何兴元,陈玮等.高羊茅对高温的生理生态响应[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(10):2219-2226.
[100]杜占池,杨宗贵.羊草不同叶龄叶片光-光合特性的初步研究[J].植物学报,1988,30(2):196-206.
[101]郭继勋,祝廷成.气候因子对羊草群落产量影响的综合分析植被生态学研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1994,245-257.
[102]李英年,王启基,周兴民.矮蒿草草甸地上生物量与气象因子的关系及其预报模式的建立高寒草甸生态系统[M].北京:科学出版社,1995,1-10.
[103]李英年,王启基,周兴民.矮蒿草草甸地上生物量与气象条件响应的判别分析[J].草业学报,1996,4(2):155-161.
[104]Russell J.R.Influence of harvest date on the nutritive value and ensiling characteristics of maize stover[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1986, 14: 11-27.
[105] Adugna Tolera, Frik Sundst(?)l, Abdullah.N.Said. The effect of stage of matrity on yield and quality of maize grain and stover (J) . Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1998, 75: 157-168.
[106] Tolera A., Sundst(?)l F., Said A. N. The effect of stage of maturity on yield and quality of maize grain and stover (J) . Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1998,75.157-168.
[107] Viekery P J. Grazing and net primary production of temperate grassland (J) . Journal of Applied Ecology, 1972, 9. 307-314.
[108] Hllbert D. W., Wift J. K., Detling, et al. Relative growth rates and the grazing optimization hypothesis (J) . Oecologia (Berlin), 1981,51.14-18.
[109] Dyer M. I., Deangelis W. M., Post A. Model of herbivore feedback on plant productivity (J) . Mathematical Biosciences, 1986,79.171-184.
[110] Edelstein keshet L. Mathematical theory fox plant herbivore systems (J) . Journal of Mathematical Biology, 1986,24. 25-28.
[111] M. C, Naughton S. J., F. S. Effect of phosphorus nutrition and defoliation on C4 graminoids from the Serengeti plants (J). Ecology, 1985,66.1617-1629.
[112] Owen D. F., R. G. Wiegert. Mutualism between grasses and grazers: an evolutionary hypothesis (J) . Oikos, 1981, 36. 376-378.
[113] Dyer M. I., U G Bokhari. Plant-animal interactions: studies of the effects of grasshopper grazing in blue grass (J) . Ecology, 1976, 57. 762-772.
[[114] Doak D. F. The consequences of herbivore for dwarf fireweed: different time scales, different morphological scales (J) . Ecology, 1991, 72(4). 1397-1407.
[115] MC, Naughton S. J. Grassland herbivore Dynamics. In: A. R. E. Sinclair & M. Norton Griffiths(eds). Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem (M) .USA, University of Chicago, 1979, 46-81.
[116] Dyer M. L., Detling J. K., Ccleman D. C., et al. The Role of Herbivores in Grassland (M) . U.S.A, University of Oklahoma, 1982, 225-261.
[117] Belsky A. J. Does herbivore benefit plants? A review of the evidence (J) . The American Naturalist,1986,127(6).871-891.
[118]Knapp A.K.,Sea.Stede,T.R.Detritus Accumulation Limits Productivity of Tall grass Prairies[J].Bioscience,1986,36.662-668.
[119]Trlica M.J.,L.R.Rittenhouse.Grazing and plant performance[J].Ecological Applications,1993,3(1).21-23.
[120]M.B.Coughenour.Dwarf shrub and graminoid responses to clipping,nitrogen and water:simplified simulations of biomass and nitrogen dynamics[J].Ecological Modeling,54(2).81-110.
[121]陈守良,金岳杏,庄体德,等.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,1990,305.
[122]B.Schmid,A.Hector,M.A.Huston,et al.Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functionin Synthesis and perspectives[M].U.S.A,Michel Loreau Shahid Naeem,2002.61-75.
[123]卢德勋,谢崇文.现代反刍动物研究方法和技术[M].北京:农业出版社,1990,62-65.
[124]李明,郭孝.高羊茅在不同刈割组合下生产力能力的研究[J].草业科学,2005,22(12):37-39.
[125]石风善.俄罗斯紫花苜蓿二茬草刈割期对产量和品质影响的研究[J].草业科学,2004,21(6):28-29.
[126]高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[127]杨胜.饲料分析与饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:中国农业大学出报社,1993.
[128]赵威.羊草对过渡放牧和刈割的生理生态相应[D]..中国科学院,2006,45.
[129]Schofield P.R.,Pitt E.,Pell A.N.Kinetics of fiber digestion from in vitro gas production[J].Anim Sci,1994,72.2980-2991.
[130]闫贵龙,孟庆翔,陈绍江.高油298玉米秸秆的适宜收获期及其营养价值与其他品种玉米秸秆的比较优势[J].畜牧兽医学报,2006,37(3):250-256.
[131]张瑞霞,刘景辉,牛敏,等.不同收获期青贮玉米品种营养成分的积累与分配[J].玉米科学,2006,14(6):108-112,116.
[132]冯秀藻,闵庆文.一个用于反映天然牧草生长规律的综合农业气象指数[J].中国农业气象,1994,15(2):47-49.
[133]钟海民,杨福囤,陆国泉,等.高寒矮蒿草草甸地上生物量与气象因子的关系[J].生态学杂志,1992,11(5):16-19.
[134]赵喜印,李敬兰,刘惠等.气象因素对羊草草场生产力的影响[J].中国草地,1993,6:26-29.
[135]魏永林,王玉环.不同气象条件对冰草种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响[J].青海气象,2002,2:30-32.
[136]崔鲜一,彭玉梅,程渡.科尔沁羊草-贝加尔针茅草原物候期和产草量与气象条件关系的研究[J].草地学报,1996,4(4):302-307.
[137]AiKebaier,Hua Tianmao.Effects of soil moisture on the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of different cotton varieties[J].China Cotton,2000,27(2).21-22.
[138]杜占池,杨宗贵,崔骁勇.草原植物光合生理生态研究[J].中国草地,1999,3:20-27.
[139]原保忠,王静,赵松岭.植物补偿作用机制探讨[J].生态学杂志,1998,17:45-49.
[140]朱珏,张彬,谭支良,等.刈割对牧草生物量和品质影响的研究进展[J].草业科学,2009,26(2):80-85.
[141]杨恒山,曹敏建,范富,等.刈割次数对健宝(Jumbo)产草量及品质的影响[J].中国草地,2003,25(3):28-31.
[142]王静,漾持,王铁娟,等.不同刈割强度下冷蒿再生生长与可溶性碳水化合物的相关分析[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2004,35(2):177-182.
[143]杨凤.动物营养学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[144]Penkov D.,Pavlov D.,Mihovsky T.Comparative study of the amino acids true digestibility of different clover varieties in experiments with ganders (J) . Journal of central European Agricuture, 2003, 4. 191-198.
[145] L. O. Abdelhadi, J. M. Tricarico. Effects of stage of maturity and microbial inculation at harvest on nutritive quality and degradability of grain sorghum whole — plant and head-chop silages (J) . Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2009,12 (103). 1- 11.
[146] Asugna Tolera, Trygve Berg, Frik Sundst(?)1. The effect of variety on maize grain and crop residue yield and nutritive value of the stover (J). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1999,79. 165-177.
[147] S. X. Tang, J. Gan, L. X. Sheng, et al. Morphological fractions, chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of maize stover of five genotypes (J) .Animal,2008,2(12). 1772-1779.
[148] Thomas Ettle, Frieder Jorg Schwarz. Effect of maize variety harvested at different maturity stages on feeding value and performance of dairy cows (J) .Animal Res, 2003, 52. 337-349.
[149] Hege Nordheim-Viken, Harald Volden. Effect of maturity stage, nitrogen fertilization and seasonal variation on ruminal degradation characteristics of neutral detergent fibre in timothy (Phleum pretense L.) (J) . Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2009, 149: 30-59.
[150] Haifeng Wang, Yueming Wu, Jianxin Liu, et al. Morphological fractions, chemical compositions and in vitro gas production of rice straw from wild and brittle culml variety harvested at different growth stages (J) . Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2006,129.159-171.
[151] Joze Verbic, Drago Babnik, Vida Znidarsic, et al. The effect of dent versus flint maize genotype on site and the extent of starch and protein digestion, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep (J) . Animal Res, 2005, 54. 443-458.