衡水市水资源可持续利用
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摘要
本论文“衡水市水资源可持续利用”依据衡水市区域资源开发规划项目《衡水市水资源规划与管理系统》选题。论文以水资源可持续利用为主题,探索性地研究了水资源可持续利用理论;查明了研究区自然地理、地质、水文地质条件,进行三维地下水流数值模拟并对研究区地下水资源进行预测;在充分考虑水资源可持续利用自身特点及其影响因素的基础上建立了适合衡水市的水资源可持续利用评价指标体系,采用灰色关联分析法对评价指标进行筛选并对各指标值进行计算;建立了衡水市水资源可持续利用综合评价模型,采用层次分析法确定了各指标的权重;预测了2010年、2020年衡水市的需水量和可供水量,进行了衡水市水资源可持续利用的综合评价,为有关部门制定社会经济发展规划提供了科学依据。
Water resource is one of the fundamental natural resources for the survival and development of human society and it can't be substituted. It is one of the important elements that control the ecological environment. Meanwhile, it can reflect the integrated power of a nation. It provides the safeguard for the district sustainable development. It is limited and unsubstitutable therefore the problem of water resource arouses extensive attention from every nation, expert and scholar inevitably. According to the explanation for social sustainable development, the exploitation and utilization of water resource, which can satisfy the demand of human beings and can’t do harm to requirement ability of the next generation, is called the sustainable utilization of water resource. Our country is a developing country which suffers from the high frequency of flood and drought, and the unequal water distribution. It is in the face of many challenges by water problems such as the shortage of water resource and deterioration of water quality. The water amount per person is only one fourth of the world average level. The contradiction between supply and demand has become the choke point in the social economic development, the improvement of living standard and environment protection in our country.
Therefore the sustainable utilization of water resource is a strategic problem which should be solved urgently in our country. It refers to in our country or in a certain district, in the guarantee for sustainable utilization of water resource, the reliable fresh water should be provided for the sustainable development of social economics on one hand and for the benign upgrowth ofthe ecological environment on the other hand. It is a reasonable way to contribute to the harmonious development of the population, resource, society, economy and environment and to exploit, utilize, manage and protect the water resource effectively.
The study on the theory of sustainable utilization of water resource is of significant scientific value. It provides application foreground for the sustainable development of social economy in our country and will promote the harmonious development of the population, resource, society, economics and environment. Hengshui City is located in the middle and lower reaches of a river, where is short of water resource. The amount of water resource is only 185 m3. Surface water is not sufficient. The water for industry, agriculture, living and ecology mostly relies on the groundwater. There is a large gap between the supply and need of water resource. The balance between the supply and need is maintained by exploiting the ground water on a large scale for many years. Thereby all these result in s series of environmental problems, such as land subsidence, crack, the sink and breakage of buildings, deterioration of water quality. How to exploit and utilize the water resource in Hengshui City reasonably becomes a work of stratagemical significance.
The aquifer in the research section is divided into four aquiferous groups. According to the hydrogeological similarity, aquiferous groupⅠandⅡare combinated as superficial aquiferous group, existing in phreatic water─micro confined water(superficial groundwater), aquiferous groupⅢandⅣare combinated as deep aquiferous group confined water(deep groundwater). The superficial groundwater is supplied mainly by atmospheric condensation infiltration and irrigation infiltration. The groundwater flows from southwest to northeast. The main drainage manners are manual exploitation, evaporation from phreatic water and leakage water complementing deep confined water. The deep groundwater is supplied mainly by the leakage water from the superficial groundwater. The groundwater flows from northeast to southeast.As a result of long-term over-exploitation of the deep groundwater, regional water table descending funnel is formed, which bring about the runoff gathering from the deep groundwater towards the heart of the funnel. The main drainage manner is manual exploitation. The chemical type in research section is complicated with obvious characters of horizontal zoning. According to the distributing characters of mineralization of groundwater, research section can be divided into the tasteless section, upper salted and lower tasteless section (In superficial layer all is salt water, while in deep layer freshwater), superficial layer freshwater-middle layer salt water-deep layer freshwater (In the superficial layer, the upper is freshwater, middle is salt water and lower is freshwater).The main dynamic type of the superficial groundwater is precipitation infiltration, irrigation infiltration- exploitation type and precipitation infiltration, irrigation infiltration-evaporation type. The overall dynamic changing trend of the groundwater has been descending for years. Water table has descent accumulatively 6.38m from 1975 to the end of 2000. The dynamic type of the deep groundwater is leakage water complement-exploitation type. The dynamic changing trend of the ground water has been descending continually; from 1970 to the end of 2000 the water level has descent accumulatively 39.81m.
Hydrogeological conceptual model of the simulation district and the three-dimensional numerical simulation model of the unsteady flow of the ground water are established, which give a description of characters of calculational target stratum and aquiferous system in the research district. The boundary condition is summarized and is solved by the finite element method. The calculated area is 7923.6km2 and can be divided upwards into triplex layer vertically. Altogether the trigonal unit is 10749 and the node is 7344. Numerical simulation is conducted by adopting the FEFLOW finite element simulation software. Simulation period is from January 30 to December 30 in 2002, altogether 335 days with one month as a period of time. The subarea andthe initial value of hydrogeological parameter are made certain. Relevant source sink terms are conducted. After the recognition and emendation on mathematical model, each parameter value in the simulation district is obtained. The total supply amount of the groundwater in the simulation district is 10.9930×108m3, the total drainage amount is 15.3876×108m3. The model established conforms to the current circumstances and can be used in the calculation and forecast of the groundwater resource. Based on the frequency analysis method, the amount of precipitation, evaporation capacity and class 1 boundary water level from 2004~2020 are forecast. Optimal pumping project are designed. By using the model the groundwater resource in Hengshui City is calculated and forecast. Here is the forecast outcome: in 2010 the total supply amount of the groundwater in the simulation district is 2.9764×108m3, the total drainage amount is 16.4521×108m3, of which the supply amount of the superficial aquifer is 11.3389×108m3, the drainage amount is 14.4760×108m3. The supply amount of the deep aquifer is 8.0641×108m3, the drainage amount is 10.2137×108m3 and the balance difference is -3.4757×108m3; In 2020 the total supply amount of the groundwater is 14.1836×108m3, the total drainage amount is 17.4960×108m3, in which the supply amount of the superficial aquifer is 13.2476×108m3 and the drainage amount is 16.9180×108m3. The supply amount of the deep aquifer is 10.8751×108m3, the drainage amount is 13.4522×108m3, and the balance difference is -3.3124×108m3. The water requirement and water supply of Hengshui City in 2010 and 2020 are forecast in detail. In 2002 the city available water is 140784.96×104m3, the water requirement is 177043.46×104m3, there is a lack of 36258.51×104m3 water. The proportion of supply and demand is 79.52%. In 2010 the city available water is 185776.28×104m3, the water requirement is 195020.24×104m3, there is a lack of 9243.96×104m3 water. The proportion of supply and demand is 95.26%. In 2020 the city available water is 206872.15×104m3, the water requirement is 210129.15×104m3, there is alack of 3257×104m3 water. The proportion of supply and demand is 98.45%.
Based on the assessment index to the sustainable utilization of water resource, by adopting the grey association analysis method to analyse and filter the index, comprehensive assessment system of indices on the sustainable utilization of water resource in Henghui City is set up. By using the hierarchy analytic method, the feature weight of every index is obtained. In the present year (2002) the comprehensive index of sustainable utilization of water resource is 0.3857, which indicates that the utilization is weak and goes against the sustainable utilization of water resource. 2002 is a low flow year, when the annual precipitation, the surface water and guest water introduced from other drainage area is little, these constitute major reasons. Water is supplied mainly by over exploitation of the deep phreatic water, which enlarges descending funnel of the deep phreatic water and brings on a series of entironmental and geological problems. Furthermore, it is also associated with the reusing rate of the treated wastewater water saving irrigation rate. Other factors, such as the city economic development level, public water-saving consciousness, and the devotion of water research and development personnel and hydraulic engineering outlay, also exert an influence on that. In 2010 the agriculture and industry will develop on a large scale, with the execution of the leading-water project and wastewater regeneration, the problem that the deep phreatic water descends too quickly will be solved. With the improvement of public water-saving consciousness, the increase of water research and development personnel and hydraulic engineering outlay, the comprehensive index of sustainable utilization of water resource will rise to 0.5136. In 2020 the farming irrigation water will decrease as a result of the popularization and spread of the water-saving irritation technology. Moreover, industrial structure should be adjusted so as to make the limited water resource gain the most economic benefit. The standard for urban flood-preventing and rural surface drainage should be intensified. The law enforcement system constructionshould be perfected. Population quality should be advanced and a group of trans-century water professionals should be brought up. Therefore the quality of the irrigational scientific outcome could be improved distinctly, and comprehensive index of sustainable utilization of water resource will rise to 0.6248. There will be a significant development trend for the sustainable utilization of water resource.
Water resource is one of the fundamental natural resources for the survival and development of human society and it can't be substituted. It is one of the important elements that control the ecological environment. Meanwhile, it can reflect the integrated power of a nation. It provides the safeguard for the district sustainable development. It is limited and unsubstitutable therefore the problem of water resource arouses extensive attention from every nation, expert and scholar inevitably. According to the explanation for social sustainable development, the exploitation and utilization of water resource, which can satisfy the demand of human beings and can’t do harm to requirement ability of the next generation, is called the sustainable utilization of water resource. Our country is a developing country which suffers from the high frequency of flood and drought, and the unequal water distribution. It is in the face of many challenges by water problems such as the shortage of water resource and deterioration of water quality. The water amount per person is only one fourth of the world average level. The contradiction between supply and demand has become the choke point in the social economic development, the improvement of living standard and environment protection in our country.
Therefore the sustainable utilization of water resource is a strategic problem which should be solved urgently in our country. It refers to in our country or in a certain district, in the guarantee for sustainable utilization of water resource, the reliable fresh water should be provided for the sustainable development of social economics on one hand and for the benign upgrowth ofthe ecological environment on the other hand. It is a reasonable way to contribute to the harmonious development of the population, resource, society, economy and environment and to exploit, utilize, manage and protect the water resource effectively.
The study on the theory of sustainable utilization of water resource is of significant scientific value. It provides application foreground for the sustainable development of social economy in our country and will promote the harmonious development of the population, resource, society, economics and environment. Hengshui City is located in the middle and lower reaches of a river, where is short of water resource. The amount of water resource is only 185 m3. Surface water is not sufficient. The water for industry, agriculture, living and ecology mostly relies on the groundwater. There is a large gap between the supply and need of water resource. The balance between the supply and need is maintained by exploiting the ground water on a large scale for many years. Thereby all these result in s series of environmental problems, such as land subsidence, crack, the sink and breakage of buildings, deterioration of water quality. How to exploit and utilize the water resource in Hengshui City reasonably becomes a work of stratagemical significance.
The aquifer in the research section is divided into four aquiferous groups. According to the hydrogeological similarity, aquiferous groupⅠandⅡare combinated as superficial aquiferous group, existing in phreatic water─micro confined water(superficial groundwater), aquiferous groupⅢandⅣare combinated as deep aquiferous group confined water(deep groundwater). The superficial groundwater is supplied mainly by atmospheric condensation infiltration and irrigation infiltration. The groundwater flows from southwest to northeast. The main drainage manners are manual exploitation, evaporation from phreatic water and leakage water complementing deep confined water. The deep groundwater is supplied mainly by the leakage water from the superficial groundwater. The groundwater flows from northeast to southeast.As a result of long-term over-exploitation of the deep groundwater, regional water table descending funnel is formed, which bring about the runoff gathering from the deep groundwater towards the heart of the funnel. The main drainage manner is manual exploitation. The chemical type in research section is complicated with obvious characters of horizontal zoning. According to the distributing characters of mineralization of groundwater, research section can be divided into the tasteless section, upper salted and lower tasteless section (In superficial layer all is salt water, while in deep layer freshwater), superficial layer freshwater-middle layer salt water-deep layer freshwater (In the superficial layer, the upper is freshwater, middle is salt water and lower is freshwater).The main dynamic type of the superficial groundwater is precipitation infiltration, irrigation infiltration- exploitation type and precipitation infiltration, irrigation infiltration-evaporation type. The overall dynamic changing trend of the groundwater has been descending for years. Water table has descent accumulatively 6.38m from 1975 to the end of 2000. The dynamic type of the deep groundwater is leakage water complement-exploitation type. The dynamic changing trend of the ground water has been descending continually; from 1970 to the end of 2000 the water level has descent accumulatively 39.81m.
Hydrogeological conceptual model of the simulation district and the three-dimensional numerical simulation model of the unsteady flow of the ground water are established, which give a description of characters of calculational target stratum and aquiferous system in the research district. The boundary condition is summarized and is solved by the finite element method. The calculated area is 7923.6km2 and can be divided upwards into triplex layer vertically. Altogether the trigonal unit is 10749 and the node is 7344. Numerical simulation is conducted by adopting the FEFLOW finite element simulation software. Simulation period is from January 30 to December 30 in 2002, altogether 335 days with one month as a period of time. The subarea andthe initial value of hydrogeological parameter are made certain. Relevant source sink terms are conducted. After the recognition and emendation on mathematical model, each parameter value in the simulation district is obtained. The total supply amount of the groundwater in the simulation district is 10.9930×108m3, the total drainage amount is 15.3876×108m3. The model established conforms to the current circumstances and can be used in the calculation and forecast of the groundwater resource. Based on the frequency analysis method, the amount of precipitation, evaporation capacity and class 1 boundary water level from 2004~2020 are forecast. Optimal pumping project are designed. By using the model the groundwater resource in Hengshui City is calculated and forecast. Here is the forecast outcome: in 2010 the total supply amount of the groundwater in the simulation district is 2.9764×108m3, the total drainage amount is 16.4521×108m3, of which the supply amount of the superficial aquifer is 11.3389×108m3, the drainage amount is 14.4760×108m3. The supply amount of the deep aquifer is 8.0641×108m3, the drainage amount is 10.2137×108m3 and the balance difference is -3.4757×108m3; In 2020 the total supply amount of the groundwater is 14.1836×108m3, the total drainage amount is 17.4960×108m3, in which the supply amount of the superficial aquifer is 13.2476×108m3 and the drainage amount is 16.9180×108m3. The supply amount of the deep aquifer is 10.8751×108m3, the drainage amount is 13.4522×108m3, and the balance difference is -3.3124×108m3. The water requirement and water supply of Hengshui City in 2010 and 2020 are forecast in detail. In 2002 the city available water is 140784.96×104m3, the water requirement is 177043.46×104m3, there is a lack of 36258.51×104m3 water. The proportion of supply and demand is 79.52%. In 2010 the city available water is 185776.28×104m3, the water requirement is 195020.24×104m3, there is a lack of 9243.96×104m3 water. The proportion of supply and demand is 95.26%. In 2020 the city available water is 206872.15×104m3, the water requirement is 210129.15×104m3, there is alack of 3257×104m3 water. The proportion of supply and demand is 98.45%.
Based on the assessment index to the sustainable utilization of water resource, by adopting the grey association analysis method to analyse and filter the index, comprehensive assessment system of indices on the sustainable utilization of water resource in Henghui City is set up. By using the hierarchy analytic method, the feature weight of every index is obtained. In the present year (2002) the comprehensive index of sustainable utilization of water resource is 0.3857, which indicates that the utilization is weak and goes against the sustainable utilization of water resource. 2002 is a low flow year, when the annual precipitation, the surface water and guest water introduced from other drainage area is little, these constitute major reasons. Water is supplied mainly by over exploitation of the deep phreatic water, which enlarges descending funnel of the deep phreatic water and brings on a series of entironmental and geological problems. Furthermore, it is also associated with the reusing rate of the treated wastewater water saving irrigation rate. Other factors, such as the city economic development level, public water-saving consciousness, and the devotion of water research and development personnel and hydraulic engineering outlay, also exert an influence on that. In 2010 the agriculture and industry will develop on a large scale, with the execution of the leading-water project and wastewater regeneration, the problem that the deep phreatic water descends too quickly will be solved. With the improvement of public water-saving consciousness, the increase of water research and development personnel and hydraulic engineering outlay, the comprehensive index of sustainable utilization of water resource will rise to 0.5136. In 2020 the farming irrigation water will decrease as a result of the popularization and spread of the water-saving irritation technology. Moreover, industrial structure should be adjusted so as to make the limited water resource gain the most economic benefit. The standard for urban flood-preventing and rural surface drainage should be intensified. The law enforcement system constructionshould be perfected. Population quality should be advanced and a group of trans-century water professionals should be brought up. Therefore the quality of the irrigational scientific outcome could be improved distinctly, and comprehensive index of sustainable utilization of water resource will rise to 0.6248. There will be a significant development trend for the sustainable utilization of water resource.
引文
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