吉林省和山东省鹅膏属的分类及肽类毒素的检测
|
摘要
本论文通过对吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU)、中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)及鲁东大学菌物标本馆(HMLD)的共169份鹅膏菌标本的宏观形态及显微结构的观察,描述了吉林省及山东省分布的鹅膏菌27种和2变种,包括3个鹅膏属待定种。吉林省描述了19种(包括变种及待定种)是：毒蝇鹅膏A.muscaria、毒蝇鹅膏黄色变种A. muscaria var. formosa、亚球基鹅膏A.subglobosa、短棱鹅膏A.imazekii、长棱鹅膏A.longistriata、红黄鹅膏A.hemibapha、杏黄鹅膏A.crocea、灰鹅膏A.vaginata、东方褐盖鹅膏A.orientifulva、红褐鹅膏A. orsonii、赭盖鹅膏A.rubescens、黄柄鹅膏A. flavipes、黄盖鹅膏A.subjunquillea、黄盖鹅膏白色变种A.subjunquillea var.alba、鳞柄白毒鹅膏A.virosa、玫瑰红鹅膏A.pallidorosea、雀斑鳞鹅膏A.avellaneosquamosa、待定种2个。山东省16种：可食鹅膏A.esculenta、卵孢鹅膏A.ovalispora、假灰鹅膏A.pseudovaginata、杏黄鹅膏A.crocea、灰褶鹅膏A.griseofolia、灰鹅膏A.vaginata、红褐鹅膏A. orsonii、赭盖鹅膏A.rubescens、格纹鹅膏A.fritilaria、暗盖淡鳞鹅膏A.sepiacea、黄盖鹅膏A.subjunquillea、锥鳞白鹅膏A.virgineoides、日本鹅膏A.japonica、雀斑鳞鹅膏A. avellaneosquamosa和待定种2个。其中《中国真菌志.鹅膏科》中未描述的有玫瑰红鹅膏A.pallidorosea、赭盖鹅膏A.rubescens、鳞柄白毒鹅膏A.virosa、杏黄鹅膏A.crocea及3个待定种。
采用基于LSU序列的贝叶斯分析法进行了本论文中形态学上存在疑惑的10份鹅膏菌的分子系统学研究,其结果基本上与形态分类学研究结果相吻合。通过在GenBank中序列比对及系统发育树的构建及形态学研究得出,山东省的待定种HMLD0565与吉林省的HMJAU20443、HMJAU20469、HMJAU20482是同一个种。A.sp.2是杏黄鹅膏A.crocea的一个近似种。标本鳞柄白毒鹅膏A.virosa及格纹鹅膏A.fritilaria与GenBank中已有的序列相似度达99%及以上。A.sp.1未能扩出DNA。
采用HPLC法,对13种15个鹅膏材料进行了主要肽类毒素即α-鹅膏毒肽(α-AMA)、β-鹅膏毒肽(β-AMA)、二羟鬼笔毒肽(PHD)的检测,并分别测定了剧毒鹅膏玫瑰红鹅膏完整子实体、菌盖、菌柄和菌托混合物中3种肽类毒素的含量。结果显示：含α-AMA的鹅膏菌有暗盖淡鳞鹅膏A.sepiacea、玫瑰红鹅膏A.pallisorosea和A.sp.3;含β-AMA的鹅膏菌有格纹鹅膏A.fritilaria、暗盖淡鳞鹅膏A.sepiacea、攻瑰红鹅膏A.pallisorosea及A.sp.3；含PHD的鹅膏菌有灰褶鹅膏A.griseofolia、格纹鹅膏A.fritilaria、暗盖淡鳞鹅膏A.sepisacea、欧氏鹅膏A. oberwinklerana及玫瑰红鹅膏A.pallidorosea。从HPLC谱图分析,格纹鹅膏A.fritilaria (HMLD0332)和A.sp.3子实体中β-AMA含量较高,可考虑做制备的原料。测定玫瑰红鹅膏A.pallidorosea中α-AMA、β-AMA和PHD三种毒素的含量,三种毒素的含量分别为,子实体中30.3168mg/g、6.9932mg/g和9.9459mg/g;菌盖中44.9573mg/g、11.0798mg/g和11.3025mg/g;菌柄和菌托混合部分中：α-AM A 11.6904mg/g和PHD 7.9775mg/g。可作为制备毒素的原料。还发现玫瑰红鹅膏不同部位的各毒素的含量有所差异,α-AMA在菌盖中的含量为菌柄和菌托混合物中含量的4.43倍,β-AMA则主要存在于菌盖部分,PHD在菌盖中的含量仍高于菌柄和菌托混合部分中的含量。
Through to the obserbations of 169 specimens deposited in the Academy of Science (HMAS), Mycological Herbarium of Jilin Agricultural University (HMJAU) and Mycological Herbarium of Ludong University,27 species and 2 variations (include four undetermined species) were conducted to the morphological descriptions, illustrations and line drawings.19 species described from Jilin province (include variation and undetermined):A.muscaria, A. muscaria var. formosa, A.subglobosa, A.imazekii, A.longistriata, A. hemibapha, A.crocea, A.vaginata, A.orienfifulva, A.orsonii, A. flavipes, A.subjunquillea, A.subjunquillea var.alba, A.virosa, A.pallidorosea, A. avellaneosquamosa,3 undetermined species.16 species described from Shandong province:A.esculenta, A.ovalispora, A.pseudovaginata, A.crocea, A.griseofolia, A. vagwata, A.orsonii, A. fritilaria, A.sepiacea, A.subjunquillea, A.virgineoides, A.japonica, A.avellaneosquamosa, and undetermined 2 species. A.pallidorosea, A.rubescens,A.virosa,A.crocea and 3 undetermined species are undiscribed inanitaceae>
The molecular biology research were conducted to ten Amanitas exists morphological doubt, Based on LSU sequence for the bayesian analysis. Molecular biology results was basically consistent with the taxonomic results. After sequence alignment in GenBank, construction of Phylogenetic Tree and Morphological research,we know that A.sp.3 from shandong province and HMJAU20443, HMJAU 20469,HMJAU20482 from Jilin province were the same species; A.sp.2 is an approximate species of A.crocea. Specimens A.virosa and A.fritilaria and GenBank known sequence was similar and above to 99%. A.sp.1 failed to enlarge the DNA.
Using HPLC for detected the main peptide toxins (α-AMA,β-AMA and PHD) of 13 species 15 Amanitas, and the contents of of them in A.pallidorosea basidiocap, cap, the mixture of stipe and volva were determined separately. The result showed that, A. sepiacea, A.pallisorosea and A.sp.3 containsα-AMA, A.fritilaria, A.sepiacea, A.pallisorosea and A.sp.3 containsβ-AMA; A.griseofolia, A.fritilaria, A.sepisacea, A.oberwinklerana and A.pallidorosea contains PHD. HPLC analysis showed that, the contents ofβ-AMA in A.frililaria (HMLD0332) and A.sp.3 basidiocap can considered to preparation of a raw material.The contents ofα-AMA,β-AMA and PHD in A.pallidorosea were determined, they were 30.3168 mg/g,6.9932 mg/g and 9.9459 mg/g in fruit body, and 44.9573 mg/g,11.0798 mg/g and 11.3025 mg/g in pileus, respectively. The contents ofα-AMA and PHD in the mixture of stipe and volva were 11.6904 mg/g and 7.9775 mg/g, but theβ-AMA was not detected in this part.Can be used as the raw material preparation of toxins. In A.pallisorosea also found the contents of each toxin but contents was different, the contents ofα-AMA in cap was 4.43 times of the contents in the mixture of stipe and volva,β-AMA was mainly exists in cap, the content of PHD in cap still higher than the mixture of stipe and volva.
采用基于LSU序列的贝叶斯分析法进行了本论文中形态学上存在疑惑的10份鹅膏菌的分子系统学研究,其结果基本上与形态分类学研究结果相吻合。通过在GenBank中序列比对及系统发育树的构建及形态学研究得出,山东省的待定种HMLD0565与吉林省的HMJAU20443、HMJAU20469、HMJAU20482是同一个种。A.sp.2是杏黄鹅膏A.crocea的一个近似种。标本鳞柄白毒鹅膏A.virosa及格纹鹅膏A.fritilaria与GenBank中已有的序列相似度达99%及以上。A.sp.1未能扩出DNA。
采用HPLC法,对13种15个鹅膏材料进行了主要肽类毒素即α-鹅膏毒肽(α-AMA)、β-鹅膏毒肽(β-AMA)、二羟鬼笔毒肽(PHD)的检测,并分别测定了剧毒鹅膏玫瑰红鹅膏完整子实体、菌盖、菌柄和菌托混合物中3种肽类毒素的含量。结果显示：含α-AMA的鹅膏菌有暗盖淡鳞鹅膏A.sepiacea、玫瑰红鹅膏A.pallisorosea和A.sp.3;含β-AMA的鹅膏菌有格纹鹅膏A.fritilaria、暗盖淡鳞鹅膏A.sepiacea、攻瑰红鹅膏A.pallisorosea及A.sp.3；含PHD的鹅膏菌有灰褶鹅膏A.griseofolia、格纹鹅膏A.fritilaria、暗盖淡鳞鹅膏A.sepisacea、欧氏鹅膏A. oberwinklerana及玫瑰红鹅膏A.pallidorosea。从HPLC谱图分析,格纹鹅膏A.fritilaria (HMLD0332)和A.sp.3子实体中β-AMA含量较高,可考虑做制备的原料。测定玫瑰红鹅膏A.pallidorosea中α-AMA、β-AMA和PHD三种毒素的含量,三种毒素的含量分别为,子实体中30.3168mg/g、6.9932mg/g和9.9459mg/g;菌盖中44.9573mg/g、11.0798mg/g和11.3025mg/g;菌柄和菌托混合部分中：α-AM A 11.6904mg/g和PHD 7.9775mg/g。可作为制备毒素的原料。还发现玫瑰红鹅膏不同部位的各毒素的含量有所差异,α-AMA在菌盖中的含量为菌柄和菌托混合物中含量的4.43倍,β-AMA则主要存在于菌盖部分,PHD在菌盖中的含量仍高于菌柄和菌托混合部分中的含量。
Through to the obserbations of 169 specimens deposited in the Academy of Science (HMAS), Mycological Herbarium of Jilin Agricultural University (HMJAU) and Mycological Herbarium of Ludong University,27 species and 2 variations (include four undetermined species) were conducted to the morphological descriptions, illustrations and line drawings.19 species described from Jilin province (include variation and undetermined):A.muscaria, A. muscaria var. formosa, A.subglobosa, A.imazekii, A.longistriata, A. hemibapha, A.crocea, A.vaginata, A.orienfifulva, A.orsonii, A. flavipes, A.subjunquillea, A.subjunquillea var.alba, A.virosa, A.pallidorosea, A. avellaneosquamosa,3 undetermined species.16 species described from Shandong province:A.esculenta, A.ovalispora, A.pseudovaginata, A.crocea, A.griseofolia, A. vagwata, A.orsonii, A. fritilaria, A.sepiacea, A.subjunquillea, A.virgineoides, A.japonica, A.avellaneosquamosa, and undetermined 2 species. A.pallidorosea, A.rubescens,A.virosa,A.crocea and 3 undetermined species are undiscribed in
The molecular biology research were conducted to ten Amanitas exists morphological doubt, Based on LSU sequence for the bayesian analysis. Molecular biology results was basically consistent with the taxonomic results. After sequence alignment in GenBank, construction of Phylogenetic Tree and Morphological research,we know that A.sp.3 from shandong province and HMJAU20443, HMJAU 20469,HMJAU20482 from Jilin province were the same species; A.sp.2 is an approximate species of A.crocea. Specimens A.virosa and A.fritilaria and GenBank known sequence was similar and above to 99%. A.sp.1 failed to enlarge the DNA.
Using HPLC for detected the main peptide toxins (α-AMA,β-AMA and PHD) of 13 species 15 Amanitas, and the contents of of them in A.pallidorosea basidiocap, cap, the mixture of stipe and volva were determined separately. The result showed that, A. sepiacea, A.pallisorosea and A.sp.3 containsα-AMA, A.fritilaria, A.sepiacea, A.pallisorosea and A.sp.3 containsβ-AMA; A.griseofolia, A.fritilaria, A.sepisacea, A.oberwinklerana and A.pallidorosea contains PHD. HPLC analysis showed that, the contents ofβ-AMA in A.frililaria (HMLD0332) and A.sp.3 basidiocap can considered to preparation of a raw material.The contents ofα-AMA,β-AMA and PHD in A.pallidorosea were determined, they were 30.3168 mg/g,6.9932 mg/g and 9.9459 mg/g in fruit body, and 44.9573 mg/g,11.0798 mg/g and 11.3025 mg/g in pileus, respectively. The contents ofα-AMA and PHD in the mixture of stipe and volva were 11.6904 mg/g and 7.9775 mg/g, but theβ-AMA was not detected in this part.Can be used as the raw material preparation of toxins. In A.pallisorosea also found the contents of each toxin but contents was different, the contents ofα-AMA in cap was 4.43 times of the contents in the mixture of stipe and volva,β-AMA was mainly exists in cap, the content of PHD in cap still higher than the mixture of stipe and volva.
引文
[1]Kirk P. M., Cannon P. F., Minter D. W. et al., Dictionary of the Fungi 10th[M]. UK:The Cambridge University Press,232008
[2]杨祝良.中国真菌志(第二十七卷)鹅膏菌科[M].北京科学出版社：2005,第一版.1-258
[3]杨祝良.我国的几种毒鹅膏[J].中国食用菌,2002,21(3)：17-18
[4]戴玉成,周丽伟.杨祝良.等中国食用菌名录[J].菌物学报,2010,29(1)：1-21
[5]谢支锡,王云,王柏.长白山伞菌图志[M].长春.吉林科学技术出版社：1986.第一版1-288
[6]李茹光.东北地区大型经济真菌[M].长春东北师大出版社：1998,第一版.102-105
[7]李玉,图力古尔.中国长白山蘑菇[M].北京科学出版社：2003,第一版.8-14
[8]戴玉成,杨祝良.中国药用真菌名录及部分名称的修订[J].菌物学报,2008,27(6)：801-824
[9]卯晓岚.中国大型真菌[M].郑州河南科学技术出版社：2000,第一版.248-253
[10]周繇.中国长白山植物资源志[M].北京,中国林业出版社：2010,第一出版84-85
[11]王策箴.吉林省产致死和易误食的毒蘑菇[J].东北师大学报自然科学版,1984,4：97-112
[12]邓旺秋,李泰辉,宋斌等.广东已知毒蘑菇种类[J].菌物研究,2005,3(1)：7-12
[13]邓叔群.中国的真菌[M].北京科学出版社：1963,第一版601-605
[14]戴芳澜.中国真菌总汇[M].北京科学出版社:1979，第一版.372-376
[15]Zhang ZG, Zhang XY, Li DP.Application of Amanita Toxic Peptides in Life Science Research[J]. Journal of Hygiene Research,1999,28(1):60-63
[16]赵建,张杰,候若彤等.鹅膏毒素的研究进展[J].林产化学与工业,2003,23(2)：90-96
[17]张微思,张志国.程霞等.鹅膏菌属研究进展[J].中国食用菌,2006,25(6)：10-12
[18]孟国良,李凤玲.毒菌毒素及其应用价值[J].生物学杂志,1997,14(75)：28-29
[19]杨祝良.中国鹅膏菌属(担子菌)的物种多样性[J].云南植物研究,2000,22(2)：135-142
[20]Persoon Ch.Tentamen Dispositionis Methedicae Fungorum[M].Lipsiae.P.P.Wolf:1797
[21]Fries E.Systema Mycologicum Ⅰ [M]. Griefswald.Gryphiswaldiae,1821
[22]Hawksworth D.L., Kirk P.M., Sutton B.C. et al. Dictionary of the Fungi8th[M].UK. The Cambridge University Press:1995
[23]Smith AH. Agaricales and Related Secotioid Gasteromycetes.In Ainsworth GC,Sparrow FK,Sussman AS (eds.)The Fungi,an Advanced Treatise, Vol.ⅣB[M].NewYork.Academic Press:1973
[24]Singer R.The Agaricales in Mordern Taxonomy4th[M]. Koenigstein. Koelts Scientific Books:1986,4th edit
[25]Bas C. Morphology and Subdivision of Amanita and A Monograph of Its Section Lepidella[J].Persoonia.1969,5:285-579
[26]Corner EJH,Bas C.The Genus Amanita in Singapore and Malaya[J].Persoonia.1962,2:241-304
[27]Yang ZL. Studies of the genus Amanita from southwestern China (Ⅰ) [J]. Mycotaxon,1994,51:459-470.
[28]Ford W. The distribution of poisonous mushrooms [J]. Sci.,1909,30:97-108.
[29]Tsuguo Hongo. Larger fungi of the province of Omi and Yamashiro(4) [J]. Joum Jap Bot,1953,28(3):69-70.
[30]Geoffrey Kibby.An Introduction to Amanita Section Vaginatae[J].Field Mycology,2003,4(4):126-127
[31]Marco Contua. Revised Key to Amanita Section Vaginatae(Fr.)QUEL.in Europe[J]. Field Mycology,2003,4(4):128-136
[32]Graham Mattock. Some Notes on Amanita in Hampshire[J].Mycologist,1995,9(1):15-17
[33]Derek,A.Reid,Albert Eickers.South African fungi:The Genus Amanita[J]. Mycologia.1991,95 (1):80-95
[34]Eiji Nagasawa,Tsuguo Hongo.New Taxa of Amanita:Threee New Specise and One New Form Western Japen[J]. Mycologia,1984,25:367-376
[35]今關六也,本郷次雄原色日本新菌類圖鑒(I)[M]保育社,1995,115-135
[36]今關六也,大古吉雄,本郷次雄.日の(?)の(?)[M].株式会社山(?)巴溪谷社,1995：140-171
[37]Teng SC. Fungi of Nanking Ⅰ [J]. China. Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Sco.,1932,7(4):85-127
[38]Teng SC. Fungi of Nanking Ⅱ [J]. China. Contr.Biol. Lab. Sci. Sco.,1932,8(1):5-48
[39]Teng SC. Fungi of Cheking Ⅰ [J]. China. Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Sco.,1932,8(1):49-71
[40]Lohwag H. Hymenomycetes.In HENDEL-MAZZETTIH (Hrg.) Symbolae Sinicae.2[M]. Wien.Julius Springer:1937:37-66
[41]Chiu WF.The Amanitaceae of Yunnan[J].Sci.Rept.Natl.Tsing Hua Univ.Ser.B,Biol.& Psychol. Sci.3(3):165-178
[42]王云章.伞菌的两个新种[J]微生物学报,1973,13:7-10
[43]彭寅斌,刘林翰鹅膏菌属一新种[J].微生物学报1981,21：152-153
[44]于亚平.吉林省产：鹅膏科的初步研究[J].东北师大学报自然科学版.1983,51-58
[45]卯晓岚.西藏鹅膏菌属的分类研究[J].真菌学报,1990,9：206-217
[46]卯晓岚.中国鹅膏科真菌及毒素[J]微生物学通报,1991,18(3)：160-165
[47]Yang Z.L.Die Amanita-Arteen von Sudwestchina[J]. Biblioth.Mycol.,1997,170:1-240
[48]卯晓岚.中国经济真菌[M]北京科学出版社：1998,第一版.147-165
[49]Takashi Oda, Chihiro Tanaka,Mitsuya Tsuda. Molecular Phylogeny of Japanese Amanita Species Based on Nucleotide Sequences of The Internal Transcribed Spacer Region of nuclear Ribosomal DNA [J].Mycoscience,1999,40:57-64
[50]陈作红,张志光,张天晓.鹅膏菌属真菌RAPD分析及亲缘关系的研究[J]菌物系统,2000,19(1)：51-55
[51]戴沩田.张平.中国几种剧毒鹅膏菌的ITS序列分析[J].生命科学研究,2006,10(3)：110-113
[52]J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill et al.Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly agaric (Amanita
muscaria)[J].Molecular Ecology,2006,15:225-239
[53]李海波.吴学谦.魏海龙等基于形态特征和ITS序列对7个鹅膏菌属菌株的分类鉴定[J]菌物研究,2007,5(1)：15-19
[54]曹杰,张志国,刘弟等.滇藏地区8种鹅膏菌的ITS序列分析[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版),2009.31(1)：90-96
[55]Kobert R. Phallin, Lehrbueh der intoxkationen [M].Enke,Stuttgart:1893,457
[56]Ford W. The distribution of Poisonous mushrooms[J].Scienee,1909,30:97-108
[57]Raab H,Renz J. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Giftstoffe der Amanita Arten[J]. Hoppe-Segler's Z Physiol Chem,1932,216: 224-229
[58]Renz J.Ueber das Amanitoxin[J]. Hoppe-Segler's Z Physiol Chem,1934,230:245-258
[59]Lynen F., Wieland U. Ueber die Giftstoffe des Knollenblatterpilzes, Ⅳ[J]. Liebigs Ann Chem,1938,33:93-117
[60]Wieland H. Rudolf Hallermayer. Ueber die Giftstoffe des Knoller blatterpilzes,Ⅵ, Amanitin, das Hauptgift des Knollenblatterpilzgiftes [J]. Liebigs Ann Chem,1941,548:1-18.
[61]Wieland T.,Uber dies Giftstffe des Knollenblatterpilez, Ⅶ, β-Amanitin eine Dritte Komponent des Knollenblatter pilezgiftes.Liebigs Ann Chem,1949,564:152-160
[62]Wieland T.,Schmidt G.,WielnadT. Uber Die Giftstoffe des KhollenblatteprilzesⅧ. Liebigs Ann Chem,1952,577:215-233
[63]Sullinva G.,Brady LR.,Tyler V E Jr. Identification of of α-and β-amanitin by Thin Layer Chromatography. PhannSci, 1965,54:921-922
[64]Yocum R R,Simons D M. Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in Amanita Species of the NorthEastern United States. Liodvia,1977,40:178-190
[65]Fualstich H.,Zoboley S., Trischmann H. A rapid radioimmunassy,usng a nylon support,for Amatoxins from A.phalloides tissue[J].Toxicon,1982,20:913-924
[66]Rieck W., Plantt D. High-Perforemence Liquid Chromatography, Method For The Detennination of α-Amanitin and Phalloidin In Human Plasma Using The Column-Switching Technique and Its Application I Suspected Cases of Poisoning by the Grean Species of Amanita Mushroom (Amanita phalloides) [J]. Journal of Chromatography,1988,425:121-134.
[67]Enjalbert F.,Gallion C.,Jehl F.et al. Toxin content,Phallotoxin and amatoxin Composition of Amanita phalloides tissues.Toxicon,1993,31 (6):803-807.
[68]Enjalbert F.,Gallion C.,Jehl F.et al.Toxin composition of Amanita phalloides tissues in relation to the collection site[J].Mycologia,1996,88(6):909-921.
[69]EnjaibertF,Cassanas G.,salhiS L.et al.Disrtibution of the amatoxins and Phallotoxins in Amanita Phalloides, influence of the tissues and the collestion site.CR Acad Sci,1999,322(10):855-862.
[70]Ki Hyun Kim, Sang Un Choi, Ki Moon Park et al.Cytotoxic Constituents of Amanita subjunquillea[J].Arch Pharm Res, 2008,31(5):579-586.
[71]李东屏,张志光黑鹅膏菌(Amainta fuliginea)毒素的HPLC初步分离鉴定[J].生命科学研究,1997,1(1)：41-46
[72]陈作红.张志光,梁宋平等四种剧毒鹅膏菌肤类毒素的HPLC分离与鉴定[J].菌物系统,1999,18(4)415-419
[73]曹福祥灰花纹鹅膏菌肽类毒素的分离纯化及化学结构分析[博士学位论文]长沙：湖南农业大学,2001
[74]曹福祥,张志光,粱宋.β-鹅膏毒肽的反相高效液相色谱分离纯化[J]菌物系统.2003,22(1)118-122
[75]张志光,刘建强,张晓元,陈作红,张在海一种简便、快速测定鹅膏多肽毒素的方法—抑芽法[J].菌物系统.2001.20(3)：381-386
[76]包海鹰.李玉.图力古尔等长白山鹅膏属真菌肽类毒素的HPLC分析[J].菌物系统.2002,21(2)：234-238
[77]包海鹰.图力古尔.李玉.7种鹅膏菌属真菌肽类毒索的HPLC分析[J].菌物研究,2003.3(1)：13-16.
[78]陈作红,胡劲松,张志光等我国28种鹅膏菌主要肽类毒素的检测分析[J].菌物系统,2003.22(4)：565-573
[79]刘军.张杰.曹玫鳞柄白毒鹅膏菌中α-amanitin的分离与鉴定[J].吉首大学学报(自然科学版).2004.25(4)：39-43
[80]魏宝阳,张天陈，作红晓.灰花纹鹅膏四种肤类毒素的分离纯化、结构鉴定与毒性分析[D].长沙湖南师范大学,2005
[81]D. N. Vlaskin, E. T. Gainullina, O. V. Klyuster et al.Express Method for Detection of Amanita Phalloides Amanitine Toxins[J]. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine,2006,141(1):110
[82]邓旺秋,李泰辉.宋斌等致命鹅膏不同生长时期α-amanitin毒素的含量变化[J]菌物学报,2006,25(1)：109-114.
[83]王辉黄盖鹅膏肽类毒素的分离纯化及抗肿瘤活性的研究[D]长春.吉林农业大学,2006
[84]徐璐鹅膏菌肽类毒素的分离纯化及其药理活性的研究[D].长春吉林农业大学,2006
[85]Wieland T.Thetoxic peptides from Amanita mushrooms[J]. International journal of peptide and Protein research,1983, 22(3):257-276.
[86]Fiume I.,Stirpe F. Deceraesd RNA Conten in mouse liver nuclei after intoxincation withα-amanitin[J]. Sperimental,1996, 116:15-25
[87]Stirpe F.,FimueI.Studies on the Pathogenesis of liver necrosis by α-amanitin,Eeffct of α-anianitin on ribonucleic acid synthesis and on ribonucleic acid Polymerase in mouse liver Nuclei[J]. Biocheml,1967,105:779-782.
[88]Lindell T H J.,Weinberg F.et al. Specific inhibition of nuelear RNA Polymerase Ⅱ by α-Amanitin[J].Science,1970, 170:447-449.
[89]Seifart K H., Benecke B J. Multiple RNA Polymerase species from rat liver tussue:Possible existence of a cytoplasmic enzyme[J]. Aich Biochem Biophy,1972,151:519-532.
[90]Montaninis,Sinardid,Praticoc et al.Use of Acetylcysteinea as the Life-saving Antidote in Amanita phalloides Poisoning [J]. Arznei mittelfirschung,1999,49 (12):1044-1047
[91]Grna A. Amanitin and cancera promising hope[J]. OhivzSci,1985,85:38-39
[92]包海鹰.毒蘑菇化学成分与药理活性的研究[M].呼和浩特.内蒙古教育出版社：2006,第一版1-34
[93]Fortin J A. Studies on the systematics of ectomycorrhizal fungi of Amanita Caesarea[J]. Microbiology,1995,120:1250-1261.
[94]Wang M,Trigueros V et al.Proteins as active compounds involved in insecticidal activity of poisonous mushroom fruitbodies[J]. Journal of Economic Entomology,2002,95(3):603-607
[95]刘建强.灰花纹鹅膏菌毒素毒理研究及解毒药物初探[D].长沙.湖南师范大学,2002
[96]Wieland T. Interaction of Phallotoxins with actin[J]. Advance in Enzyme regulation,1977,15:285-300.
[97]Gabbiani G.,Montesano R.,Tuchweber B.et al. Phalloidin induced hyperplasia of Actin Filaments in rat hepatocyets [J]. Laboratory Investigation,1975,33:562-569
[98|Clements F E., Shear C L.The Genera of Fungi[M]. New York. Hafner Publishing Co.1931
[99|Bas C.,D E MeijerA A R.Amanita grallipes,a new species in Amanita Subsection Vittadiniae From Southern
Brazil[J].Persoonia,15:345-350
[2]杨祝良.中国真菌志(第二十七卷)鹅膏菌科[M].北京科学出版社：2005,第一版.1-258
[3]杨祝良.我国的几种毒鹅膏[J].中国食用菌,2002,21(3)：17-18
[4]戴玉成,周丽伟.杨祝良.等中国食用菌名录[J].菌物学报,2010,29(1)：1-21
[5]谢支锡,王云,王柏.长白山伞菌图志[M].长春.吉林科学技术出版社：1986.第一版1-288
[6]李茹光.东北地区大型经济真菌[M].长春东北师大出版社：1998,第一版.102-105
[7]李玉,图力古尔.中国长白山蘑菇[M].北京科学出版社：2003,第一版.8-14
[8]戴玉成,杨祝良.中国药用真菌名录及部分名称的修订[J].菌物学报,2008,27(6)：801-824
[9]卯晓岚.中国大型真菌[M].郑州河南科学技术出版社：2000,第一版.248-253
[10]周繇.中国长白山植物资源志[M].北京,中国林业出版社：2010,第一出版84-85
[11]王策箴.吉林省产致死和易误食的毒蘑菇[J].东北师大学报自然科学版,1984,4：97-112
[12]邓旺秋,李泰辉,宋斌等.广东已知毒蘑菇种类[J].菌物研究,2005,3(1)：7-12
[13]邓叔群.中国的真菌[M].北京科学出版社：1963,第一版601-605
[14]戴芳澜.中国真菌总汇[M].北京科学出版社:1979，第一版.372-376
[15]Zhang ZG, Zhang XY, Li DP.Application of Amanita Toxic Peptides in Life Science Research[J]. Journal of Hygiene Research,1999,28(1):60-63
[16]赵建,张杰,候若彤等.鹅膏毒素的研究进展[J].林产化学与工业,2003,23(2)：90-96
[17]张微思,张志国.程霞等.鹅膏菌属研究进展[J].中国食用菌,2006,25(6)：10-12
[18]孟国良,李凤玲.毒菌毒素及其应用价值[J].生物学杂志,1997,14(75)：28-29
[19]杨祝良.中国鹅膏菌属(担子菌)的物种多样性[J].云南植物研究,2000,22(2)：135-142
[20]Persoon Ch.Tentamen Dispositionis Methedicae Fungorum[M].Lipsiae.P.P.Wolf:1797
[21]Fries E.Systema Mycologicum Ⅰ [M]. Griefswald.Gryphiswaldiae,1821
[22]Hawksworth D.L., Kirk P.M., Sutton B.C. et al. Dictionary of the Fungi8th[M].UK. The Cambridge University Press:1995
[23]Smith AH. Agaricales and Related Secotioid Gasteromycetes.In Ainsworth GC,Sparrow FK,Sussman AS (eds.)The Fungi,an Advanced Treatise, Vol.ⅣB[M].NewYork.Academic Press:1973
[24]Singer R.The Agaricales in Mordern Taxonomy4th[M]. Koenigstein. Koelts Scientific Books:1986,4th edit
[25]Bas C. Morphology and Subdivision of Amanita and A Monograph of Its Section Lepidella[J].Persoonia.1969,5:285-579
[26]Corner EJH,Bas C.The Genus Amanita in Singapore and Malaya[J].Persoonia.1962,2:241-304
[27]Yang ZL. Studies of the genus Amanita from southwestern China (Ⅰ) [J]. Mycotaxon,1994,51:459-470.
[28]Ford W. The distribution of poisonous mushrooms [J]. Sci.,1909,30:97-108.
[29]Tsuguo Hongo. Larger fungi of the province of Omi and Yamashiro(4) [J]. Joum Jap Bot,1953,28(3):69-70.
[30]Geoffrey Kibby.An Introduction to Amanita Section Vaginatae[J].Field Mycology,2003,4(4):126-127
[31]Marco Contua. Revised Key to Amanita Section Vaginatae(Fr.)QUEL.in Europe[J]. Field Mycology,2003,4(4):128-136
[32]Graham Mattock. Some Notes on Amanita in Hampshire[J].Mycologist,1995,9(1):15-17
[33]Derek,A.Reid,Albert Eickers.South African fungi:The Genus Amanita[J]. Mycologia.1991,95 (1):80-95
[34]Eiji Nagasawa,Tsuguo Hongo.New Taxa of Amanita:Threee New Specise and One New Form Western Japen[J]. Mycologia,1984,25:367-376
[35]今關六也,本郷次雄原色日本新菌類圖鑒(I)[M]保育社,1995,115-135
[36]今關六也,大古吉雄,本郷次雄.日の(?)の(?)[M].株式会社山(?)巴溪谷社,1995：140-171
[37]Teng SC. Fungi of Nanking Ⅰ [J]. China. Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Sco.,1932,7(4):85-127
[38]Teng SC. Fungi of Nanking Ⅱ [J]. China. Contr.Biol. Lab. Sci. Sco.,1932,8(1):5-48
[39]Teng SC. Fungi of Cheking Ⅰ [J]. China. Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Sco.,1932,8(1):49-71
[40]Lohwag H. Hymenomycetes.In HENDEL-MAZZETTIH (Hrg.) Symbolae Sinicae.2[M]. Wien.Julius Springer:1937:37-66
[41]Chiu WF.The Amanitaceae of Yunnan[J].Sci.Rept.Natl.Tsing Hua Univ.Ser.B,Biol.& Psychol. Sci.3(3):165-178
[42]王云章.伞菌的两个新种[J]微生物学报,1973,13:7-10
[43]彭寅斌,刘林翰鹅膏菌属一新种[J].微生物学报1981,21：152-153
[44]于亚平.吉林省产：鹅膏科的初步研究[J].东北师大学报自然科学版.1983,51-58
[45]卯晓岚.西藏鹅膏菌属的分类研究[J].真菌学报,1990,9：206-217
[46]卯晓岚.中国鹅膏科真菌及毒素[J]微生物学通报,1991,18(3)：160-165
[47]Yang Z.L.Die Amanita-Arteen von Sudwestchina[J]. Biblioth.Mycol.,1997,170:1-240
[48]卯晓岚.中国经济真菌[M]北京科学出版社：1998,第一版.147-165
[49]Takashi Oda, Chihiro Tanaka,Mitsuya Tsuda. Molecular Phylogeny of Japanese Amanita Species Based on Nucleotide Sequences of The Internal Transcribed Spacer Region of nuclear Ribosomal DNA [J].Mycoscience,1999,40:57-64
[50]陈作红,张志光,张天晓.鹅膏菌属真菌RAPD分析及亲缘关系的研究[J]菌物系统,2000,19(1)：51-55
[51]戴沩田.张平.中国几种剧毒鹅膏菌的ITS序列分析[J].生命科学研究,2006,10(3)：110-113
[52]J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill et al.Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly agaric (Amanita
muscaria)[J].Molecular Ecology,2006,15:225-239
[53]李海波.吴学谦.魏海龙等基于形态特征和ITS序列对7个鹅膏菌属菌株的分类鉴定[J]菌物研究,2007,5(1)：15-19
[54]曹杰,张志国,刘弟等.滇藏地区8种鹅膏菌的ITS序列分析[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版),2009.31(1)：90-96
[55]Kobert R. Phallin, Lehrbueh der intoxkationen [M].Enke,Stuttgart:1893,457
[56]Ford W. The distribution of Poisonous mushrooms[J].Scienee,1909,30:97-108
[57]Raab H,Renz J. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Giftstoffe der Amanita Arten[J]. Hoppe-Segler's Z Physiol Chem,1932,216: 224-229
[58]Renz J.Ueber das Amanitoxin[J]. Hoppe-Segler's Z Physiol Chem,1934,230:245-258
[59]Lynen F., Wieland U. Ueber die Giftstoffe des Knollenblatterpilzes, Ⅳ[J]. Liebigs Ann Chem,1938,33:93-117
[60]Wieland H. Rudolf Hallermayer. Ueber die Giftstoffe des Knoller blatterpilzes,Ⅵ, Amanitin, das Hauptgift des Knollenblatterpilzgiftes [J]. Liebigs Ann Chem,1941,548:1-18.
[61]Wieland T.,Uber dies Giftstffe des Knollenblatterpilez, Ⅶ, β-Amanitin eine Dritte Komponent des Knollenblatter pilezgiftes.Liebigs Ann Chem,1949,564:152-160
[62]Wieland T.,Schmidt G.,WielnadT. Uber Die Giftstoffe des KhollenblatteprilzesⅧ. Liebigs Ann Chem,1952,577:215-233
[63]Sullinva G.,Brady LR.,Tyler V E Jr. Identification of of α-and β-amanitin by Thin Layer Chromatography. PhannSci, 1965,54:921-922
[64]Yocum R R,Simons D M. Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in Amanita Species of the NorthEastern United States. Liodvia,1977,40:178-190
[65]Fualstich H.,Zoboley S., Trischmann H. A rapid radioimmunassy,usng a nylon support,for Amatoxins from A.phalloides tissue[J].Toxicon,1982,20:913-924
[66]Rieck W., Plantt D. High-Perforemence Liquid Chromatography, Method For The Detennination of α-Amanitin and Phalloidin In Human Plasma Using The Column-Switching Technique and Its Application I Suspected Cases of Poisoning by the Grean Species of Amanita Mushroom (Amanita phalloides) [J]. Journal of Chromatography,1988,425:121-134.
[67]Enjalbert F.,Gallion C.,Jehl F.et al. Toxin content,Phallotoxin and amatoxin Composition of Amanita phalloides tissues.Toxicon,1993,31 (6):803-807.
[68]Enjalbert F.,Gallion C.,Jehl F.et al.Toxin composition of Amanita phalloides tissues in relation to the collection site[J].Mycologia,1996,88(6):909-921.
[69]EnjaibertF,Cassanas G.,salhiS L.et al.Disrtibution of the amatoxins and Phallotoxins in Amanita Phalloides, influence of the tissues and the collestion site.CR Acad Sci,1999,322(10):855-862.
[70]Ki Hyun Kim, Sang Un Choi, Ki Moon Park et al.Cytotoxic Constituents of Amanita subjunquillea[J].Arch Pharm Res, 2008,31(5):579-586.
[71]李东屏,张志光黑鹅膏菌(Amainta fuliginea)毒素的HPLC初步分离鉴定[J].生命科学研究,1997,1(1)：41-46
[72]陈作红.张志光,梁宋平等四种剧毒鹅膏菌肤类毒素的HPLC分离与鉴定[J].菌物系统,1999,18(4)415-419
[73]曹福祥灰花纹鹅膏菌肽类毒素的分离纯化及化学结构分析[博士学位论文]长沙：湖南农业大学,2001
[74]曹福祥,张志光,粱宋.β-鹅膏毒肽的反相高效液相色谱分离纯化[J]菌物系统.2003,22(1)118-122
[75]张志光,刘建强,张晓元,陈作红,张在海一种简便、快速测定鹅膏多肽毒素的方法—抑芽法[J].菌物系统.2001.20(3)：381-386
[76]包海鹰.李玉.图力古尔等长白山鹅膏属真菌肽类毒素的HPLC分析[J].菌物系统.2002,21(2)：234-238
[77]包海鹰.图力古尔.李玉.7种鹅膏菌属真菌肽类毒索的HPLC分析[J].菌物研究,2003.3(1)：13-16.
[78]陈作红,胡劲松,张志光等我国28种鹅膏菌主要肽类毒素的检测分析[J].菌物系统,2003.22(4)：565-573
[79]刘军.张杰.曹玫鳞柄白毒鹅膏菌中α-amanitin的分离与鉴定[J].吉首大学学报(自然科学版).2004.25(4)：39-43
[80]魏宝阳,张天陈，作红晓.灰花纹鹅膏四种肤类毒素的分离纯化、结构鉴定与毒性分析[D].长沙湖南师范大学,2005
[81]D. N. Vlaskin, E. T. Gainullina, O. V. Klyuster et al.Express Method for Detection of Amanita Phalloides Amanitine Toxins[J]. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine,2006,141(1):110
[82]邓旺秋,李泰辉.宋斌等致命鹅膏不同生长时期α-amanitin毒素的含量变化[J]菌物学报,2006,25(1)：109-114.
[83]王辉黄盖鹅膏肽类毒素的分离纯化及抗肿瘤活性的研究[D]长春.吉林农业大学,2006
[84]徐璐鹅膏菌肽类毒素的分离纯化及其药理活性的研究[D].长春吉林农业大学,2006
[85]Wieland T.Thetoxic peptides from Amanita mushrooms[J]. International journal of peptide and Protein research,1983, 22(3):257-276.
[86]Fiume I.,Stirpe F. Deceraesd RNA Conten in mouse liver nuclei after intoxincation withα-amanitin[J]. Sperimental,1996, 116:15-25
[87]Stirpe F.,FimueI.Studies on the Pathogenesis of liver necrosis by α-amanitin,Eeffct of α-anianitin on ribonucleic acid synthesis and on ribonucleic acid Polymerase in mouse liver Nuclei[J]. Biocheml,1967,105:779-782.
[88]Lindell T H J.,Weinberg F.et al. Specific inhibition of nuelear RNA Polymerase Ⅱ by α-Amanitin[J].Science,1970, 170:447-449.
[89]Seifart K H., Benecke B J. Multiple RNA Polymerase species from rat liver tussue:Possible existence of a cytoplasmic enzyme[J]. Aich Biochem Biophy,1972,151:519-532.
[90]Montaninis,Sinardid,Praticoc et al.Use of Acetylcysteinea as the Life-saving Antidote in Amanita phalloides Poisoning [J]. Arznei mittelfirschung,1999,49 (12):1044-1047
[91]Grna A. Amanitin and cancera promising hope[J]. OhivzSci,1985,85:38-39
[92]包海鹰.毒蘑菇化学成分与药理活性的研究[M].呼和浩特.内蒙古教育出版社：2006,第一版1-34
[93]Fortin J A. Studies on the systematics of ectomycorrhizal fungi of Amanita Caesarea[J]. Microbiology,1995,120:1250-1261.
[94]Wang M,Trigueros V et al.Proteins as active compounds involved in insecticidal activity of poisonous mushroom fruitbodies[J]. Journal of Economic Entomology,2002,95(3):603-607
[95]刘建强.灰花纹鹅膏菌毒素毒理研究及解毒药物初探[D].长沙.湖南师范大学,2002
[96]Wieland T. Interaction of Phallotoxins with actin[J]. Advance in Enzyme regulation,1977,15:285-300.
[97]Gabbiani G.,Montesano R.,Tuchweber B.et al. Phalloidin induced hyperplasia of Actin Filaments in rat hepatocyets [J]. Laboratory Investigation,1975,33:562-569
[98|Clements F E., Shear C L.The Genera of Fungi[M]. New York. Hafner Publishing Co.1931
[99|Bas C.,D E MeijerA A R.Amanita grallipes,a new species in Amanita Subsection Vittadiniae From Southern
Brazil[J].Persoonia,15:345-350