RFID室内定位算法研究
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摘要
射频识别(RFID)技术是近些年研究比较热的一项射频技术,其简单方便的技术特点得到了很多研究人员的青睐,希望利用这一技术最大化地优化我们的生活、生产与研究。目前比较热门的研究方向是利用RFID技术进行室内环境的定位,即借由射频识别技术对待定位标签的识别与定位,对待定位目标进行较为精确的室内定位。
目前在无线网络环境下进行定位服务的定位模式大致有以下4种：收信角度定位方法、收信时间定位方法、收信时间差定位方法、信号强度定位方法。不过前三种方法在室内这个复杂多变、空间局限、多径效应非常严重的环境中并不能很好的获得定位精度,微小的测量时间误差就会带来较大的定位精度误差；然后利用信号强度的方法能够很好的解决仪器本身的测量局限性以及误差性,本文以利用信号强度的经典室内定位算法LANDMARC为基础,观察其性能的特点以及可能影响其变化的方面,最后以此为基础并结合数据融合的思想对LANDMARC算法提出改进,提出收敛定位算法,通过计算机仿真可观察其较LANDMARC算法更为精确的定位性能,最后以实验室(普通办公室内环境)为场景进行实际系统的搭设以及算法的实际应用。
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is a recently hot research. It has been favored by many researchers for its easier technical characteristics than many other positioning technologies, and they want to use this technology to optimize the aspects of our lives, manufactures, and deeper researches. Nowadays, RFID technology is famous in the respect of indoor positioning, which might precisely position our target stuffs through their adhering of tags and the identification of readers.
Currently there are many positioning modes in the wireless positioning environment such as the Angle of Arrival mode, the Time of Arrival mode, the Time Difference of Arrival mode and the Received Signal Strength mode. While for the characteristics of complex, space limitations, and the multi-path effect of the indoor environment AOA, TO A, and TDOA can hardly get the precision targets of the indoor positioning system since even the smallest measurement error might lead to the terrible outcome. However, the RSS mode can easily evade these problems. This dissertation starts the research of observing the performance characteristics and the many aspects which can change the performance of the LANDMARC-based system, then combines the technology of data fusion to promote the LANDMARC algorithm which is called the convergence algorithm. And further precision might be acquired through the convergence algorithm comparing the LANDMARC. At the end of dissertation the real system in the office is set up to perform.
目前在无线网络环境下进行定位服务的定位模式大致有以下4种：收信角度定位方法、收信时间定位方法、收信时间差定位方法、信号强度定位方法。不过前三种方法在室内这个复杂多变、空间局限、多径效应非常严重的环境中并不能很好的获得定位精度,微小的测量时间误差就会带来较大的定位精度误差；然后利用信号强度的方法能够很好的解决仪器本身的测量局限性以及误差性,本文以利用信号强度的经典室内定位算法LANDMARC为基础,观察其性能的特点以及可能影响其变化的方面,最后以此为基础并结合数据融合的思想对LANDMARC算法提出改进,提出收敛定位算法,通过计算机仿真可观察其较LANDMARC算法更为精确的定位性能,最后以实验室(普通办公室内环境)为场景进行实际系统的搭设以及算法的实际应用。
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is a recently hot research. It has been favored by many researchers for its easier technical characteristics than many other positioning technologies, and they want to use this technology to optimize the aspects of our lives, manufactures, and deeper researches. Nowadays, RFID technology is famous in the respect of indoor positioning, which might precisely position our target stuffs through their adhering of tags and the identification of readers.
Currently there are many positioning modes in the wireless positioning environment such as the Angle of Arrival mode, the Time of Arrival mode, the Time Difference of Arrival mode and the Received Signal Strength mode. While for the characteristics of complex, space limitations, and the multi-path effect of the indoor environment AOA, TO A, and TDOA can hardly get the precision targets of the indoor positioning system since even the smallest measurement error might lead to the terrible outcome. However, the RSS mode can easily evade these problems. This dissertation starts the research of observing the performance characteristics and the many aspects which can change the performance of the LANDMARC-based system, then combines the technology of data fusion to promote the LANDMARC algorithm which is called the convergence algorithm. And further precision might be acquired through the convergence algorithm comparing the LANDMARC. At the end of dissertation the real system in the office is set up to perform.
引文
[1]J. Kraus. Antennas since Hertz and Marconi. Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions.1985,33(2):131-137.
[2]K. Finkenzeller. RFID Handbook [M].2nd Ed New York:Willey & Sons,2004.
[3]Wikipedia. Radio-frequency identification [DB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency_identification,2008-8-1.
[4]H. Stockman. Communication by means of reflected power. Proceedings of the IRE. 1948:pp.1196-1204.
[5]D. B. Harris. Radio transmission systems with modulatable passive responder. United States Patent 2927321, dated 1 Mar 1960.
[6]杨大成等.移动传播环境理论基础、分析方法和建模技术.北京：机械工业出版社,2003,pp.106.
[7]范平志,邓平,刘林.蜂窝网无线定位.北京：电子工业出版社,2002,pp.33.
[8]Homayoun Hashemi. The Indoor Radio Propagation Channel. Proceedings of the IEEE, July 1993, vol.81, pp.943-968.
[9]J.B.Andersen, T.S.Rappaport. Propagation measurements and models for wireless communication channels. IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan 1995, vol.33, Issue 1, pp.42-49.
[10]杨万梅.多传感器数据融合及其应用.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2004.
[11]Jeffrey Hightower, Gaetano Borriello. A Survey and Taxonomy of Location Sensing Systems for Ubiquitous Computing. CSE 01-08-03, University of Washington, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seattle, WA, Aug 2001.
[12]P.Enge, P.Misra. Special Issue on GPS:The Global positioning System. Proceedings of the IEEE, January 1999, pp.3-172.
[13]胡伍生,高成发.GPS测量原理及其应用.北京：人民交通出版社,2002,pp.58-75.
[14]葛茂荣.GPS卫星精密定轨理论及软件研究(博士学位论文).武汉：武汉测绘科技大学,1995.
[15]R.Want et al. The Active Badge Location System. ACM Trans, Information Systems, Jan.1992,pp.91-102.
[16]B.T.Fang. Simple Solution for Hyperbolic and Related Fixes. IEEE Trans. On Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol.26, no.5,1990, pp.748-753.
[17]Y.T.Chan, K.Ho. A Simple and Efficient Estimator for Hyperbolic Location. IEEE Trans, on Signal Processing, vol.42, no.8,1994, pp.1905-1915.
[18]邓平.蜂窝网络移动台定位技术研究.西安交通大学博士学位论文,2002.5.
[19]B.Friedlander. A Passive Localization Algorithm and Its Accuracy Analysis. IEEE Journal of Oceanic engineering, Vol.OE-12, No.l,1987, pp.234-244.
[20]J.O.Smith, J.S.Abel. Closed-Form Least-Squares Source Location Estimation from Range-Difference Measurements. IEEE Trans, on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, Vol.ASSP-25, No.12,1987, pp.1661-1669.
[21]J.O.Smith. The Spherical Interpolation Method for Source Localization. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol.OE-12, No.l,1987, pp.246-252.
[22]W.H.Foy. Position Location Solutions by Taylor Series Estimation. IEEE Trans, on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol.AES-12, no.2,1976, pp.187-194.
[23]J.S.Abel. A Divide and Conquer Approach to Least-Squares Estimation. IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.26, No.3,1990, pp.423-427.
[24]M.Hata, T.Nagatsu. Mobile Location Using Signal Strength Measurements in a Cellular System. IEEE Trans.on VT, Vol.VT-29, No.2,1980, pp.245-252.
[25]P.Deng, P.Z.Fan. An AOA Assisted TOA Positioning System.2000 Int. Conf. on Communication Technology, Beijing, China, Vol.2, Aug.21-25,2000, pp.1501-1504.
[26]L.Cong, W.Zhuang. Hybrid TDOA/AOA mobile user location for wideband CDMA cellular systems. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communication. Vol.1, No.3. July 2002, pp.439-447.
[27]Kanaan, M.Pahlavan. A comparison of wireless geolocation algorithms in the indoor environment[J]. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.2004, Volume l:pp.177-182.
[28]Torrieri, D.J. Statistical Theory of Passive Location Systems[J]. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. IEEE Transactions.1984, Volume AES-20, Issue 2:pp.183-198.
[29]T.Rappaport. Wireless Communications, Principle & Practice. IEEE Press, Prentice Hall,1996:pp.3.
[30]Steven M.Kay. Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing. Volume 1:Estimation Theroy[M], Publishing House of Electronics Industry.2003:pp.1-3.
[31]中国航天科工信息技术研究院研究中心.爱普生成功开发出用于室内定位GPS技术[J].GNSS World of China,2003.1:pp.28.
[32]李兴鹏等,基于LANDMARC系统的室内定位仿真研究[J].计算机工程与应用,2008,44(27)：pp.209-212.
[33]解迎刚,王志良,郑珊山.基于LANDMARC及其算法改进的RFID室内定位研究.Proceedings of the 29th Chinese Control Conference. July 29-31,2010, Beijing, China, pp.4831-4835.
[34]王小辉,汪云甲,张伟.基于RFID的室内定位技术评述[J].传感器与微系统.2009,28(2)：pp.1-3.
[35]王远哲等.基于参考标签的射频识别定位算法研究与应用[J].通信学报.2010.2,31(2)：pp.86-92.
[36]刘宗元.基于射频识别(RFID)的室内定位系统研究.硕士学位论文.2009.5.
[37]孙瑜.射频识别(RFID)室内定位算法研究.硕士学位论文.2005.3.
[38]杨天池,金梁,程娟.一种基于TOA定位的CHAN改进算法[J].电子学报.2009.4,37(4)：pp.819-821.
[39]高锐,程良伦,胡莘.一种基于空间分割的无源RFID室内定位方法[J].计算机应用研究.2012.1,29(1)：pp.184-186.
[2]K. Finkenzeller. RFID Handbook [M].2nd Ed New York:Willey & Sons,2004.
[3]Wikipedia. Radio-frequency identification [DB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency_identification,2008-8-1.
[4]H. Stockman. Communication by means of reflected power. Proceedings of the IRE. 1948:pp.1196-1204.
[5]D. B. Harris. Radio transmission systems with modulatable passive responder. United States Patent 2927321, dated 1 Mar 1960.
[6]杨大成等.移动传播环境理论基础、分析方法和建模技术.北京：机械工业出版社,2003,pp.106.
[7]范平志,邓平,刘林.蜂窝网无线定位.北京：电子工业出版社,2002,pp.33.
[8]Homayoun Hashemi. The Indoor Radio Propagation Channel. Proceedings of the IEEE, July 1993, vol.81, pp.943-968.
[9]J.B.Andersen, T.S.Rappaport. Propagation measurements and models for wireless communication channels. IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan 1995, vol.33, Issue 1, pp.42-49.
[10]杨万梅.多传感器数据融合及其应用.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2004.
[11]Jeffrey Hightower, Gaetano Borriello. A Survey and Taxonomy of Location Sensing Systems for Ubiquitous Computing. CSE 01-08-03, University of Washington, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seattle, WA, Aug 2001.
[12]P.Enge, P.Misra. Special Issue on GPS:The Global positioning System. Proceedings of the IEEE, January 1999, pp.3-172.
[13]胡伍生,高成发.GPS测量原理及其应用.北京：人民交通出版社,2002,pp.58-75.
[14]葛茂荣.GPS卫星精密定轨理论及软件研究(博士学位论文).武汉：武汉测绘科技大学,1995.
[15]R.Want et al. The Active Badge Location System. ACM Trans, Information Systems, Jan.1992,pp.91-102.
[16]B.T.Fang. Simple Solution for Hyperbolic and Related Fixes. IEEE Trans. On Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol.26, no.5,1990, pp.748-753.
[17]Y.T.Chan, K.Ho. A Simple and Efficient Estimator for Hyperbolic Location. IEEE Trans, on Signal Processing, vol.42, no.8,1994, pp.1905-1915.
[18]邓平.蜂窝网络移动台定位技术研究.西安交通大学博士学位论文,2002.5.
[19]B.Friedlander. A Passive Localization Algorithm and Its Accuracy Analysis. IEEE Journal of Oceanic engineering, Vol.OE-12, No.l,1987, pp.234-244.
[20]J.O.Smith, J.S.Abel. Closed-Form Least-Squares Source Location Estimation from Range-Difference Measurements. IEEE Trans, on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, Vol.ASSP-25, No.12,1987, pp.1661-1669.
[21]J.O.Smith. The Spherical Interpolation Method for Source Localization. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol.OE-12, No.l,1987, pp.246-252.
[22]W.H.Foy. Position Location Solutions by Taylor Series Estimation. IEEE Trans, on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol.AES-12, no.2,1976, pp.187-194.
[23]J.S.Abel. A Divide and Conquer Approach to Least-Squares Estimation. IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.26, No.3,1990, pp.423-427.
[24]M.Hata, T.Nagatsu. Mobile Location Using Signal Strength Measurements in a Cellular System. IEEE Trans.on VT, Vol.VT-29, No.2,1980, pp.245-252.
[25]P.Deng, P.Z.Fan. An AOA Assisted TOA Positioning System.2000 Int. Conf. on Communication Technology, Beijing, China, Vol.2, Aug.21-25,2000, pp.1501-1504.
[26]L.Cong, W.Zhuang. Hybrid TDOA/AOA mobile user location for wideband CDMA cellular systems. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communication. Vol.1, No.3. July 2002, pp.439-447.
[27]Kanaan, M.Pahlavan. A comparison of wireless geolocation algorithms in the indoor environment[J]. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.2004, Volume l:pp.177-182.
[28]Torrieri, D.J. Statistical Theory of Passive Location Systems[J]. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. IEEE Transactions.1984, Volume AES-20, Issue 2:pp.183-198.
[29]T.Rappaport. Wireless Communications, Principle & Practice. IEEE Press, Prentice Hall,1996:pp.3.
[30]Steven M.Kay. Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing. Volume 1:Estimation Theroy[M], Publishing House of Electronics Industry.2003:pp.1-3.
[31]中国航天科工信息技术研究院研究中心.爱普生成功开发出用于室内定位GPS技术[J].GNSS World of China,2003.1:pp.28.
[32]李兴鹏等,基于LANDMARC系统的室内定位仿真研究[J].计算机工程与应用,2008,44(27)：pp.209-212.
[33]解迎刚,王志良,郑珊山.基于LANDMARC及其算法改进的RFID室内定位研究.Proceedings of the 29th Chinese Control Conference. July 29-31,2010, Beijing, China, pp.4831-4835.
[34]王小辉,汪云甲,张伟.基于RFID的室内定位技术评述[J].传感器与微系统.2009,28(2)：pp.1-3.
[35]王远哲等.基于参考标签的射频识别定位算法研究与应用[J].通信学报.2010.2,31(2)：pp.86-92.
[36]刘宗元.基于射频识别(RFID)的室内定位系统研究.硕士学位论文.2009.5.
[37]孙瑜.射频识别(RFID)室内定位算法研究.硕士学位论文.2005.3.
[38]杨天池,金梁,程娟.一种基于TOA定位的CHAN改进算法[J].电子学报.2009.4,37(4)：pp.819-821.
[39]高锐,程良伦,胡莘.一种基于空间分割的无源RFID室内定位方法[J].计算机应用研究.2012.1,29(1)：pp.184-186.