济南市南部山区生态廊道的建设研究
|
摘要
济南市南部山区的合理开发利用和保护对整个济南市具有重要的生态意义。近年来不断开发利用,使得济南南部山区景观破碎化不断加剧,景观破碎化已成为众多环境问题的根源,无论在生物多样性、泉水补给能力以及水土流失等多方面都有很大影响,而廊道的建设具有重要的生态意义,廊道通常具有栖息地(Habitat)、过滤(Filter)或隔离(Barrier )、通道( Conduit )、源(Source)、和汇(Sink)五大功能作用。生态廊道具有保护生物多样性、过滤污染物、防止水土流失、防风固沙、调控洪水等多种功能。因此合理建设济南南部山区的生态廊道具有重要的生态意义。
本文根据济南南部山区的实际情况,合理选取了生态廊道的分类方法,将济南市南部山区的生态廊道分为三类:道路生态廊道、河流生态廊道和山脊生态廊道。并将南部山区依照地形的不同,分为两大区域进行建设,即将泉泸河流域、锦绣川流域、锦阳川流域和锦云川流域作为山地区,研究区内的其它区域作为平原区进行建设。
论文的主要研究内容如下:
(1)在建立土地利用分类系统的基础上,借助RS和GIS技术,对济南南部山区2004年ETM遥感影像进行解译,并建立土地利用数据库。根据地形图和土地利用类型图,通过arcview3.3,提取出研究区内的道路生态廊道、河流生态廊道和山脊生态廊道。
(2)根据研究目的确定生态廊道的合理宽度:研究区内的道路生态廊道的合理宽度的确定,国道、省道和高速公路各不相同:山地区,由于地形复杂,道路两侧的坡度较大,则需道路生态廊道宽度大于60m;由于人视觉所及区200m范围内为最敏感区域,同时200m可满足动物的迁徙和传播功能以及水土保持功能,因此,三川地区内绕城高速东段经过龙洞森林公园段、省道S327红叶谷风景名胜区段、省道S103柳埠自然保护区段,道路廊道的宽度为200m,200m范围内进行高标准绿化建设。
研究区内的河流生态廊道的合理宽度的确定,在山地区,地形陡峭,坡度大,因此参考夏禹九等人建立数学模拟拟合河岸植被缓冲带宽度,其宽度计算公式如下:F=10+0.03S~2,式中F为缓冲区之宽度,s为坡度。确定山地区河流廊道为251m。平原区的河流生态廊道,选取目前普遍采用的30m宽度。并依据河流生态廊道流经不同功能区进行合理的修改建设。
研究区内的山脊生态廊道宽度的确定,根据济南南部山区的地形地貌,对海拔350m以上的区域进行建设,可有效加大各大型林地斑块的连接,提高研究区的生态功能,同时参考前人经验,本文选择海拔350m以上区域作为山脊生态廊道区域。
(3)生态廊道的建设
首先选取了生态廊道的形状指数R、生态廊道密度(m/km~2)、节点密度(个/100km~2)、连接度、环度等指数,对济南南部山区生态廊道的现状进行了分析。生态廊道的密度以道路生态廊道密度为最大,达到196.16 m/km~2,河流生态廊道和山脊生态廊道的密度依次为148.61 m/km~2和114.23 m/km~2;生态廊道的节点密度基本相同,平均为0.96个/100km~2;生态廊道的连接度以道路生态廊道的连接度为最大,为0.37。这里道路生态廊道的环度最低。
生态廊道的建设中,结合研究区内的土壤类型图、地形图提出各生态廊道的具体建设方案。其中山脊生态廊道的建设通过对研究区内2004年的土地利用类型图与地形图的叠加分析,对不同坡度、坡向上的耕地、林地、草地和裸岩石砾地进行了统计分析。根据统计分析的结果,提出了具体的建设方案。
The rational exploitation and protection of southern mountain region in Jinan City possess important ecological significance. In the recent years, the incessant exploitation has aggravated the landscape fragmentation which has become the origin of kinds of environmental problems and posses significant impact both on biological diversity and the spring water supply capacity as well as soil erosion and other aspects. while the construction of Ecological Corridor has important ecological significance, generally, the corridors posses five functions including Habitat, Filter or Barrier, Conduit, Source and Sink. Ecological Corridor has many functions including the conservation of biological diversity, Ecological Corridors, filter pollutants, preventing soil erosion, sand-fixing, controlling floods and other features. Therefore, a reasonable construction of the Ecological Corridor of Jinan in the southern mountainous area posses great ecological significance.
The paper selected the reasonable classification method of Ecological Corridors, based on the actual situation of the southern mountain region in Jinan, The Ecological Corridor of the southern mountain region in Jinan is divided into three categories: roads Ecological Corridors, rivers Ecological Corridors and ridges Ecological Corridors. At the same time, according to terrain, the southern mountainous region was divided into two regions namely Luquan river basin, Jinxiu river basin which were constructed respectively. Quanlu river basin , Jinxiu river basin ,Jinyun river basin and Jinyang river basin were taken as mountain region when constructed, while other areas in the study area were taken as plain areas.
The main research contents are as follows:
(1) Basing on the establishment of land-use classification system, ETM remote sensing images of southern mountain region in Jinan in 2004 were interpreted by the use of RS and GIS, moreover the land-use databases were established. According to topographic maps and land use map, the roads ecological corridor, rivers ecological corridor and ridges ecological corridor were extracted by arcview3.3.
(2) Determining the reasonable width of ecological corridor According to the study aims:
A reasonable width of roads Ecological corridor in the study area was determined according to road grades,it requires that the width of road ecological corridor is more than 60m due to complex terrain, large slop on both sides of the road in mountain areas ; the area within 200m which is the range of human visual acuity is the most sensitive areas, meanwhile, 200m can meet the requirement of animal's movement and communication and soil conservation, therefore, the east section of express highway circling city that cave forest park, Liubu nature reserve section of provincial highway S103, the reasonable width of roads ecological corridors is 200m,while with high standard green building.
The reasonable width of rivers ecological corridor in the study area is determined by many kinds of factors.In the mountain areas ,for steep terrain and steep slope,so refer to Xia yujiu’s mathmatical simulation fitting to establish the width of riparian forest buffers,its width is calculated as follows: F=10+0.03S2.F is the width of the river buffer,S is the slope.so the mountain river corridors identified as 251m.In the plain area,the width of the river ecological corridors select the currently widely used in 30m.And make reasonable construction based on the river flows through the different functional areas.
The reasonable width of the ridge ecological corridors in the study area,the effective area of 75% forest above of the altitude of 350m.In order to connect the major forest patches betterly,and reference to previous experience,slected more than 350m above sea level as the ridge of the regional ecological corridor area.
(3) The construction of ecological corridors
First select the shape index of ecological corridor R, ecological corridor density(m/km~2), the node density(个/100km~2), connectivity and degree ring index to analysis Jinan Southern Mountain Corridor . The max of density of ecological corridor density is the road ecological corridors,reached to 196.16 m/km~2.the ecological corredor density of River Ecological Corridor and the density of the ridge ecological corridor were 148.61 m/km~2and 114.23 m/km~2; but they has the same node density as an average of 0.96个/ 100km 2. the connectivity of the road ecological corridor of ecological corridor for the maximum,is 0.37.
The construction of Ecological corridor in study area should combined with the type of soil, topography , made construction of the ecological corridor of the specific program. Ecological corridor where the construction of the ridge of the study area by land use types in 2004, map and topographic map overlay analysis of different slope, upward slope farmland, woodland, grassland and barren lands to the statistical analysis. According to statistical analysis of the results made the specific building programs.
本文根据济南南部山区的实际情况,合理选取了生态廊道的分类方法,将济南市南部山区的生态廊道分为三类:道路生态廊道、河流生态廊道和山脊生态廊道。并将南部山区依照地形的不同,分为两大区域进行建设,即将泉泸河流域、锦绣川流域、锦阳川流域和锦云川流域作为山地区,研究区内的其它区域作为平原区进行建设。
论文的主要研究内容如下:
(1)在建立土地利用分类系统的基础上,借助RS和GIS技术,对济南南部山区2004年ETM遥感影像进行解译,并建立土地利用数据库。根据地形图和土地利用类型图,通过arcview3.3,提取出研究区内的道路生态廊道、河流生态廊道和山脊生态廊道。
(2)根据研究目的确定生态廊道的合理宽度:研究区内的道路生态廊道的合理宽度的确定,国道、省道和高速公路各不相同:山地区,由于地形复杂,道路两侧的坡度较大,则需道路生态廊道宽度大于60m;由于人视觉所及区200m范围内为最敏感区域,同时200m可满足动物的迁徙和传播功能以及水土保持功能,因此,三川地区内绕城高速东段经过龙洞森林公园段、省道S327红叶谷风景名胜区段、省道S103柳埠自然保护区段,道路廊道的宽度为200m,200m范围内进行高标准绿化建设。
研究区内的河流生态廊道的合理宽度的确定,在山地区,地形陡峭,坡度大,因此参考夏禹九等人建立数学模拟拟合河岸植被缓冲带宽度,其宽度计算公式如下:F=10+0.03S~2,式中F为缓冲区之宽度,s为坡度。确定山地区河流廊道为251m。平原区的河流生态廊道,选取目前普遍采用的30m宽度。并依据河流生态廊道流经不同功能区进行合理的修改建设。
研究区内的山脊生态廊道宽度的确定,根据济南南部山区的地形地貌,对海拔350m以上的区域进行建设,可有效加大各大型林地斑块的连接,提高研究区的生态功能,同时参考前人经验,本文选择海拔350m以上区域作为山脊生态廊道区域。
(3)生态廊道的建设
首先选取了生态廊道的形状指数R、生态廊道密度(m/km~2)、节点密度(个/100km~2)、连接度、环度等指数,对济南南部山区生态廊道的现状进行了分析。生态廊道的密度以道路生态廊道密度为最大,达到196.16 m/km~2,河流生态廊道和山脊生态廊道的密度依次为148.61 m/km~2和114.23 m/km~2;生态廊道的节点密度基本相同,平均为0.96个/100km~2;生态廊道的连接度以道路生态廊道的连接度为最大,为0.37。这里道路生态廊道的环度最低。
生态廊道的建设中,结合研究区内的土壤类型图、地形图提出各生态廊道的具体建设方案。其中山脊生态廊道的建设通过对研究区内2004年的土地利用类型图与地形图的叠加分析,对不同坡度、坡向上的耕地、林地、草地和裸岩石砾地进行了统计分析。根据统计分析的结果,提出了具体的建设方案。
The rational exploitation and protection of southern mountain region in Jinan City possess important ecological significance. In the recent years, the incessant exploitation has aggravated the landscape fragmentation which has become the origin of kinds of environmental problems and posses significant impact both on biological diversity and the spring water supply capacity as well as soil erosion and other aspects. while the construction of Ecological Corridor has important ecological significance, generally, the corridors posses five functions including Habitat, Filter or Barrier, Conduit, Source and Sink. Ecological Corridor has many functions including the conservation of biological diversity, Ecological Corridors, filter pollutants, preventing soil erosion, sand-fixing, controlling floods and other features. Therefore, a reasonable construction of the Ecological Corridor of Jinan in the southern mountainous area posses great ecological significance.
The paper selected the reasonable classification method of Ecological Corridors, based on the actual situation of the southern mountain region in Jinan, The Ecological Corridor of the southern mountain region in Jinan is divided into three categories: roads Ecological Corridors, rivers Ecological Corridors and ridges Ecological Corridors. At the same time, according to terrain, the southern mountainous region was divided into two regions namely Luquan river basin, Jinxiu river basin which were constructed respectively. Quanlu river basin , Jinxiu river basin ,Jinyun river basin and Jinyang river basin were taken as mountain region when constructed, while other areas in the study area were taken as plain areas.
The main research contents are as follows:
(1) Basing on the establishment of land-use classification system, ETM remote sensing images of southern mountain region in Jinan in 2004 were interpreted by the use of RS and GIS, moreover the land-use databases were established. According to topographic maps and land use map, the roads ecological corridor, rivers ecological corridor and ridges ecological corridor were extracted by arcview3.3.
(2) Determining the reasonable width of ecological corridor According to the study aims:
A reasonable width of roads Ecological corridor in the study area was determined according to road grades,it requires that the width of road ecological corridor is more than 60m due to complex terrain, large slop on both sides of the road in mountain areas ; the area within 200m which is the range of human visual acuity is the most sensitive areas, meanwhile, 200m can meet the requirement of animal's movement and communication and soil conservation, therefore, the east section of express highway circling city that cave forest park, Liubu nature reserve section of provincial highway S103, the reasonable width of roads ecological corridors is 200m,while with high standard green building.
The reasonable width of rivers ecological corridor in the study area is determined by many kinds of factors.In the mountain areas ,for steep terrain and steep slope,so refer to Xia yujiu’s mathmatical simulation fitting to establish the width of riparian forest buffers,its width is calculated as follows: F=10+0.03S2.F is the width of the river buffer,S is the slope.so the mountain river corridors identified as 251m.In the plain area,the width of the river ecological corridors select the currently widely used in 30m.And make reasonable construction based on the river flows through the different functional areas.
The reasonable width of the ridge ecological corridors in the study area,the effective area of 75% forest above of the altitude of 350m.In order to connect the major forest patches betterly,and reference to previous experience,slected more than 350m above sea level as the ridge of the regional ecological corridor area.
(3) The construction of ecological corridors
First select the shape index of ecological corridor R, ecological corridor density(m/km~2), the node density(个/100km~2), connectivity and degree ring index to analysis Jinan Southern Mountain Corridor . The max of density of ecological corridor density is the road ecological corridors,reached to 196.16 m/km~2.the ecological corredor density of River Ecological Corridor and the density of the ridge ecological corridor were 148.61 m/km~2and 114.23 m/km~2; but they has the same node density as an average of 0.96个/ 100km 2. the connectivity of the road ecological corridor of ecological corridor for the maximum,is 0.37.
The construction of Ecological corridor in study area should combined with the type of soil, topography , made construction of the ecological corridor of the specific program. Ecological corridor where the construction of the ridge of the study area by land use types in 2004, map and topographic map overlay analysis of different slope, upward slope farmland, woodland, grassland and barren lands to the statistical analysis. According to statistical analysis of the results made the specific building programs.
引文
[1]赵羿,李月辉著,实用景观生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[2]肖笃宁,苏文贵,贺红士.景观生态学的发展和应用[J].生态学杂志,1988,7(6):43-48.
[3]肖笃宁,从1995年国际景观生态学大会看当前国内外景观生态学发展的现状[J].地球科学进展,1996,11(4):383-387.
[4]Forman RTT.Land mosaics:The Ecology of Landscape and Regions.Combridge:Cambridge University Press,1995b.246.
[5]朱强,俞孔坚,李迪华.景观规划中的生态廊道宽度[J].生态学报,2005,25(9):2406-2411.
[6]俞孔坚,李迪华,段铁武.生物多样性保护的景观规划途径[J].生物多样性,1998,6(3):205-212.
[7]Forman,R.T.T,Godron,M.1986.Landscape Ecology.Wiley,New York.
[8]康相武,潘伯荣,周华荣,干旱区廊道景观及其研究之管见[J],干旱区研究,2000,17(03):64-70.
[9]马国明,曹宇,程国栋,干旱区绿洲廊道景观研究——以金塔绿洲为例[J],应用生态学报,2002,13(12):1624-1628.
[10]官卫华,何流,姚士谋等,城市生态廊道规划思路与策略研究——以南京为例[J].现代城市研究,2007,22(1):51-58.
[11]Ferenc Jordan.Areliability-theory Aapproach to Corridor Design.Ecological Modelling,2000(128):211-220.
[12]李晓文,胡满远,肖笃宁.景观生态学与生物多样性保护[J].生态学报,1999,19(3):399-407.
[13]李静,张浪,李敬,城市生态廊道及其分类[J].中国城市林业,2006,104(5):46-47.
[14]车生泉,城市绿色廊道研究[J].城市生态研究,2001,25(11):44-48.
[15]宗跃光.城市景观生态规划中的廊道效应研究———以北京市区为例[J].生态学报,1999,19(2):145-150.
[16]傅伯杰、陈利顶、马克明等.景观生态学原理及应用[M],科学出版社,2001.
[17]李德华.城市规划原理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[18]Tom Turner,1995.Greenways,Blueways,Skyways and Otherways to a Better London.Landscape and Urban Planning,33:269-282.
[19]Forman R T T.Corridors in Landscape:Their Structure and Function.Ekologia.1983,(2):375~380.
[20]Sukopp.H.and Werner,P.,1982.Nature in Cities.European Committee for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.Council of Europe,Strasbourg,France.
[21]Lena B M Vought;Gilles Pinay;Ann Fuglsang,etal.Structure and Function of Buffer Strips from a Water Quality Perspective in Agriculture Landscapes.Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,31:323~331.
[22]Lowrance R,McIntyre S,LanceC.Erosion and Deposition in a Field/ Forest System Estimated Using Cerium-137 Activity.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1988,43:195~199.
[23]Copper J R,Gilliam J W,Daniels R B,etal.Riparian are as Filters for Agricultural Sediment.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1987,51:416~420.
[24]Grey,G.W.and Deneke,F.J.,1978.Urban Forestry.John Wiley and Son,NewYork.
[25]Budd,W.W.,Cohen,P.L.,Saunders,P.R.and Steiner,F.R.,1987.Stream Corridor Management in the Pacific Northwest:Determination of Stream-corridorWidths.environ.Mange.,11(5):587-597.
[26]车生泉,城市绿色廊道研究[J].城市生态研究,2001,25(11):44-48.
[27]Cook,E.A.,1991.Urbna Landscape Networks:an Ecological Planning Framework.LandscapeTes,16(3):7-15.
[28]王云才,景观生态规划原理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[29]王欣怡,卢光辉,生态廊道在水土保持上的效益[J].资源科学,2006,228(3)193-199
[30]林育真,李玉仙,李永祥等,山东动物地理区划[J].山东林业科技,1995,(1):33-36.
[31]济南市环保局.济南市南部山区水源涵养生态功能区规划[M].济南市环保局,2003,9.
[32]林育真,滕兆乾,辛金先,山东省鸟类资源评价及保护建议[J].山东林业科技.2000,6:33-37
[33]俆敬明,山东的两栖类资源与保护[J].临沂师专学报,1995,17(6):51-52.
[34]Marcelo G,delinma,Claude Gascon,The Conservation Value of Linear Forest Remnants in Central Amazonian.Biological Conservation.1999,91:241-247.
[35]Harrison R.L.Toward a Theroy of in Refuge Corridor Design.Conservation Biology,1992,6:293-295.
[36]Hiroyoshi Higuchi.Conservation Biology,Tokyo:University of Tokyo Press,1996.
[37]徐碧华,郑志华,刘令峰等,高速公路建设对野生动物生境破碎化分析与生态廊道构建[J].交通建设与管理,2007,8:50-53.
[38]王文,于雷,斐文文,等.基于高斯线源模式的主要尾气扩散模型综述[J].交通环保,2004,25(5):7-10.
[39]金均,周安国.公路汽车尾气扩散模式研究[J].上海环境科学,1997,16(10):18-21.
[40]金陶胜,余志.基于GIS的汽车尾气污染扩散仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2004,16(11):2538-2540,2551.
[41]谷清,李云生.大气环境模式计算方法[M].北京:气象出版社,2002.
[42]蔡婵静,城市绿色道路廊道的宽度[J],江汉大学学报(自然科学版):2008,36(4):87-89
[43]Wei-NingXiang Application of a GIS-Based Stream Buffer Generation Model to Environmental policy Evaluation.Environmental Management.1993,17(6):817一827.
[44]Phillips1989e Phillips,J.D.1989e.Evaluating Estuarine Shoreline Buffer Zones for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control.Pages399.
[45]Brazier,J.R.and Brown,G.W.,1973,Buffer Strips for Stream Temperature Control.Forest Research Laboratory,School of Forestry,Oregon State University,Corvallis,OR,9-15.
[46]Budd,W.W.,Cohen,P.L.,Saunders,P.R.and Steiner,F.R.,1987.Stream Corridor Management in the Pacific Northwest:Determination of Stream-corridor Widths.environ.Mange.,11(5):587-597.
[47]Steinblums,I.J.,Froehlich,H.A.and Lyons,J.K.,1984.Designing Stable Buffer Strips for Stream Protection.J.For.,82:49-52.
[48]Cooper,J.R.Gilliam,J.W.,Jacobs,T.C.1986,Riparian Areas a Control of Nonpoint Pollutants.In:Correll,D.L.
[49]Peterjohn,W.T.Correll,D.L.,1984,Nutrient Dynamics in an Agricultural Watershed:Obserbations of the Role of a Riparian Forest.Ecology,65(5),1466-1475.
[50]Gilliam,J.W.,Skaggs,R.W.,Doty,C.W.,1986.Controlled Agricultural Drainage:An Alter native to Riparian be Getation,In:Correll,D.L.,watershed Research Perspectives.Smithsonian In stitution Press,Washington,DC.,225-243.
[51]陈辉,刘鹏,赵文阁,黑龙江省两栖爬行动物物种分布与生态因子关系的分析[J],哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,2007,23(6):87-91.
[52]夏禹九,黄正良,王立志等,林道缓冲带的适当宽度[J].林业试验所研究报告季刊[J].1990,5(3):201-208.
[53]Juan Antonio,Vassilios Andrew Tsihrintzis,Leonardo Alvarez,1995.South Florida Greenways:a Conceptual Framework for the Ecological Econnectivity of the Region.Landscape and Urban Planning,33:247-266.
[54]Pace,F.,1991.The Klamath Corridors:Preserving Biodiversity in the Klamath National Forest In W.E.Hudson,Landscape Link ages and Biodiversity.Island Press,Washington,DC,105-116.
[55]Smith D S,Hellmund P C.Ecology of Green Ways:Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas.Mineapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1993b,58～64.
[56]威廉·M·马什(朱强等译)景观规划的环境学途径[M],中国建筑工业出版社,2006年
[57]黄华兵,基于遥感与GIS的景观类型信息提取及景观格局分析[D],中国科学院研究生院(青海盐湖研究所)2005年.
[58]廖丹青,重庆市主城区林地系统景观结构分析[D],西南大学,2007
[59]王云才,上海市城市景观生态网络连接度评价[J],地理研究,2009,28(2):284-292.
[60]王云才,景观生态规划原理[M],中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[61]和丕壮.道路绿化工程的景观设计[J].西安公路交通大学学报,1999.增刊
[62]董清福,洪丽娟,唐建军等,高速公路建设对路域生态系统中生物的影响及生物廊道设计的意义[J].科技通报,2007,23(2):289-293.
[63]张广义,浅谈山区公路建设的生态环境保护及设计新理念[J].科技情报开发与经济,2005,15(11):114-116.
[64]薛华清,李晓波,重庆山区公路建设生态环境保护及水土流失防治对策[J].重庆教育学院学报,2010,(23)3:19-21.
[65]邓红兵,王青青,王庆礼,河岸植被缓冲带与河岸带管理[J],应用生态学报,2001,12(6):951-954.
[66]Sheridan J M,Lowrance R,Bosch D D.1999.Management Effects on Run off and Sediment Transport in Riparian Forest Buffers.TransASAE,42(1):55~64.
[67]袁重芳,人工湿地生态系统景观模式构建研究[D]重庆大学;2008年.
[68]成水平,人工湿地植物研究[J].湖泊科学,2002,14(2):179~183.
[69]韦新良,乡村森林生态试一下定量评价技术研究[J],浙江林学院学报,2009,26(1):1-6.
[70]刘红艳,孙希华,张玉堂.基于GIS的济南市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价研究[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(2):127-130.
[71]孙希华,GIS在济南市山丘区退耕还林还草决策中的应用[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(5):85-87.
[72]董清福,洪丽娟,唐建军等,高速公路建设对路域生态系统中生物的影响及生物廊道设计的意义[J].科技通报,2007,23(2):289-293.
[73]石磊,傅佑丽,山东省鸟类资源评价及保护建议[J].国土与自然资源研究.2004,1:87-88.
[2]肖笃宁,苏文贵,贺红士.景观生态学的发展和应用[J].生态学杂志,1988,7(6):43-48.
[3]肖笃宁,从1995年国际景观生态学大会看当前国内外景观生态学发展的现状[J].地球科学进展,1996,11(4):383-387.
[4]Forman RTT.Land mosaics:The Ecology of Landscape and Regions.Combridge:Cambridge University Press,1995b.246.
[5]朱强,俞孔坚,李迪华.景观规划中的生态廊道宽度[J].生态学报,2005,25(9):2406-2411.
[6]俞孔坚,李迪华,段铁武.生物多样性保护的景观规划途径[J].生物多样性,1998,6(3):205-212.
[7]Forman,R.T.T,Godron,M.1986.Landscape Ecology.Wiley,New York.
[8]康相武,潘伯荣,周华荣,干旱区廊道景观及其研究之管见[J],干旱区研究,2000,17(03):64-70.
[9]马国明,曹宇,程国栋,干旱区绿洲廊道景观研究——以金塔绿洲为例[J],应用生态学报,2002,13(12):1624-1628.
[10]官卫华,何流,姚士谋等,城市生态廊道规划思路与策略研究——以南京为例[J].现代城市研究,2007,22(1):51-58.
[11]Ferenc Jordan.Areliability-theory Aapproach to Corridor Design.Ecological Modelling,2000(128):211-220.
[12]李晓文,胡满远,肖笃宁.景观生态学与生物多样性保护[J].生态学报,1999,19(3):399-407.
[13]李静,张浪,李敬,城市生态廊道及其分类[J].中国城市林业,2006,104(5):46-47.
[14]车生泉,城市绿色廊道研究[J].城市生态研究,2001,25(11):44-48.
[15]宗跃光.城市景观生态规划中的廊道效应研究———以北京市区为例[J].生态学报,1999,19(2):145-150.
[16]傅伯杰、陈利顶、马克明等.景观生态学原理及应用[M],科学出版社,2001.
[17]李德华.城市规划原理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[18]Tom Turner,1995.Greenways,Blueways,Skyways and Otherways to a Better London.Landscape and Urban Planning,33:269-282.
[19]Forman R T T.Corridors in Landscape:Their Structure and Function.Ekologia.1983,(2):375~380.
[20]Sukopp.H.and Werner,P.,1982.Nature in Cities.European Committee for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.Council of Europe,Strasbourg,France.
[21]Lena B M Vought;Gilles Pinay;Ann Fuglsang,etal.Structure and Function of Buffer Strips from a Water Quality Perspective in Agriculture Landscapes.Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,31:323~331.
[22]Lowrance R,McIntyre S,LanceC.Erosion and Deposition in a Field/ Forest System Estimated Using Cerium-137 Activity.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1988,43:195~199.
[23]Copper J R,Gilliam J W,Daniels R B,etal.Riparian are as Filters for Agricultural Sediment.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1987,51:416~420.
[24]Grey,G.W.and Deneke,F.J.,1978.Urban Forestry.John Wiley and Son,NewYork.
[25]Budd,W.W.,Cohen,P.L.,Saunders,P.R.and Steiner,F.R.,1987.Stream Corridor Management in the Pacific Northwest:Determination of Stream-corridorWidths.environ.Mange.,11(5):587-597.
[26]车生泉,城市绿色廊道研究[J].城市生态研究,2001,25(11):44-48.
[27]Cook,E.A.,1991.Urbna Landscape Networks:an Ecological Planning Framework.LandscapeTes,16(3):7-15.
[28]王云才,景观生态规划原理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[29]王欣怡,卢光辉,生态廊道在水土保持上的效益[J].资源科学,2006,228(3)193-199
[30]林育真,李玉仙,李永祥等,山东动物地理区划[J].山东林业科技,1995,(1):33-36.
[31]济南市环保局.济南市南部山区水源涵养生态功能区规划[M].济南市环保局,2003,9.
[32]林育真,滕兆乾,辛金先,山东省鸟类资源评价及保护建议[J].山东林业科技.2000,6:33-37
[33]俆敬明,山东的两栖类资源与保护[J].临沂师专学报,1995,17(6):51-52.
[34]Marcelo G,delinma,Claude Gascon,The Conservation Value of Linear Forest Remnants in Central Amazonian.Biological Conservation.1999,91:241-247.
[35]Harrison R.L.Toward a Theroy of in Refuge Corridor Design.Conservation Biology,1992,6:293-295.
[36]Hiroyoshi Higuchi.Conservation Biology,Tokyo:University of Tokyo Press,1996.
[37]徐碧华,郑志华,刘令峰等,高速公路建设对野生动物生境破碎化分析与生态廊道构建[J].交通建设与管理,2007,8:50-53.
[38]王文,于雷,斐文文,等.基于高斯线源模式的主要尾气扩散模型综述[J].交通环保,2004,25(5):7-10.
[39]金均,周安国.公路汽车尾气扩散模式研究[J].上海环境科学,1997,16(10):18-21.
[40]金陶胜,余志.基于GIS的汽车尾气污染扩散仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2004,16(11):2538-2540,2551.
[41]谷清,李云生.大气环境模式计算方法[M].北京:气象出版社,2002.
[42]蔡婵静,城市绿色道路廊道的宽度[J],江汉大学学报(自然科学版):2008,36(4):87-89
[43]Wei-NingXiang Application of a GIS-Based Stream Buffer Generation Model to Environmental policy Evaluation.Environmental Management.1993,17(6):817一827.
[44]Phillips1989e Phillips,J.D.1989e.Evaluating Estuarine Shoreline Buffer Zones for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control.Pages399.
[45]Brazier,J.R.and Brown,G.W.,1973,Buffer Strips for Stream Temperature Control.Forest Research Laboratory,School of Forestry,Oregon State University,Corvallis,OR,9-15.
[46]Budd,W.W.,Cohen,P.L.,Saunders,P.R.and Steiner,F.R.,1987.Stream Corridor Management in the Pacific Northwest:Determination of Stream-corridor Widths.environ.Mange.,11(5):587-597.
[47]Steinblums,I.J.,Froehlich,H.A.and Lyons,J.K.,1984.Designing Stable Buffer Strips for Stream Protection.J.For.,82:49-52.
[48]Cooper,J.R.Gilliam,J.W.,Jacobs,T.C.1986,Riparian Areas a Control of Nonpoint Pollutants.In:Correll,D.L.
[49]Peterjohn,W.T.Correll,D.L.,1984,Nutrient Dynamics in an Agricultural Watershed:Obserbations of the Role of a Riparian Forest.Ecology,65(5),1466-1475.
[50]Gilliam,J.W.,Skaggs,R.W.,Doty,C.W.,1986.Controlled Agricultural Drainage:An Alter native to Riparian be Getation,In:Correll,D.L.,watershed Research Perspectives.Smithsonian In stitution Press,Washington,DC.,225-243.
[51]陈辉,刘鹏,赵文阁,黑龙江省两栖爬行动物物种分布与生态因子关系的分析[J],哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,2007,23(6):87-91.
[52]夏禹九,黄正良,王立志等,林道缓冲带的适当宽度[J].林业试验所研究报告季刊[J].1990,5(3):201-208.
[53]Juan Antonio,Vassilios Andrew Tsihrintzis,Leonardo Alvarez,1995.South Florida Greenways:a Conceptual Framework for the Ecological Econnectivity of the Region.Landscape and Urban Planning,33:247-266.
[54]Pace,F.,1991.The Klamath Corridors:Preserving Biodiversity in the Klamath National Forest In W.E.Hudson,Landscape Link ages and Biodiversity.Island Press,Washington,DC,105-116.
[55]Smith D S,Hellmund P C.Ecology of Green Ways:Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas.Mineapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1993b,58～64.
[56]威廉·M·马什(朱强等译)景观规划的环境学途径[M],中国建筑工业出版社,2006年
[57]黄华兵,基于遥感与GIS的景观类型信息提取及景观格局分析[D],中国科学院研究生院(青海盐湖研究所)2005年.
[58]廖丹青,重庆市主城区林地系统景观结构分析[D],西南大学,2007
[59]王云才,上海市城市景观生态网络连接度评价[J],地理研究,2009,28(2):284-292.
[60]王云才,景观生态规划原理[M],中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[61]和丕壮.道路绿化工程的景观设计[J].西安公路交通大学学报,1999.增刊
[62]董清福,洪丽娟,唐建军等,高速公路建设对路域生态系统中生物的影响及生物廊道设计的意义[J].科技通报,2007,23(2):289-293.
[63]张广义,浅谈山区公路建设的生态环境保护及设计新理念[J].科技情报开发与经济,2005,15(11):114-116.
[64]薛华清,李晓波,重庆山区公路建设生态环境保护及水土流失防治对策[J].重庆教育学院学报,2010,(23)3:19-21.
[65]邓红兵,王青青,王庆礼,河岸植被缓冲带与河岸带管理[J],应用生态学报,2001,12(6):951-954.
[66]Sheridan J M,Lowrance R,Bosch D D.1999.Management Effects on Run off and Sediment Transport in Riparian Forest Buffers.TransASAE,42(1):55~64.
[67]袁重芳,人工湿地生态系统景观模式构建研究[D]重庆大学;2008年.
[68]成水平,人工湿地植物研究[J].湖泊科学,2002,14(2):179~183.
[69]韦新良,乡村森林生态试一下定量评价技术研究[J],浙江林学院学报,2009,26(1):1-6.
[70]刘红艳,孙希华,张玉堂.基于GIS的济南市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价研究[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(2):127-130.
[71]孙希华,GIS在济南市山丘区退耕还林还草决策中的应用[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(5):85-87.
[72]董清福,洪丽娟,唐建军等,高速公路建设对路域生态系统中生物的影响及生物廊道设计的意义[J].科技通报,2007,23(2):289-293.
[73]石磊,傅佑丽,山东省鸟类资源评价及保护建议[J].国土与自然资源研究.2004,1:87-88.