土著根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌与大豆双共生体系的分析和调控
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摘要
本试验以黑钙土为供试土壤,采用盆栽、田间试验,进行了土著根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌与大豆双共生体系及相关指标的调查。主要试验结果如下:
1、在盆栽条件下,乙草胺、赛克、氟磺胺草醚、2,4-D丁酯四种除草剂与对照相比,根段AMF侵染率和根瘤数都有一定程度的下降,菌根形成受除草剂影响比根瘤形成所受影响发生更早、程度更大、持续时间更长。在V3期土壤细菌数量下降,根瘤数普遍下降,另一方面由其降低土壤真菌数量而导致侵染率下降,进而间接引起。赛克和乙草胺对大豆根系发育的抑制也影响到根瘤和菌根形成。乙草胺、氟磺胺草醚、2, 4-D丁酯三种除草剂对V2期大豆结瘤的促进作用,而对大豆地上部全氮积累有显著促进作用,但磷含量没有明显的规律性变化。
2、在盆栽条件下,垦农4号、垦农18号、黑农35号、抗线2号、垦农21号、垦农5号、垦鉴43号七个品种不同大豆品种在苗期与土著根瘤菌、AMF形成双共生体系有较大差异。垦鉴43号在V2、V4期与土著根瘤菌、AMF能较好地形成双共生体,根瘤与AM形成相互影响较小,而黑农35号AM对根瘤形成有较大的抑制作用。V4期,AMF侵染率较大幅度的增加对根瘤形成产生一定抑制作用。大豆V2到V4期,除抗线2号细菌数略有增加,根瘤数增多外,其它品种细菌数都有下降,导致根瘤数增加不明显或略有减少。所有品种真菌数与根段AMF侵染率有一定的正相关性;根际土壤中放线菌数量似乎对菌根形成没有太大的影响。
3、根据盆栽试验结果选取侵染率和根瘤表现较好的4个品种进行田间试验。根际土壤AMF孢子数垦农5号在R1期,垦鉴43号、垦农21号、抗线2号均在R3期达到高峰;根段AMF侵染率垦鉴43号、垦农21号、垦农5号、抗线2号分别在V5、R3、R3和R6期达到高峰;单株瘤数、单株瘤干重垦鉴43号、垦农21号、垦农5号和抗线2号分别在R1、R3、R4和R6达到高峰,除抗线2号其它3个品种变化趋势较接近。菌根形成盛期与根瘤形成盛期4个品种的出现的时期不一致,垦鉴43号根瘤形成高峰比菌根形成高峰先到来,垦农21号、垦农5号、抗线2号根瘤形成高峰比菌根形成高峰晚到来。4个品种的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量都呈现出先升高后降低的规律;根瘤数、瘤重、大豆根段AMF的侵染率高峰期总是在根际土壤细菌数量达到高峰之后的某个时期出现。大豆生物量、植株氮磷钾含量、产量等指标未见与土著根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌有明显的相似性变化规律。
4、采用水扬酸、多效唑、马铃薯皮醇提物、大豆子粒浸出液、5-氨基乙酰丙酸(δ-ALA)、含脂几丁质寡糖培养液6种调控物质进行2个大豆品种的种子浸种,对双共生及相关指标进行了调查。含脂几丁质寡糖培养液和大豆子粒浸出液2个处理根瘤数与侵染率间表现出有一定的正相关性,但是马铃薯皮醇提物处理虽然根瘤数较多但是侵染率较低,δ-ALA虽然侵染率较高但是根瘤数较少。在V5时期,马铃薯皮醇提物与对照相比,根际土壤细菌数量明显增多,而多效唑与对照相比,细菌数明显减少,在这一时期,两者根瘤与对照相比,都有所下降。在V5、R3期,6个处理与对照相比,对根际真菌数量都有抑制作用,到R6期,所有处理抑制性消失,侵染率也提高,表现出有一定的正相关性。在R3、R6时期,含脂几丁质寡糖培养液与对照相比根际土壤细菌数量、根瘤数有所增加,而地上氮含量增加并不明显,地下氮含量明显增多,这可能与含脂几丁质寡糖培养液促进根瘤形成有关。
Chernozem for this experiment, we had investigated indigenous rhizobium-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-soybean symbiosis and indicators related by pot experiments, field trials. The main conclusions are as follows:
1.In pot experiment, compared with the control, the roots AMF colonization and nodule number of the four herbicides of acetochlor, metribuzin, fomesafen and 2,4-D butylate, havd declined at a certain degree. Compared with nodule formation, mycorrhiza formation impacted by the herbicide much earlier, greater, longer. In V3 period, nodule number decline because bacteria number decline by herbicides, also associated with mycorrhiza formation impacted by fungi number reduce . Soybean root development inhibited by acetochlor, metribuzin had also affected the nodules and mycorrhiza formation. In V2 period, three herbicides of Acetochlor, fomesafen and 2,4-D butylate, promoted the soybean nodulation, and increased the number of nitrogen fixation, then increased the amount of total N accumulation of soybean shoot significant, but the phosphorus content had no regularity changing.
2.In pot experiment, we investigated the seven soybean varieties: Kennong 4、Kennong 18、Heinong 35、Kangxian 2、Kennong 21、Kennong 5、Kenjian 43. In the seedling stage, different soybean varieties-Indigenous rhizobium-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis formed a larger difference. In V2, V4 period, Kenjian 43 can form a better symbiosis with indigenous rhizobium-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, module and AM formation have a little interaction, but AM of Heinong 35 had a greater inhibition on nodules formation. In V4 period, increaseing AMF infection rate rapid inbibited nodule formation. V2 to V4 period, excepte a slight increased in the bacteria number and nodules of Kangxian 2, the bacterial number of other varieties had declined, resulting in little increase in the number of nodules or a slight decrease. The fungi number and root AMF infection rate of all varieties had a certain positive correlation; rhizosphere soil actinomycete number seemed to form a little impact on mycorrhiza formation.
3.According to the results of pot experiment, we selected four varieties of high infection rate and better nodule formation to carry out field trials. Rhizosphere AMF spores number of Kennong 5 achieve maximum in R1, Kenjian 43, Kennong 21, Kangxian 2 in R3. Root AMF infection rate of Kenjian 43, Kennong 21, Kennong 5, Kangxian 2 chieved maximum in V5, R3, R3 and R6 respectively. Nodule number per plant and nodule dry weight per plant of Kenjian 43, Kennong 21, Kennong 5 and Kangxian 2 chieved maximum in R1, R3, R4 and R6. The other three varieties had the similar changing trend, except Kangxian 2. The peak of mycorrhizal formation and nodule formation was inconsistency of four varieties. The peak of nodule formation arrivalled before the peak of mycorrhizal formation by Kenjian 43, the others in contrary. Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes number of four varieties all increased first decrease then. The peak of nodule number, nodule dry weight, soybean root AMF infection rate was always after the peak of rhizosphere soil bacteria number. Soybean biomass, content of plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, production and other indicators did not have a significant similarity change regularity with indigenous rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
4.We soaked two varieties seeds by six regulated substances of salicylic acid, paclobutrazol, the ethanol extract of potato skin, the extract soybean seed, 5 aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA), culture medium containing chitin oligosaccharide lipid culture medium control, and then investigated related indicators of dual symbiosis. The nodule number showed a degree positive correlation with infection rates of culture medium containing chitin oligosaccharide lipid and the extract soybean seed, but nodule number of the ethanol extract of potato skin was high infection rate low; infection rates ofδ-ALA treat was high nodules fewer. In V5 period, the ethanol extract of potato skin compared with the control, the rhizosphere soil bacteria number of the ethanol extract of potato skin increased significantly; while compared with the control, the bacteria number of paclobutrazol reduced significantly, in this period, compared with the control both nodules number declined. In V5, R3 period, compared with the control, 6 treats inhibited rhizosphere fungi number, to R6 period, inhibition of all treats disappearanced, then infection rate also increased, that showed a certain positive correlation. In R3, R6 period, compared with the control, the rhizosphere soil bacteria number and nodules number of culture medium containing chitin oligosaccharide lipid increased, shoots nitrogen content did not apparent increased, roots nitrogen content increased, which may be related to chitin oligosaccharide lipid culture medium promoting the nodules formation.
1、在盆栽条件下,乙草胺、赛克、氟磺胺草醚、2,4-D丁酯四种除草剂与对照相比,根段AMF侵染率和根瘤数都有一定程度的下降,菌根形成受除草剂影响比根瘤形成所受影响发生更早、程度更大、持续时间更长。在V3期土壤细菌数量下降,根瘤数普遍下降,另一方面由其降低土壤真菌数量而导致侵染率下降,进而间接引起。赛克和乙草胺对大豆根系发育的抑制也影响到根瘤和菌根形成。乙草胺、氟磺胺草醚、2, 4-D丁酯三种除草剂对V2期大豆结瘤的促进作用,而对大豆地上部全氮积累有显著促进作用,但磷含量没有明显的规律性变化。
2、在盆栽条件下,垦农4号、垦农18号、黑农35号、抗线2号、垦农21号、垦农5号、垦鉴43号七个品种不同大豆品种在苗期与土著根瘤菌、AMF形成双共生体系有较大差异。垦鉴43号在V2、V4期与土著根瘤菌、AMF能较好地形成双共生体,根瘤与AM形成相互影响较小,而黑农35号AM对根瘤形成有较大的抑制作用。V4期,AMF侵染率较大幅度的增加对根瘤形成产生一定抑制作用。大豆V2到V4期,除抗线2号细菌数略有增加,根瘤数增多外,其它品种细菌数都有下降,导致根瘤数增加不明显或略有减少。所有品种真菌数与根段AMF侵染率有一定的正相关性;根际土壤中放线菌数量似乎对菌根形成没有太大的影响。
3、根据盆栽试验结果选取侵染率和根瘤表现较好的4个品种进行田间试验。根际土壤AMF孢子数垦农5号在R1期,垦鉴43号、垦农21号、抗线2号均在R3期达到高峰;根段AMF侵染率垦鉴43号、垦农21号、垦农5号、抗线2号分别在V5、R3、R3和R6期达到高峰;单株瘤数、单株瘤干重垦鉴43号、垦农21号、垦农5号和抗线2号分别在R1、R3、R4和R6达到高峰,除抗线2号其它3个品种变化趋势较接近。菌根形成盛期与根瘤形成盛期4个品种的出现的时期不一致,垦鉴43号根瘤形成高峰比菌根形成高峰先到来,垦农21号、垦农5号、抗线2号根瘤形成高峰比菌根形成高峰晚到来。4个品种的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量都呈现出先升高后降低的规律;根瘤数、瘤重、大豆根段AMF的侵染率高峰期总是在根际土壤细菌数量达到高峰之后的某个时期出现。大豆生物量、植株氮磷钾含量、产量等指标未见与土著根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌有明显的相似性变化规律。
4、采用水扬酸、多效唑、马铃薯皮醇提物、大豆子粒浸出液、5-氨基乙酰丙酸(δ-ALA)、含脂几丁质寡糖培养液6种调控物质进行2个大豆品种的种子浸种,对双共生及相关指标进行了调查。含脂几丁质寡糖培养液和大豆子粒浸出液2个处理根瘤数与侵染率间表现出有一定的正相关性,但是马铃薯皮醇提物处理虽然根瘤数较多但是侵染率较低,δ-ALA虽然侵染率较高但是根瘤数较少。在V5时期,马铃薯皮醇提物与对照相比,根际土壤细菌数量明显增多,而多效唑与对照相比,细菌数明显减少,在这一时期,两者根瘤与对照相比,都有所下降。在V5、R3期,6个处理与对照相比,对根际真菌数量都有抑制作用,到R6期,所有处理抑制性消失,侵染率也提高,表现出有一定的正相关性。在R3、R6时期,含脂几丁质寡糖培养液与对照相比根际土壤细菌数量、根瘤数有所增加,而地上氮含量增加并不明显,地下氮含量明显增多,这可能与含脂几丁质寡糖培养液促进根瘤形成有关。
Chernozem for this experiment, we had investigated indigenous rhizobium-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-soybean symbiosis and indicators related by pot experiments, field trials. The main conclusions are as follows:
1.In pot experiment, compared with the control, the roots AMF colonization and nodule number of the four herbicides of acetochlor, metribuzin, fomesafen and 2,4-D butylate, havd declined at a certain degree. Compared with nodule formation, mycorrhiza formation impacted by the herbicide much earlier, greater, longer. In V3 period, nodule number decline because bacteria number decline by herbicides, also associated with mycorrhiza formation impacted by fungi number reduce . Soybean root development inhibited by acetochlor, metribuzin had also affected the nodules and mycorrhiza formation. In V2 period, three herbicides of Acetochlor, fomesafen and 2,4-D butylate, promoted the soybean nodulation, and increased the number of nitrogen fixation, then increased the amount of total N accumulation of soybean shoot significant, but the phosphorus content had no regularity changing.
2.In pot experiment, we investigated the seven soybean varieties: Kennong 4、Kennong 18、Heinong 35、Kangxian 2、Kennong 21、Kennong 5、Kenjian 43. In the seedling stage, different soybean varieties-Indigenous rhizobium-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis formed a larger difference. In V2, V4 period, Kenjian 43 can form a better symbiosis with indigenous rhizobium-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, module and AM formation have a little interaction, but AM of Heinong 35 had a greater inhibition on nodules formation. In V4 period, increaseing AMF infection rate rapid inbibited nodule formation. V2 to V4 period, excepte a slight increased in the bacteria number and nodules of Kangxian 2, the bacterial number of other varieties had declined, resulting in little increase in the number of nodules or a slight decrease. The fungi number and root AMF infection rate of all varieties had a certain positive correlation; rhizosphere soil actinomycete number seemed to form a little impact on mycorrhiza formation.
3.According to the results of pot experiment, we selected four varieties of high infection rate and better nodule formation to carry out field trials. Rhizosphere AMF spores number of Kennong 5 achieve maximum in R1, Kenjian 43, Kennong 21, Kangxian 2 in R3. Root AMF infection rate of Kenjian 43, Kennong 21, Kennong 5, Kangxian 2 chieved maximum in V5, R3, R3 and R6 respectively. Nodule number per plant and nodule dry weight per plant of Kenjian 43, Kennong 21, Kennong 5 and Kangxian 2 chieved maximum in R1, R3, R4 and R6. The other three varieties had the similar changing trend, except Kangxian 2. The peak of mycorrhizal formation and nodule formation was inconsistency of four varieties. The peak of nodule formation arrivalled before the peak of mycorrhizal formation by Kenjian 43, the others in contrary. Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes number of four varieties all increased first decrease then. The peak of nodule number, nodule dry weight, soybean root AMF infection rate was always after the peak of rhizosphere soil bacteria number. Soybean biomass, content of plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, production and other indicators did not have a significant similarity change regularity with indigenous rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
4.We soaked two varieties seeds by six regulated substances of salicylic acid, paclobutrazol, the ethanol extract of potato skin, the extract soybean seed, 5 aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA), culture medium containing chitin oligosaccharide lipid culture medium control, and then investigated related indicators of dual symbiosis. The nodule number showed a degree positive correlation with infection rates of culture medium containing chitin oligosaccharide lipid and the extract soybean seed, but nodule number of the ethanol extract of potato skin was high infection rate low; infection rates ofδ-ALA treat was high nodules fewer. In V5 period, the ethanol extract of potato skin compared with the control, the rhizosphere soil bacteria number of the ethanol extract of potato skin increased significantly; while compared with the control, the bacteria number of paclobutrazol reduced significantly, in this period, compared with the control both nodules number declined. In V5, R3 period, compared with the control, 6 treats inhibited rhizosphere fungi number, to R6 period, inhibition of all treats disappearanced, then infection rate also increased, that showed a certain positive correlation. In R3, R6 period, compared with the control, the rhizosphere soil bacteria number and nodules number of culture medium containing chitin oligosaccharide lipid increased, shoots nitrogen content did not apparent increased, roots nitrogen content increased, which may be related to chitin oligosaccharide lipid culture medium promoting the nodules formation.
引文
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