论善意取得
摘要
善意取得是所有权及其他物权取得的一种方式,主要为保障民法中的交易安全这一价值而设立。在商品经济条件下,经济发达的前提是商品能够自由流通,而商品能够自由流通一个重要保障则是当事人可以放心大胆的投入到交易中来,即相信交易安全。在交易过程中,如果出卖人占有了标的物却无处分权,买受人出于不知情即善意并支付了合理对价当可取得物的所有权,此即善意取得。我国在新颁布的《物权法》中已经确立了善意取得的重要地位。
由于立法的经济基础、技术基础局限,我国《物权法》对善意取得的适用范围的规定尚有所保留,对善意取得的具体要件规定得比较模糊,本文通过对善意取得的概念、起源及发展、存在的价值,善意取得的构成要件及法律后果,关于赃物适用善意取得的立法构想等一系列内容进行了阐述,目的是希望以此促进我国善意取得制度的更加完善。
acquisition in good faith is, in Civil Law, when there is benefit conflict between transaction security and ownership protection, a kind of choice which is made. From the point of the value of law, protecting transaction security is much better to realize the order, equality and justice in law. acquisition in good faith is a particular means of ownership and other jus ad rem acquisition .Because acquisition is not based on the original obligee’s will, but the legal rule, which should need the law give an overall and whole elaboration to the precondition, process and consequence of it. In the past our legislature made certain regulation for the means of the judicial explanation in Civil Law. On 16th March, 2007, the promulgation of‘Jus Rerum’, firstly gave a all-sided and delicate regulation to the acquisition in good faith, which extends the scope of the applicability property from chattel to realty, the field of the applicability from ownership to usufructuary right and secutity interest. Owing to the confinement of economy and technology, we can’t still perfect the acquisition in good faith.
The article attempts to carry on analysis on some problems of the acquisition in good faith, aiming at promoting the consensus of the component of the acquisition in good faith in law-making, meanwhile, hopes to add the acquisition of the thievery in good faith in law-making. The article firstly defines the acquisition in good faith, and introduces the background and the legislative value. After that the article especially researches the component and legal consequence of the acquisition in good faith, and argues the detailed questions of four components. Finally the article reseaches into the reason and the legislative formulation that our country enacts the system of the acquisition in good faith.
The paper was divided into 3 parts:
The first part
The Outline of the Acquisition in good faith
This part includes 3 aspects: firstly defines the acquisition in good faith. Acquisition in good faith is a means of jus ad rem acquisition. It means that, during transaction, if the seller possesses subject matter, but he has unentitled disposition, the buyer pays reasonable price in good faith and gets this object’s ownership. This is equal to acquisition in good faith. Party acquires other jus ad rem in good faith according to the tegulation of ownership. Then introduces the origin and development of the acquisition in good faith in foreign countries and the legislative general conditions of the acquisition in good faith of china. Finally analyses the existing value of the acquisition in good faith, mainly contains 3 aspects:⒈It is good to maintain rtansaction security and protects the benefit of the third person in good faith;⒉It is good to fully exert the economic effectiveness of the object;⒊It reveals that Civil Law is the essence of Right Law.
The second part
The component and legal consequence of the acquisition in good faith
This part is the focus of the paper. Although the 106 clause of Jus Rerum has provided the acquisition in good faith, it is a little bit more ambiguous in practice. So we must make a more detailed regulation of component and legal consequence of the acquisition in good faith.
According to the rules in Jus Rerum, acquisition in good faith comprising 4 important components:
⒈Main body component—one party of the contract belongs to unentitled disposition. Jus Rerum have the principle of publicity and credibility, which lead the consequence of the third party get the ownership. The methods of publicity from the basic of the preownership’s will or it may te due to other reasons, unentitled disposition leads to consequence of unsettled effect of the contract. Acquisition in good faith system is a complement of the unsettled contract of the Contract Law. Not all of the right to property will lead to applicative acquisition in good faith due to unentitled disposition.
⒉The subjective component—alienee alienates the property in goodwill.“Goodwill”means ignorance, in the theory of Civil Law, there are two ideas, they are“Positive Concept”“Negative Concept”. Goodwill is the subjective condition of the alienee, be sure that goodwill need take consideration of many aspects, such as transaction condition, party condition and exchange environment ect. The responsibility of presentation of evidence should be given the original ownership of the object.
⒊Minor body component—the subject matter of the acquisition in good faith includes chattel, realty and droit, and pays and registers. The law has already provided that the chattel and realty are applying to the acquisition in good faith. As to to lost property in chattel and the droit apply to the acquisition in good faith which analyses from the angle of chattel quality right and bill right are applying to the acquisition in good faith as well. The identify mark of the third party is to pay and register.
⒋Objective component—convey at a reasonable price .Acquisition in good faith is achieved by rtansaction activity which means business, mutual trade, debt payment and finance. The unpaid transfer does not pay the price, so the owner can give back the applicative right of the original object himself.
The legal conquence of the acquisition in good faith happens in 3 litigants:⒈There is jus ad rem between the original obligee and the alienee.⒉There are contract relationship、tort relationship and the relationship of illegal gain between the original obligee and the assignor. 3. There is contract relationship between the alienee and the assignor.
Owing to the different relationships of their own, the legal consequences are also different from each other, but the most important legal consequence happens between the original obligee and alienee. This leads to the transfer of the jus ad rem.
The third part
The legislative formulation about the thievery applying to the acquisition in good faith
Owing to Jus Rerem adopts the avoiding attitude toward the thievery applying to the acquisition in good faith, this part expounds the reasons for the thievery applying to the acquisition in good faith:⒈It is good to protect the security of transaction and achieve the all-sided functions.⒉It is in keeping with the principle uberrimae and the achievements of the fair lega principle.⒊The thievery applying to the acquisition in good faith has been confirmed by our national legislative and judical practice in many aspects.
At the same time this thesis considers that the thievery should be used under the suitable conditions:⒈Auction Law provides that the auction goods should be appropriatly acquired in good faith unconditionally.⒉Something about the thievery except the aution goods should be appropriate acquired in good faith conditionally. Owing to the thievery involving the benefit conflict between the owner and the third person, so there are two conditions about the thievery: If the thievery’s original owner was found before the court judgement, we should try our best to protect the benefit of the original owner, propriately used according to the regulations of lost things. If not found the owner before the court judgement, and did not refer to the benefit conflict question, the thievery should be applied to the acquisition in good faith according to its common rules.
由于立法的经济基础、技术基础局限,我国《物权法》对善意取得的适用范围的规定尚有所保留,对善意取得的具体要件规定得比较模糊,本文通过对善意取得的概念、起源及发展、存在的价值,善意取得的构成要件及法律后果,关于赃物适用善意取得的立法构想等一系列内容进行了阐述,目的是希望以此促进我国善意取得制度的更加完善。
acquisition in good faith is, in Civil Law, when there is benefit conflict between transaction security and ownership protection, a kind of choice which is made. From the point of the value of law, protecting transaction security is much better to realize the order, equality and justice in law. acquisition in good faith is a particular means of ownership and other jus ad rem acquisition .Because acquisition is not based on the original obligee’s will, but the legal rule, which should need the law give an overall and whole elaboration to the precondition, process and consequence of it. In the past our legislature made certain regulation for the means of the judicial explanation in Civil Law. On 16th March, 2007, the promulgation of‘Jus Rerum’, firstly gave a all-sided and delicate regulation to the acquisition in good faith, which extends the scope of the applicability property from chattel to realty, the field of the applicability from ownership to usufructuary right and secutity interest. Owing to the confinement of economy and technology, we can’t still perfect the acquisition in good faith.
The article attempts to carry on analysis on some problems of the acquisition in good faith, aiming at promoting the consensus of the component of the acquisition in good faith in law-making, meanwhile, hopes to add the acquisition of the thievery in good faith in law-making. The article firstly defines the acquisition in good faith, and introduces the background and the legislative value. After that the article especially researches the component and legal consequence of the acquisition in good faith, and argues the detailed questions of four components. Finally the article reseaches into the reason and the legislative formulation that our country enacts the system of the acquisition in good faith.
The paper was divided into 3 parts:
The first part
The Outline of the Acquisition in good faith
This part includes 3 aspects: firstly defines the acquisition in good faith. Acquisition in good faith is a means of jus ad rem acquisition. It means that, during transaction, if the seller possesses subject matter, but he has unentitled disposition, the buyer pays reasonable price in good faith and gets this object’s ownership. This is equal to acquisition in good faith. Party acquires other jus ad rem in good faith according to the tegulation of ownership. Then introduces the origin and development of the acquisition in good faith in foreign countries and the legislative general conditions of the acquisition in good faith of china. Finally analyses the existing value of the acquisition in good faith, mainly contains 3 aspects:⒈It is good to maintain rtansaction security and protects the benefit of the third person in good faith;⒉It is good to fully exert the economic effectiveness of the object;⒊It reveals that Civil Law is the essence of Right Law.
The second part
The component and legal consequence of the acquisition in good faith
This part is the focus of the paper. Although the 106 clause of Jus Rerum has provided the acquisition in good faith, it is a little bit more ambiguous in practice. So we must make a more detailed regulation of component and legal consequence of the acquisition in good faith.
According to the rules in Jus Rerum, acquisition in good faith comprising 4 important components:
⒈Main body component—one party of the contract belongs to unentitled disposition. Jus Rerum have the principle of publicity and credibility, which lead the consequence of the third party get the ownership. The methods of publicity from the basic of the preownership’s will or it may te due to other reasons, unentitled disposition leads to consequence of unsettled effect of the contract. Acquisition in good faith system is a complement of the unsettled contract of the Contract Law. Not all of the right to property will lead to applicative acquisition in good faith due to unentitled disposition.
⒉The subjective component—alienee alienates the property in goodwill.“Goodwill”means ignorance, in the theory of Civil Law, there are two ideas, they are“Positive Concept”“Negative Concept”. Goodwill is the subjective condition of the alienee, be sure that goodwill need take consideration of many aspects, such as transaction condition, party condition and exchange environment ect. The responsibility of presentation of evidence should be given the original ownership of the object.
⒊Minor body component—the subject matter of the acquisition in good faith includes chattel, realty and droit, and pays and registers. The law has already provided that the chattel and realty are applying to the acquisition in good faith. As to to lost property in chattel and the droit apply to the acquisition in good faith which analyses from the angle of chattel quality right and bill right are applying to the acquisition in good faith as well. The identify mark of the third party is to pay and register.
⒋Objective component—convey at a reasonable price .Acquisition in good faith is achieved by rtansaction activity which means business, mutual trade, debt payment and finance. The unpaid transfer does not pay the price, so the owner can give back the applicative right of the original object himself.
The legal conquence of the acquisition in good faith happens in 3 litigants:⒈There is jus ad rem between the original obligee and the alienee.⒉There are contract relationship、tort relationship and the relationship of illegal gain between the original obligee and the assignor. 3. There is contract relationship between the alienee and the assignor.
Owing to the different relationships of their own, the legal consequences are also different from each other, but the most important legal consequence happens between the original obligee and alienee. This leads to the transfer of the jus ad rem.
The third part
The legislative formulation about the thievery applying to the acquisition in good faith
Owing to Jus Rerem adopts the avoiding attitude toward the thievery applying to the acquisition in good faith, this part expounds the reasons for the thievery applying to the acquisition in good faith:⒈It is good to protect the security of transaction and achieve the all-sided functions.⒉It is in keeping with the principle uberrimae and the achievements of the fair lega principle.⒊The thievery applying to the acquisition in good faith has been confirmed by our national legislative and judical practice in many aspects.
At the same time this thesis considers that the thievery should be used under the suitable conditions:⒈Auction Law provides that the auction goods should be appropriatly acquired in good faith unconditionally.⒉Something about the thievery except the aution goods should be appropriate acquired in good faith conditionally. Owing to the thievery involving the benefit conflict between the owner and the third person, so there are two conditions about the thievery: If the thievery’s original owner was found before the court judgement, we should try our best to protect the benefit of the original owner, propriately used according to the regulations of lost things. If not found the owner before the court judgement, and did not refer to the benefit conflict question, the thievery should be applied to the acquisition in good faith according to its common rules.
引文
[1]王利明:《物权法研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年5月第1版,第261页。
[2]史尚宽:《物权法论》,中国政法大学出版社,2000年1月第1版,第122页。
[3]尹田:《法国物权法上动产的即时取得制度》,载于《现代法学》1997年第1期。
[4]罗结珍译:《法国民法典》,中国法制出版社,1999年2月第1版,第373页。
[5]王利明:《物权法研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年5月第1版,第262页。
[6]陈华彬:《物权法》,法律出版社,2004年4月第1版,第334-335页。
[7]郑冲、贾红梅译:《德国民法典(修订本)》,2001年4月第2版,第229页。
[8]王书江译:《日本民法典》,中国法制出版社,2000年4月第1版,第96页。
[9]徐炳:《买卖法》,经济日报出版社,1991年4月第1版,第245页。
[10]梁慧星:《民法解释学》,中国政法大学出版社,1995年1月版,第278页。
[11]陈华彬:《物权法原理》,国家行政法院出版社,1998年4月第1版,第402页。
[12]彭诚信:《我国物权变动理论的立法选择》,载于《法律科学》2000年第1-2期。
[13]梁慧星:《中国物权法研究》,法律出版社,1998年6月第1版,第474页。
[14]王利明:《物权法研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年5月第1版,第266页。
[15]梁慧星:《民法总论(第三版)》,法律出版社,2007年7月第3版,第69页。
[16]彭诚信:《我国物权变动理论的立法选择》,载于《法律科学》2000年第1-2期。
[17]王利明:《物权法研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年5月第1版,第265页。
[18]王效贤:《论地役权的概念与特性》,http://www.fsou.com/html/text/art/3355860/335586060.Html。
[19]郭明瑞主编:《民法》,高等教育出版社,2003年6月第1版,第254页。
[20]记帆、孙鹏:《交易安全与中国民商法》,中国政法大学出版社,1997年2月第1版,第120-121页。
[21]尹田:《法国物权法》法律出版社,1998年2月第1版,第207页。
[22]王利明:《物权法研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年5月第1版,第265页。
[23]陈华彬:《物权法》,法律出版社,2004年4月第1版,第342页。
[24]王泽鉴:《民法物权》用益权·占有,中国政法大学出版社,2001年10月第1版,第155页。
[25]王利明:《物权法论》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年7月修订版,第218页。
[26]刘得宽:《民法诸问题与新展望》,中国政法大学出版社,2002年1月第1版,第375页。
[27]郭明瑞主编:《民法》,高等教育出版社,2003年6月第1版,第255页。
[28]胡开忠:《权利质权制度研究》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年7月第1版,第143页。
[29]赵新华:《票据法》,人民法院出版社, 1999年12月第1版,第81页。
[30]谢在全:《民法物权论》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年1月第1版,第230页。
[31]胡劲松:《善意取得制度在侦查阶段的适用探讨》, http://www.chinacourt.org/html/article/200504/08/157502.Shtml。
[32]蒋卫城、陈勇:《论盗赃物的善意取得》,http://www.studa.net/faxuelilun/070729/10434480.html。
[33]杨清望:《和谐:法律公平价值的时代内涵》,《法学论坛》第2006年第21卷第6期。
[1]王利明:《物权法研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年5月第1版。
[2]史尚宽:《物权法论》,中国政法大学出版社,2000年1月第1版。
[3]尹田:《法国物权法上动产的即时取得制度》,载于《现代法学》1997年第1期。
[4]罗结珍译:《法国民法典》,中国法制出版社,1999年2月第1版。
[5]陈华彬:《物权法》,法律出版社,2004年4月第1版。
[6]郑冲、贾红梅译:《德国民法典(修订本)》,2001年4月第2版。
[7]王书江译:《日本民法典》,中国法制出版社,2000年4月第1版。
[8]徐炳:《买卖法》,经济日报出版社,1991年4月第1版。
[9]梁慧星:《民法解释学》,中国政法大学出版社,1995年1月第1版。
[10]陈华彬:《物权法原理》,国家行政法院出版社,1998年4月第1版。
[11]彭诚信:《我国物权变动理论的立法选择》,载于《法律科学》2000年第1-2期。
[12]梁慧星:《中国物权法研究》,法律出版社 1998年6月第1版。
[13]梁慧星:《民法总论(第三版)》,法律出版社,2007年7月第3版。
[14]王效贤:《论地役权的概念与特性》,http://www.fsou.com/html/text/art/3355860/335586060.Html。
[15]郭明瑞主编:《民法》,高等教育出版社,2003年6月第1版。
[16]记帆、孙鹏:《交易安全与中国民商法》,中国政法大学出版社,1997年2月第1版。
[17]尹田:《法国物权法》法律出版社,1998年2月第1版。
[18]王泽鉴:《民法物权》用益权·占有,中国政法大学出版社,2001年10月第1版。
[19]王利明:《物权法论》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年7月修订版。
[20]刘得宽:《民法诸问题与新展望》,中国政法大学出版社,2002年1月第1版。
[21]胡开忠:《权利质权制度研究》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年7月第1版。
[22]赵新华:《票据法》,人民法院出版社, 1999年12月第1版,第81页。
[23]李建梅著:《善意取得制度之实例解析》,http://www.cfcjbj.com.cn/list.asp?Unid=8058。
[24]谢在全:《民法物权论》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年1月第1版。
[25]胡劲松:《善意取得制度在侦查阶段的适用探讨》, http://www.chinacourt.org/html/article/200504/08/157502.Shtml。
[26]蒋卫城、陈勇:《论盗赃物的善意取得》,http://www.studa.net/faxuelilun/070729/10434480.html。
[27]杨清望:《和谐:法律公平价值的时代内涵》,《法学论坛》第2006年第21卷第6期。
[2]史尚宽:《物权法论》,中国政法大学出版社,2000年1月第1版,第122页。
[3]尹田:《法国物权法上动产的即时取得制度》,载于《现代法学》1997年第1期。
[4]罗结珍译:《法国民法典》,中国法制出版社,1999年2月第1版,第373页。
[5]王利明:《物权法研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年5月第1版,第262页。
[6]陈华彬:《物权法》,法律出版社,2004年4月第1版,第334-335页。
[7]郑冲、贾红梅译:《德国民法典(修订本)》,2001年4月第2版,第229页。
[8]王书江译:《日本民法典》,中国法制出版社,2000年4月第1版,第96页。
[9]徐炳:《买卖法》,经济日报出版社,1991年4月第1版,第245页。
[10]梁慧星:《民法解释学》,中国政法大学出版社,1995年1月版,第278页。
[11]陈华彬:《物权法原理》,国家行政法院出版社,1998年4月第1版,第402页。
[12]彭诚信:《我国物权变动理论的立法选择》,载于《法律科学》2000年第1-2期。
[13]梁慧星:《中国物权法研究》,法律出版社,1998年6月第1版,第474页。
[14]王利明:《物权法研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年5月第1版,第266页。
[15]梁慧星:《民法总论(第三版)》,法律出版社,2007年7月第3版,第69页。
[16]彭诚信:《我国物权变动理论的立法选择》,载于《法律科学》2000年第1-2期。
[17]王利明:《物权法研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年5月第1版,第265页。
[18]王效贤:《论地役权的概念与特性》,http://www.fsou.com/html/text/art/3355860/335586060.Html。
[19]郭明瑞主编:《民法》,高等教育出版社,2003年6月第1版,第254页。
[20]记帆、孙鹏:《交易安全与中国民商法》,中国政法大学出版社,1997年2月第1版,第120-121页。
[21]尹田:《法国物权法》法律出版社,1998年2月第1版,第207页。
[22]王利明:《物权法研究》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年5月第1版,第265页。
[23]陈华彬:《物权法》,法律出版社,2004年4月第1版,第342页。
[24]王泽鉴:《民法物权》用益权·占有,中国政法大学出版社,2001年10月第1版,第155页。
[25]王利明:《物权法论》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年7月修订版,第218页。
[26]刘得宽:《民法诸问题与新展望》,中国政法大学出版社,2002年1月第1版,第375页。
[27]郭明瑞主编:《民法》,高等教育出版社,2003年6月第1版,第255页。
[28]胡开忠:《权利质权制度研究》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年7月第1版,第143页。
[29]赵新华:《票据法》,人民法院出版社, 1999年12月第1版,第81页。
[30]谢在全:《民法物权论》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年1月第1版,第230页。
[31]胡劲松:《善意取得制度在侦查阶段的适用探讨》, http://www.chinacourt.org/html/article/200504/08/157502.Shtml。
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