秸秆处理下冬小麦生长及土壤微型生物群落动态研究
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摘要
秸秆因含有大量的土壤生态系统所需的营养物质而广泛的应用于农业生产,秸秆还田为农作物提供所需营养元素,同时对土壤中根际微型土壤动物产生影响。本研究采用盆栽实验的方法,研究不同秸秆条件对作物生长发育和冬小麦的根际微型生物群落动态的影响。主要从以下几个方面进行研究,在不同秸秆处理的盆栽实验中,研究冬小麦根系、微生物、线虫、土壤理化性质。模拟大田冬小麦种植模式,研究秸秆还田量对根际微型生物群落动态的影响,微型生物群落动态与作物发育的关系。不同量的秸秆处理设计为3000 kg/hm~2(Ⅰ)、6000 kg/hm~2(Ⅱ)、9000 kg/hm~2(Ⅲ)、12000 kg/hm~2 (Ⅳ)4个处理,以不添加秸秆为对照(ck),对冬小麦生长、产量及根系特征中根长度、根直径、表面积、体积进行动态研究;并研究微生物细菌、真菌、放线菌群落动态;线虫不同功能群中食真菌性线虫、食细菌性线虫、植食性线虫、杂食捕食性线虫群落动态。结果显示,不同处理下冬小麦干物质积累呈S型增长趋势,随着秸秆添加量的增加,干物质积累增加,9000 kg/hm~2达最大。不同处理下冬小麦根长生长趋势相同,生育前期呈快速生长阶段,扬花期根长随秸秆添加量增加而增长,花后根长生长缓慢;根直径各处理在生育期都呈增长趋势,在拔节期到孕穗期生长快速,后期生长缓慢,根面积、根体积在生育期都呈平稳增长趋势,各处理增长趋势相同。秸秆施入量为9000 kg/hm~2时产量最大。
微生物群落动态研究结果显示,添加秸秆的处理中微生物量高于对照,而且在全生育期内表现为s型增长趋势,在冬小麦拔节期到扬花期,9000 kg/hm~2处理下微生物密度最高,ck处于低水平;细菌、真菌、放线菌,在9000 kg/hm~2处理下亦最大。相关分析显示,拔节-孕穗期微生物密度与秸秆使用量为正相关关系。
线虫研究结果显示,4次取样共检测到线虫36个属,在整个生育期不同处理下线虫密度都呈先增长后下降趋势,孕穗期达最大,其中9000 kg/hm~2、12000 kg/hm~2处理中较高,显著高于其它处理。拔节-孕穗期杂食、捕食性线虫为优势类群,孕穗期以后食细菌性线虫占优势。孕穗-扬花期,9000 kg/hm~2处理下的食真菌性线虫、食细菌性线虫、植食性线虫最高。经相关分析显示,线虫密度与秸秆施用量、根长呈正相关。
研究土壤中的理化性质,不同处理间也有明显不同。经分析显示,除了在拔节期,9000 kg/hm~2处理下的有机质含量最低。氮含量随着冬小麦的生长呈下降趋势。
因此,秸秆施入量为9000 kg/hm~2时,相应的微生物、线虫群落动态和土壤的养分含量最适合小麦的生长。
Straw is widely used to agricultural production due to containing a lot of the nutrients of the soil ecosystem neededv.straw provide the necessary nutrients, while micro-rhizosphere soil affect soil animals. The pot field experiment method to study under the different straw condition,crop growth and development of straw and winter wheat rhizosphere microbial community dynamics have influence on different straw condition.Mainly research from the following aspects.In different straw pot experiment, research wheat roots,microorganisms, nematodes, soil physical and chemical properties, simulation model of outdoor field, quantity of straw on the rhizosphere microbial community dynamics, microbial community dynamics have influence on development of the crop. Different quantity of straw is designed to 3000 kg/hm~2 (Ⅰ), 6000 kg/hm~2 (Ⅱ), 9000 kg/hm~2 (Ⅲ), 12000 kg/hm~2 (Ⅳ) four treatments, not straw as control (ck ), research winter wheat growth, yield and root characteristics of the root length, root diameter, surface and volume dynamic,microbial bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes community dynamics.nematodes in the different functional groups of fungi nematodes, bacterivorous nematodes, phytophagous nematodes, omnivorous predatory nematode community dynamics. The results showed that dry matter accumulation of winter wheat under different treatments were S-type growth trend, with the straw increase, dry matter accumulation increased, 9000 kg/hm~2 up to the maximum. root length of winter wheat under different treatments have the same growth trends, growth was rapid in early growth stage, flowering root length increased with straw increase, the slow root growth after flowering; Root diameter of each treatment were tested in the growth trend of the whole growth period,from Jointing stage to booting stage is fast-growing, late slow growth.root SurfArea, root volume were tested in the growth period is steady growth trend, the same growth trend in all treatments. the stalk on 9000 kg/hm~2 treatment conditions have the largest output.
Dynamics of microbial community showed that the microbial biomass of straw treatment is larger than the control, performance is the s-type growth trend in the winter wheat elongation stage . from Jointing stage to flowering stage ,9000 kg/hm~2 treated have the highest density of microorganisms, ck at a low level; bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, are also is maximum. Correlation analysis showed that the jointing - booting microbial density and the amount of straw used for the positive correlation.
Nematode research results show that have 36 nematodes species are detected in four samples, nematode density in the whole growth period under different treatments were tested first increased and then decreased, booting up to the maximum, 9000 kg/hm2, 12000 kg/hm2 treatment significantly higher than other treatments. Jointing - booting omnivorous, predatory nematodes were the dominant groups, after booting the bacterivorous nematodes were the dominant groups. Booting - flowering, fungal nematodes, bacterivorous nematodes, phytophagous nematodes are highest under 9000 kg/hm2 treatment conditions. The correlation analysis showed that nematode density and straw quantity、root length are positively correlated.
Physical and chemical properties of soil in different treatments also significantly different. The analysis shows that, in the jointing stage, 9000 kg/hm2 treatment conditions is the lowest content of organic matter. With the growth of winter wheat nitrogen content decreased. Therefore,add to straw is 9000 kg/hm2 treatment conditions, the corresponding micro-organisms, nematode community dynamics and soil nutrient content is most suitable for the growth of wheat.
微生物群落动态研究结果显示,添加秸秆的处理中微生物量高于对照,而且在全生育期内表现为s型增长趋势,在冬小麦拔节期到扬花期,9000 kg/hm~2处理下微生物密度最高,ck处于低水平;细菌、真菌、放线菌,在9000 kg/hm~2处理下亦最大。相关分析显示,拔节-孕穗期微生物密度与秸秆使用量为正相关关系。
线虫研究结果显示,4次取样共检测到线虫36个属,在整个生育期不同处理下线虫密度都呈先增长后下降趋势,孕穗期达最大,其中9000 kg/hm~2、12000 kg/hm~2处理中较高,显著高于其它处理。拔节-孕穗期杂食、捕食性线虫为优势类群,孕穗期以后食细菌性线虫占优势。孕穗-扬花期,9000 kg/hm~2处理下的食真菌性线虫、食细菌性线虫、植食性线虫最高。经相关分析显示,线虫密度与秸秆施用量、根长呈正相关。
研究土壤中的理化性质,不同处理间也有明显不同。经分析显示,除了在拔节期,9000 kg/hm~2处理下的有机质含量最低。氮含量随着冬小麦的生长呈下降趋势。
因此,秸秆施入量为9000 kg/hm~2时,相应的微生物、线虫群落动态和土壤的养分含量最适合小麦的生长。
Straw is widely used to agricultural production due to containing a lot of the nutrients of the soil ecosystem neededv.straw provide the necessary nutrients, while micro-rhizosphere soil affect soil animals. The pot field experiment method to study under the different straw condition,crop growth and development of straw and winter wheat rhizosphere microbial community dynamics have influence on different straw condition.Mainly research from the following aspects.In different straw pot experiment, research wheat roots,microorganisms, nematodes, soil physical and chemical properties, simulation model of outdoor field, quantity of straw on the rhizosphere microbial community dynamics, microbial community dynamics have influence on development of the crop. Different quantity of straw is designed to 3000 kg/hm~2 (Ⅰ), 6000 kg/hm~2 (Ⅱ), 9000 kg/hm~2 (Ⅲ), 12000 kg/hm~2 (Ⅳ) four treatments, not straw as control (ck ), research winter wheat growth, yield and root characteristics of the root length, root diameter, surface and volume dynamic,microbial bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes community dynamics.nematodes in the different functional groups of fungi nematodes, bacterivorous nematodes, phytophagous nematodes, omnivorous predatory nematode community dynamics. The results showed that dry matter accumulation of winter wheat under different treatments were S-type growth trend, with the straw increase, dry matter accumulation increased, 9000 kg/hm~2 up to the maximum. root length of winter wheat under different treatments have the same growth trends, growth was rapid in early growth stage, flowering root length increased with straw increase, the slow root growth after flowering; Root diameter of each treatment were tested in the growth trend of the whole growth period,from Jointing stage to booting stage is fast-growing, late slow growth.root SurfArea, root volume were tested in the growth period is steady growth trend, the same growth trend in all treatments. the stalk on 9000 kg/hm~2 treatment conditions have the largest output.
Dynamics of microbial community showed that the microbial biomass of straw treatment is larger than the control, performance is the s-type growth trend in the winter wheat elongation stage . from Jointing stage to flowering stage ,9000 kg/hm~2 treated have the highest density of microorganisms, ck at a low level; bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, are also is maximum. Correlation analysis showed that the jointing - booting microbial density and the amount of straw used for the positive correlation.
Nematode research results show that have 36 nematodes species are detected in four samples, nematode density in the whole growth period under different treatments were tested first increased and then decreased, booting up to the maximum, 9000 kg/hm2, 12000 kg/hm2 treatment significantly higher than other treatments. Jointing - booting omnivorous, predatory nematodes were the dominant groups, after booting the bacterivorous nematodes were the dominant groups. Booting - flowering, fungal nematodes, bacterivorous nematodes, phytophagous nematodes are highest under 9000 kg/hm2 treatment conditions. The correlation analysis showed that nematode density and straw quantity、root length are positively correlated.
Physical and chemical properties of soil in different treatments also significantly different. The analysis shows that, in the jointing stage, 9000 kg/hm2 treatment conditions is the lowest content of organic matter. With the growth of winter wheat nitrogen content decreased. Therefore,add to straw is 9000 kg/hm2 treatment conditions, the corresponding micro-organisms, nematode community dynamics and soil nutrient content is most suitable for the growth of wheat.
引文
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[2]江永红,宇振荣.秸秆还田对农田生态系统及作物生长的影响[J].土壤通报, 2001, 32(5): 209-213.
[3]周佳民,徐世宏,江立庚.免耕对水稻根系生长及根际环境的影响(Ⅱ)免耕对水稻根系保护酶活性的影响[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(14):118-121.
[4]何铁柱,何铁锁,乔艳站,吕学英,李玉梅.用调节土壤微生物平衡的理念诠释温室秸秆反应堆的使用效果[J].业科技通讯,2009,7:97-98.
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