构建美国外交政策中的女性主义话语
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摘要
女性主义话语是美国女性主义学者从理论研究和实践斗争中得出的知识观和方法论,是解构父权制社会权力结构、构建多元女性身份以及促进各国妇女交流对话的有效工具。女性主义话语汲取女权主义理论的学术精华,从社会性别的视角揭示妇女遭受男权压迫的社会历史根源,并且在此基础上构建女性的政治主体地位。美国各个族裔的妇女都为国家的建立和发展作出了巨大的贡献,但直到19世纪她们仍然处于依附于男性的”二等公民”地位。黑人妇女更是经历了奴隶主、父权统治者和白人女性的多重种族和性别压迫,与第三世界妇女一样面临无数教育、健康和经济问题。女性主义话语揭示出构成美国社会权力等级秩序的种族、阶级和性别关系,强调男女地位的悬殊差距是产生不平等社会制度的重要原因。国际关系女性主义学者以妇女们共同的生活经历为基础,揭示出男权统治者利用白人女性角色规范向其他国家和地区传播西方文明的目的是建立不平等的国际社会权力结构,维持白人男性至上的种族、性别和阶级秩序。女性主义话语解构国际政治理论中的男权话语,并且强调美国国内外的社会性别权力关系是联系美国国内政策与外交政策的重要因素。女性主义国际关系理论是构建美国女性主义外交政策的基本依据。
女性主义国际关系学者从女性主体的人性特征出发,强调身受主流社会排斥的妇女是改变不平等的社会性别权力关系和不平等的国际政治经济秩序,以及建设世界”积极和平”的主体力量。女性主义话语揭示出男权政治统治是导致贫富悬殊以及其他”结构性暴力”的重要原因,并且从国家安全、经济安全和生态安全三个方面构建起自成一体的女性主义外交政策方案。基于以上分析,本论文分四个章节阐述构建美国女性主义外交政策的必要性和合理性。第一章论述”社会性别”概念对于揭示美国内外不平等的种族、性别和阶级权力关系的重要意义；第二章论述女性主义话语构建妇女政治历史主体地位的哲学理论基础和现实意义；第三章论述男权国际政治权力结构的弊端和构建女性主义外交政策的理论依椐和积极意义；第四章阐述女性主义外交话语对于揭示美国”人权”意识形态工具的负面作用,及它对于争取女性人权和推动国际法律政策与组织机构改革的重要意义。女性主义国际关系话语不仅能够克服男权统治者按地缘政治理论划分国家安全责任和势力范围界线,区别种族和阶级地位尊卑的政策给世界生态环境带来的负面影响,而且将有力地促进各国妇女和政策制定者之间的交流对话,帮助她们通过各级妇女组织改进以国家安全为中心的外交政策,以实现国际社会和平与公正。
The feminist discourse is constructed to represent diverse voices of women, and tofacilitate effective inter-cultural communications among women from different countries inthe post-modern era. It draws on the materialist standpoint of feminist theories, analyzesthe historical roots of gender oppression, and regards women as the agency exertingpolitical significances in the development of history. American women in the academicfield have devoted themselves to analyzing the forces contributing to the creation ofpatriarchy and to challenging the established epistemology. They believe that Americanwomen of different ethnic groups have played essential roles in founding the Republic andin maintaining the Republican ideology. Yet women remained dependent on meneconomically as "second-class citizens" devoid of any political rights. In particular, the lifeexperiences of black women under multiple oppressions of slavery, patriarchy, sexism andracism, most closely resemble that of the Third-World women, because they are all under-educated, under-nourished, and mired in poverty. The feminist discourse reveals that maledominance is the ultimate cause for American social hierarchy based on inter-connectedrace, class, and sex relationships. Feminist International Relations scholars attribute themasculine behavior of states, spread of Western Civilization through Anglo-Saxonfemininity, and justifications for unequal international political order to similar racial andsexual oppressions by men at home. Therefore, the feminist discourse has linked upAmerica's domestic unequal race relations with its imperial foreign policy to imposewestern gender roles upon people in under-developed countries.
In line with the feminist philosophy on human nature, feminist International Relationsscholars prioritize the agency of marginalized women for their potential in transformingthe unequal gender hierarchy and uneven political and economic developmentinternationally, in an effort to bring about “positive peace” to the world. The feministdiscourse foregrounds masculine hegemony as an important cause for “structural violence”and for the disparity between the rich and the poor, and proposes the feminist agenda ofAmerican Foreign Policy based on the interconnectedness among national security,economic security, and ecological security. The dissertation is divided into four chapters:Chapter1explicates the meaning of “gender” and its significance for analyzing race, sexand class hierarchies both within and outside America. Chapter2explicates the philosophical and theoretical grounds for constructing the feminist agency. Chapter3discusses the harmful effects of male-dominated international politics, and constructs afeminist discourse on American Foreign Policy based on feminist international theories.Chapter4reveals the emptiness of human rights ideology as an ideological weapon toextend American control all over the world, and argues for the significance of feministdiscourse in transforming international institutions and legal policies. The feminist foreignpolicy agenda not only challenges the geographical politics, which instrumentally dividesthe world into fragmented spheres, but expands the meaning of human rights and facilitatesdialogues and communications between women from diverse backgrounds to rectify themale-centered national security policies.
女性主义国际关系学者从女性主体的人性特征出发,强调身受主流社会排斥的妇女是改变不平等的社会性别权力关系和不平等的国际政治经济秩序,以及建设世界”积极和平”的主体力量。女性主义话语揭示出男权政治统治是导致贫富悬殊以及其他”结构性暴力”的重要原因,并且从国家安全、经济安全和生态安全三个方面构建起自成一体的女性主义外交政策方案。基于以上分析,本论文分四个章节阐述构建美国女性主义外交政策的必要性和合理性。第一章论述”社会性别”概念对于揭示美国内外不平等的种族、性别和阶级权力关系的重要意义；第二章论述女性主义话语构建妇女政治历史主体地位的哲学理论基础和现实意义；第三章论述男权国际政治权力结构的弊端和构建女性主义外交政策的理论依椐和积极意义；第四章阐述女性主义外交话语对于揭示美国”人权”意识形态工具的负面作用,及它对于争取女性人权和推动国际法律政策与组织机构改革的重要意义。女性主义国际关系话语不仅能够克服男权统治者按地缘政治理论划分国家安全责任和势力范围界线,区别种族和阶级地位尊卑的政策给世界生态环境带来的负面影响,而且将有力地促进各国妇女和政策制定者之间的交流对话,帮助她们通过各级妇女组织改进以国家安全为中心的外交政策,以实现国际社会和平与公正。
The feminist discourse is constructed to represent diverse voices of women, and tofacilitate effective inter-cultural communications among women from different countries inthe post-modern era. It draws on the materialist standpoint of feminist theories, analyzesthe historical roots of gender oppression, and regards women as the agency exertingpolitical significances in the development of history. American women in the academicfield have devoted themselves to analyzing the forces contributing to the creation ofpatriarchy and to challenging the established epistemology. They believe that Americanwomen of different ethnic groups have played essential roles in founding the Republic andin maintaining the Republican ideology. Yet women remained dependent on meneconomically as "second-class citizens" devoid of any political rights. In particular, the lifeexperiences of black women under multiple oppressions of slavery, patriarchy, sexism andracism, most closely resemble that of the Third-World women, because they are all under-educated, under-nourished, and mired in poverty. The feminist discourse reveals that maledominance is the ultimate cause for American social hierarchy based on inter-connectedrace, class, and sex relationships. Feminist International Relations scholars attribute themasculine behavior of states, spread of Western Civilization through Anglo-Saxonfemininity, and justifications for unequal international political order to similar racial andsexual oppressions by men at home. Therefore, the feminist discourse has linked upAmerica's domestic unequal race relations with its imperial foreign policy to imposewestern gender roles upon people in under-developed countries.
In line with the feminist philosophy on human nature, feminist International Relationsscholars prioritize the agency of marginalized women for their potential in transformingthe unequal gender hierarchy and uneven political and economic developmentinternationally, in an effort to bring about “positive peace” to the world. The feministdiscourse foregrounds masculine hegemony as an important cause for “structural violence”and for the disparity between the rich and the poor, and proposes the feminist agenda ofAmerican Foreign Policy based on the interconnectedness among national security,economic security, and ecological security. The dissertation is divided into four chapters:Chapter1explicates the meaning of “gender” and its significance for analyzing race, sexand class hierarchies both within and outside America. Chapter2explicates the philosophical and theoretical grounds for constructing the feminist agency. Chapter3discusses the harmful effects of male-dominated international politics, and constructs afeminist discourse on American Foreign Policy based on feminist international theories.Chapter4reveals the emptiness of human rights ideology as an ideological weapon toextend American control all over the world, and argues for the significance of feministdiscourse in transforming international institutions and legal policies. The feminist foreignpolicy agenda not only challenges the geographical politics, which instrumentally dividesthe world into fragmented spheres, but expands the meaning of human rights and facilitatesdialogues and communications between women from diverse backgrounds to rectify themale-centered national security policies.
引文
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3Jaggar, M. Alison, Feminist Politics and Human Nature, VA: Rowman&Allanheld,1983，p.70.
2Jaggar, M. Alison, Feminist Politics and Human Nature, VA: Rowman&Allanheld,1983，p.54.
3Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1981, p189.
4Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.8.
2Jaggar, M. Alison, Feminist Politics and Human Nature, VA: Rowman&Allanheld,1983，p.66.
3Engels，Frederick，The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State: in Connection with the Re-searches of Lewis H. Morgan， Peking: Foreign Languages Press,1978, p.4.
4Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey: Rutgers Uni-versity Press,1983, p.83.
1Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986, p.23.
2Kessler-Harris, Alice, Out to Work: A History of Wage-earning Women in the United States, Oxford Univer-sity Press,2003, p.1.
3Mackinnon, Catharine A., Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1989, p.27.
4Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey: Rutgers Uni-versity Press,1983, p.26.
1Mackinnon, Catharine A., Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1989, p.11.
2Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986, p.48.
3Jaggar, M. Alison, Feminist Politics and Human Nature, VA: Rowman&Allanheld,1983，p.63.
1Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.48.
2Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey: Rutgers Uni-versity Press,1983, p.21.
3Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.376.
1Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey: Rutgers Uni-versity Press,1983, p.20.
2Mackinnon, Catharine A., Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1989, p.66.
3Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.217.
1Weigand, Kate, Red feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women’s Liberation, Baltimore,Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press,2001, p.5.
2Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.375.
3Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,1983, p.123.
1Bernard, Jessie：The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987, p.75.
2Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.142.
1Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.5.
2Millet, Kate, Sexual Politics, New York: Ballantine Books,1970，p.47.
1Millet, Kate, Sexual Politics, New York: Ballantine Books,1970，p.33.
1Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.58.
2Weigand, Kate, Red feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women’s Liberation, Baltimore,Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press,2001, p.1.
1Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.135.
2Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.10.
2Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader, New York: Routledge,2006，p.52.
3Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979，p.29.
1Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.103.
2Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.184.
1Mitchell, Juliet, Ann Oakley, What is Feminism? Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.,1986，p.187.
2Cott, Nancy F.,Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation, Massachusetts: Harvard UniversitPress,2000，p.198.
3Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.131.
1Okin, Susan Moller, Women in Western Political Thought, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UniversityPress,1979，p.16.
2Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.125.
3Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979，p.89.
1Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982，p.33.
2Woloch, Nancy，Women and the American Experience,4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,2006，p.505.
3Elshtain, Jean Bethke, The Family in Political Thought, Amherst: the University of Massachusetts Press,1982，p.268.
4Jeffries, Alison, ed., Women’s Voices, Women’s Rights: Oxford Amnesty lectures1996, Boulder, Colo.:Westview Press,1999，p.29.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.336.
2Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.128.
3Lerner, Gerda, The Majority Finds its Past: Placing Women in History, Chapel Hill: University of NorthCarolina Press,2005，p.xv.
4Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.162.
5Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.134.
1Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.175.
2Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.42.
3Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979，p.88.
4Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader, New York: Routledge,2006，p.83.
5Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.170.
6Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.183.
1Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.226.
2Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.215.
3Woloch, Nancy，Women and the American Experience,4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,2006，p.29.
1Rhode，Deborah L.， The Difference “Difference” Makes：Women and Leadership， Stanford，CA：S-tanford University Press，2003，p.18.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.72.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.111.
2Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.263.
1Hymowitz, Carol Michaele Weissman, A History of Women in America, New York: Bentam Books,1978，p.2.
2Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.265.
3Hymowitz, Carol Michaele Weissman, A History of Women in America, New York: Bentam Books,1978，p.157.
4Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.261.
1Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.62.
2Newman，Louise Michele，White Women’s Rights: the Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States,New York: Oxford University Press,1999，p.5.
1Davis，Angela, Y. Women, Race,&Class, New York: Vintage Books,1983，p.83.
2Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.144.
3Crawford, Vicki L.，Jacqueline Anne Rouse, and Barbara Woods ed.，Women in the Civil Rights Move-ment: Trailblazers and Torchbearers,1941-1965，Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson Pub.,1990，p.53.
1Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.391.
2Ibid.，p.383.
3Jeffries, Alison, ed., Women’s Voices, Women’s Rights: Oxford Amnesty lectures1996, Boulder, Colo.:Westview Press,1999，p.60.
4Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1981，p.232.
5Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.156.
1Marshall, T. H.，Citizenship and social class and other essays，Cambridge：Cambridge University Press,1950，p.18.
2Chappell,Louise The Politics of Women’s Interests: New Comparative Perspectives, London; New York:Routledge,2006，p.197.
3Hirschmann, Nancy J., ed., Women and Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe, NewBrunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press,2001，p.81.
4Deckard, Barbara Sinclair， The Women’s Movement: Political, Socioeconomic, and psychological Issues,New York: Harper&Row publishers, Inc.,1975，p.76.
1Hirschmann, Nancy J., ed., Women and Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe, NewBrunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press,2001，p.5.
2Ibid, p.94.
3Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.259.
4Hirschmann, Nancy J., ed., Women and Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe, NewBrunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press,2001，p.71.
1Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.263.
2Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.384.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1981，p.232.
2Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.269.
1Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.284.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.245.
2Herring，George C.，From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since1776，Oxford：OxfordUniversity Press,2008，p.4.
1Hunter, Jane, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, NewHaven: Yale University Press,1984，p.9.
2Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.236.
1Gray，Richard, After the Fall:American Literature Since9/11[M]. West Sussex: John Wiley&Sons Ltd.2011，p.2.
2Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.105.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.10.
4Sylvester, Christine, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era, New York: Cam-bridge University Press,1994，p.76.
1Wendt, Alexander，Social Theory Of International Politics, Beijing：Beijing University Press,2005，p.4.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.34.
1Sylvester, Christine, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era, New York: Cam-bridge University Press,1994，p.82.
2Sylvester, Christine, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era, New York: Cam-bridge University Press,1994，p.70.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.31.
4Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.148.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.10.
3Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006，p.253.
4French, Marilyn, The War against Women, New York: Summit Books,1992，p.158.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.119.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.4.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.139.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.49.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.43.
4Kirk, Gwyn., Okazawa-Rey, Margo, Women's Lives: Multicultural Perspectives, McGraw-Hill,2004，p.453.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.56.
2Ibid，p.45.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.109.
1Herring，George C.，From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since1776，Oxford：OxfordUniversity Press,2008，p.538.
2Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.33.
3Nye Jr., Joseph S., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower can't Go it Alone,New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.,2002，p.78.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower can't Go it Alone,New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.,2002，p.50.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.152.
3Rose, Hilary, Love, Power, and Knowledge: Towards a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences，Bloom-ington, Ind.: Indiana University Press,1994，p.2.
4Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.150.
5Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004，p.132.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower can't Go it Alone,New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.,2002，p.91.
2Butler, Judith, Elizabeth Beck-Gernsheim, and Lidia Puigvert, Women&Social Transformation, New York:Peter Lang,2003，p.63.
3Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.178.
1Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Arlie Russel Hochschild, Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in theNew Economy, New York: Metropolitan Books,2002，p.16.
2Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Arlie Russel Hochschild, Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in theNew Economy, New York: Metropolitan Books,2002，p.3.
1Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.157.
1Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.73.
2Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.11.
1Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.33.
2Loomba，Ania, Colonialism-postcolonialism, NY: Routledge,1998，p.11.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.56.
1Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Arlie Russel Hochschild, Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in theNew Economy, New York: Metropolitan Books,2002，p.27.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.48.
1Newman，Louise Michele，White Women’s Rights: the Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States,New York: Oxford University Press,1999, p.8.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.47.
3Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.6.
1Herring，George C.，From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since1776，Oxford：OxfordUniversity Press,2008，p.181.
2Hunter, Jane, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, NewHaven: Yale University Press,1984, p.9.
3Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Washing-ton Square Press，2003, p.xx.
1Ledwidge, Mark, Race and US Foreign Policy: the African-AmericanForeign Affairs Network, New York:Routledge,2012, p.17.
2Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.15.
3Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.214.
4李保平.《传统与现代：洲化与政治变迁》[M].北京：北京学出版社，2011，第253页.
1hooks,bell, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism，Boston, MA：South End Press,1981, p.29.
2Schlesinger Jr.，Arthur M.，The Disuniting of America [M]. New York：W.W. Norton&Company，Inc.,1992, p.71.
3Ledwidge, Mark, Race and US Foreign Policy: the African-AmericanForeign Affairs Network, New York:Routledge,2012, p.120.
1hooks,bell, Feminism is For Everybody: Passionate Politics, Cambridge, MA: South End Press,2000, p.3.
2hooks,bell, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism，Boston, MA：South End Press,1981, p.107.
3Roth, Benita Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America’sSecond Wave, Cambridge, UK; New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press,2004, p.9.
4Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader, New York: Routledge,2006, p.194.
5Springer, Kimberly Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women’s Activism, NewYork: New York University Press,1999, p.136.
1Banaszak, Lee Ann, The U.S. Women’s Movement in Global Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Little-field Publishers,2006, p.129.
2Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.75.
3Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.51.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.33.
2Leffler, Melvyn P. and Jeffrey W. Legro, In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Walland9/11, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011, p.155.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004，p.132.
2Leffler, Melvyn P. and Jeffrey W. Legro, In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Walland9/11, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011, p.3.
3Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004,p.ix.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004, p.54.
1Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.125.
2Ibid., p.133.
3Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.40.
4Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.214.
1Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.44.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press,2007, p.13.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004, p.56.
2Nye Jr., Joseph S., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower can't Go it Alone,New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.,2002, p.143.
3Leffler, Melvyn P. and Jeffrey W. Legro, In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Walland9/11, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011, p.157.
4Ivie, Robert L., Dissent from War, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press,2007, p.164.
1Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006,p.135.
1Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997,p.263.
2戴维，夏尔·菲利普.《美国对外政策：基础、主体与形成》[M].钟震宇,译.北京：社会科学献出版社，2011，第55页.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992,p.54.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press,2007,p.157.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower can't Go it Alone,New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.,2002, p.xvi.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.158.
3Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987, p.139.
1Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997,p.70.
2Hymowitz, Carol Michaele Weissman, A History of Women in America, New York: Bentam Books,1978,p.144.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.149.
4Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006, p121.
1Jetter, Alexis，Annelise Orleck,Taylor, Diana, The Politics of Motherhood, Activist Voices from Left toRight, Hanover: Dartmouth College: University Press of New England,1997, p188.
2French, Marilyn, The War against Women, New York: Summit Books,1992, p.161.
1Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.195.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.52.
3Kirk, Gwyn., Okazawa-Rey, Margo, Women's lives: Multicultural Perspectives, McGraw-Hill,2004，p.459.
4Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000, p.72.
5Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987, p.221.
1Sylvester, Christine, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era, New York: Cam-bridge University Press,1994, p.193.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000, p.79.
3Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998, p.144.
1Lerner, Gerda, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1997, p.107.
2Ivie, Robert L., Dissent from War, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press,2007, p.167.
3Ibid., p.154.
4Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.65.
1Sylvester, Christine, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era, New York: Cam-bridge University Press,1994, p.189.
2Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987, p.130.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.55.
1Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Washing-ton Square Press，2003, p.529.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.118.
3Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Washing-ton Square Press，2003, p.539.
4Jetter, Alexis，Annelise Orleck,Taylor, Diana, The Politics of Motherhood, Activist Voices from Left toRight, Hanover: Dartmouth College: University Press of New England,1997, p.151.
1Ivie, Robert L., Dissent from War, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press,2007, p.174.
2Leffler, Melvyn P. and Jeffrey W. Legro, In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Walland9/11, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011, p.154.
3Ivie, Robert L., Dissent from War, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press,2007, p.170.
1Hacker, Louis M., The Course of American Economic Growth and Development, New York: John Wiley&Sons,1970, p.16.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.68.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2001, p.65.
4Enloe, Cynthia, H., Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press,2007, p.44.
5Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.92.
1Leffler, Melvyn P. and Jeffrey W. Legro, In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Walland9/11, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011, p.27.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.72.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2001, p.78.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2001, p.79.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.94.
1Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982, p.33.
2张勇安，美国妇、妇组织与洁净化政治—读《洁净品、饮品和药品的改,1879～1914》，《美国研究》，2008.1.
3Davidson， West James, Mark H. Lytle, Nation of Nations: A Narrative History of the American Republic,V. II, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies,1998, p.767.
4Woloch, Nancy，Women and the American Experience,4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,2006, p.365.
1Gordon, Linda, The Moral Property of Women: a History of Birth Control Politics in America, Urbana andChicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.144.
2Lerner, Gerda, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1997, p.98.
3Cott, Nancy F., Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation, Massachusetts: Harvard UniversityPress,2000, p.198.
4Gordon, Linda, The Moral Property of Women: a History of Birth Control Politics in America, Urbana andChicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.138.
5Lerner, Gerda, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1997, p.98.
1Banaszak, Lee Ann, The U.S. Women’s Movement in Global Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Little-field Publishers,2006, p.204.
2Gordon, Linda, The Moral Property of Women: a History of Birth Control Politics in America, Urbana andChicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.284.
3Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Washing-ton Square Press，2003, p.xxvi.
4Davis，Angela, Y. Women, Race,&Class, New York: Vintage Books,1983, p.210.
5Gordon, Linda, The Moral Property of Women: a History of Birth Control Politics in America, Urbana andChicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.285.
1Lerner, Gerda, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1997, p.96.
2Davis，Angela, Women, Culture,&Politics, New York: Vintage Books,1990, p.56.
3French, Marilyn, The War against Women, New York: Summit Books,1992, p.133.
4Mitchell, Juliet, Ann Oakley, What is Feminism? Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.,1986, p.188.
1Banaszak, Lee Ann, The U.S. Women’s Movement in Global Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Little-field Publishers,2006, p.129.
2Springer, Kimberly Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women’s Activism, NewYork: New York University Press,1999, p.136.
3Springer, Kimberly Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women’s Activism, NewYork: New York University Press,1999, p.134.
4Davis，Angela, Women, Culture,&Politics, New York: Vintage Books,1990, p.58.
1Freedman, Estelle B., No Turning Back: the History of Feminism and the Future of Women, New York:Ballantine Books,2002, p.219.
2Springer, Kimberly Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women’s Activism, NewYork: New York University Press,1999, p.138.
3Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.200.
1Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006, p393.
2Davis，Angela, Women, Culture,&Politics, New York: Vintage Books,1990, p.62.
3Banaszak, Lee Ann, The U.S. Women’s Movement in Global Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Little-field Publishers,2006, p.120.
1Davis，Angela, Women, Culture,&Politics, New York: Vintage Books,1990, p.114.
2Hacker, Louis M., The Course of American Economic Growth and Development, New York: John Wiley&Sons,1970, p.150.
3Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997, p.26.
4Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982, p.4.
1Davis，Angela, Y. Women, Race,&Class, New York: Vintage Books,1983, p.107.
2Ibid., p.108.
3Ledwidge, Mark, Race and US Foreign Policy: the African-AmericanForeign Affairs Network, New York:Routledge,2012, p.127.
4Davis, Flora，Moving the Mountain: the Women’s Movement in America Since1960, New York: Simon&Schuster,1991, p.212.
1Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Global: the International Women’s Movement Anthology, New York: PenguinBooks,1984, p.31.
2Lerner, Gerda, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1997, p.94.
3Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006, p393.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.150.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.98.
2Merchant, Carolyn, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution, New York: Harp-er&Row, Publishers,1980，p.127.
3Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004,p.64.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.101.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.120.
2Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.144.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.112.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.122.
2Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.216.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.118.
4Carson，Rachel，Silent Spring，Beijing：Science Press，2007，p.17.
1Jetter, Alexis，Annelise Orleck,Taylor, Diana, The Politics of Motherhood, Activist Voices from Left toRight, Hanover: Dartmouth College: University Press of New England,1997，p.43.
2Merchant, Carolyn, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution, New York: Harp-er&Row, Publishers,1980，p.165.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.116.
2Kirk, Gwyn., Okazawa-Rey, Margo, Women's lives: Multicultural Perspectives, McGraw-Hill,2004，p.461.
3Jetter, Alexis，Annelise Orleck,Taylor, Diana, The Politics of Motherhood, Activist Voices from Left toRight, Hanover: Dartmouth College: University Press of New England,1997，p.25.
1Merchant, Carolyn, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution, New York: Harp-er&Row, Publishers,1980，p.173.
1Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.4.
2Peck, James, Ideal Illusions: How the U.S. Government Co-opted Human Rights, New York: MetropolitanBooks,2010，p.4.
3Rosen, Robyn L.，Women’s Studies in the Academy: Origins and Impact, Beijing: Peiking UniversityPress,2004，p.507.
1Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York: Simon&Schuster Paperbacks，1994，p.772.
2Cott, Nancy F., Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation, Massachusetts: Harvard UniversityPress,2000，p.197.
3Peck, James, Ideal Illusions: How the U.S. Government Co-opted Human Rights, New York: MetropolitanBooks,2010，p.4.
4Rosen, Robyn L.，Women’s Studies in the Academy: Origins and Impact, Beijing: Peiking UniversityPress,2004，p.505.
1Peck, James, Ideal Illusions: How the U.S. Government Co-opted Human Rights, New York: MetropolitanBooks,2010，p.8.
2Kirk, Gwyn., Okazawa-Rey, Margo, Women's lives: Multicultural Perspectives, McGraw-Hill,2004，p.480.
3Rosen, Robyn L.，Women’s Studies in the Academy: Origins and Impact, Beijing: Peiking UniversityPress,2004，p.506.
1Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.170.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2001，p.91.
2Chappell,Louise The Politics of Women’s Interests: New Comparative Perspectives, London; New York:Routledge,2006，p.209.
3Hartmann, Heidi，Gendering Politics and Policy: Recent Developments in Europe, Latin America, and theUnited States, New York: The Haworth Political Press,2005，p.193.
4Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.112.
1Harding, Sandra, Decentering the Center: Philosophy for a Multicultural, Postcolonial, and FeministWorld, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press,2000，p.37.
1Hartmann, Heidi，Gendering Politics and Policy: Recent Developments in Europe, Latin America, and theUnited States, New York: The Haworth Political Press,2005，p.181.
1Chappell,Louise The Politics of Women’s Interests: New Comparative Perspectives, London; New York:Routledge,2006，p.217.
2Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006，p.384.
3Chappell,Louise The Politics of Women’s Interests: New Comparative Perspectives, London; New York:Routledge,2006，p.226.
4Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Washing-ton Square Press，2003，p.531.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.54.
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1Mitchell, Juliet, ed., What is Feminism? Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.,1986, p.154.
2Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982，p.220.
3Kerber, Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.198.
1Morgan, Robin, ed., Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Wash-ington Square Press，2003, p.xxxiv.
2Roth, Benita, Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America’sSecond Wave, Cambridge, UK; New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press,2004,p.13.
3Cott, Nancy F., Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation, Massachusetts: Harvard UniversityPress,2000, p.4.
1Crawford, Vicki L., ed.，Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers,1941-1965，Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson Pub.,1990，p.93.
2Banaszak, Lee Ann, The U.S. Women’s Movement in Global Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Little-field Publishers,2006，p.54.
3Mitchell, Juliet, Ann Oakley, What is Feminism? Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.,1986, p.28.
4Sylvester, Christine, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era, New York: Cam-bridge University Press,1994, p.59.
1Bernard, Jessie, The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.40.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000, p.174.
1Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998, p.156.
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1Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982，p.60.
1Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982，p.57.
2Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York and London: Rout-ledge,2007，p.145.
1Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982，p.70.
2Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982，p.204.
2Mead，Margaret，Cultural Patterns and Technical Change: a Manual Prepared by the World Federationfor Mental Health, New York: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,1955，p.13.
3Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982，p.233.
4Jaggar, M. Alison and Iris Marion Young, A Companion to Feminist Philosophy, Blackwell Publishers,1998，p.290.
1Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader,New York: Routledge,2006，p.116.
2Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York and London: Rout-ledge,2007，p.17.
3Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader,New York: Routledge,2006，p.197.
4Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York and London: Rout-ledge,2007，p.98.
1Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader,New York: Routledge,2006，p.133.
2Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader,New York: Routledge,2006，p.136.
3Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.136.
1Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.120.
2Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.141.
1Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion ofI dentiyt, New York and London: Rout-ledge,2007, p.12.
2Bertens, Johannes Willem，The Idea of the Postmodern: a History, London； New York: Routledge,1995，p.8.
3Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion ofI dentiyt, New York and London: Rout-ledge,2007, p.178.
1Banaszak, Lee Ann, The U.S. Women’s Movement in Global Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Little-field Publishers,2006, p.54.
2Freedman, Estelle B., Feminism, Sexuality, and Politics: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North CarolinaPress,2006, p.118.
3Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York and London: Rout-ledge,2007， p.13.
3Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader,New York: Routledge,2006，p.141.
1Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.5.
1Butler，Judith，Elizabeth Beck-Gernsheim, and Lidia Puigvert, Women&Social Transformation, NewYork: Peter Lang,2003, p.31.
2Mitchell, Juliet, Ann Oakley, What is Feminism? Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.,1986，p.13.
1Mitchell, Juliet, Ann Oakley, What is Feminism? Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.,1986，p.16.
2Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader,New York: Routledge,2006, p.96.
3hooks,bell Feminism is For Everybody: Passionate Politics, Cambridge, MA: South End Press,2000, p.5.
4Chesler, Phyllis, The Death of Feminism: What’s Next in the Struggle for Women’s Freedom, New York,NY: Palgrave Macmillan,2005，p.107.
1沃斯通克拉夫特，玛丽《权辩护---关于政治和道德问题的批评》，[M].王瑛，译.北京：中央编译出版社，2006，第14页.
2Mitchell, Juliet, Ann Oakley, What is Feminism? Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.,1986，p.19.
3Jaggar, M. Alison, Feminist politics and human nature, VA: Rowman&Allanheld,1983, p.7.
1Butler，Judith，Elizabeth Beck-Gernsheim, and Lidia Puigvert, Women&Social Transformation, NewYork: Peter Lang,2003, p.31.
2Cameron, Deborah, Working with Spoken Discourse, London: Sage Publications Ltd.，2001，p.15.
3Erikson, Susan L., Prenatal Diagnostic Technologies in Germany: Ideologies and Histories of ReproductiveHealth Surveillance, University of Colorado, Ann Harbor: UMI,2001.3022363,p.143.
4Cameron, Deborah, Working with Spoken Discourse, London: Sage Publications Ltd.，2001，p.126.
5Speer，Susan A., Gender Talk: Feminism, Discourse, and Conversation Analysis, London and NewYork: Routledge,2005，p.7.
1Harding, Sandra, Science and Social inequality:Feminist and Postcolonial Issues, Urbana: University ofIllinois Press,2006,p.146.
2Harding, Sandra, The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies, NewYork: Routledge,2004,p.4.
3Harding, Sandra, Science and Social inequality:Feminist and Postcolonial Issues, Urbana: University ofIllinois Press,2006,p.149.
1Harding, Sandra, The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies, NewYork: Routledge,2004,p.6.
2Ibid.，p.324.
3Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader,New York: Routledge,2006, p.18.
4Banaszak, Lee Ann, The U.S. Women’s Movement in Global Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Little-field Publishers,2006， p.54.
1Sylvester, Christine, Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press,2002, p.9.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Securi-ty, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.5.
1French, Marilyn, The War against Women, New York: Summit Books,1992, p.162.
2Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987, p.236.
1Chesler, Phyllis, The Death of Feminism: What’s Next in the Struggle for Women’s Freedom, New York,NY: Palgrave Macmillan,2005, p.5.
2Scott, Joan Wallach，Women’s Studies on the Edge, Durham: Duke University Press,2008, p.46.
3Ivie, Robert L., Dissent from War, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press,2007, p.166.
1hooks，bell，Feminist Theory: from Margin to Center, Cambridge, MA: South End Press,2000，p.1.
2Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader, New York: Routledge,2006，p.194.
1Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998, p.5.
2Harding, Sandra, Decentering the Center: Philosophy for a Multicultural, Postcolonial, and FeministWorld, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press,2000， p.vii.
1Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.5.
2玛丽琳﹒波克赛，《当妇提问时：美国妇学的创建之路》，[M].余宁平、占盛利,译.天津：天津民出版社，2006，p.174.
3Mitchell, Juliet, Ann Oakley, What is Feminism? Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.,1986, p.5.
1Lincoln, Bruce, Discourse and the Construction of Society, New York: Oxford University press,1989，p.3.
2Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader, New York: Routledge,2006，p.122.
3Gilligan，Carol，In a different voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development，Cambridge,Mass.：Harvard University Press,1982，p.xi.
4Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York and London: Rout-ledge,2007，p.3.
5Rosen, Robyn L.: Women’s Studies in the Academy: Origins and Impact, Beijing: Peiking University Press,2004，p.vii.
1Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.vii.
2Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader, New York: Routledge,2006，p.86.
3Kessler-Harris，Alice：Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.12.
4Gordon, Linda, Rosalyn Baxandall, Susan Reverby, America’s Working Women: A DocumentaryHistory-1600to the Present, New York: Random House,1976，p.xxii.
1The Paradox of Change: American Women in the20thCentury, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1991，p.48.
1Bernard，Jessie：The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.110.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000, p.17.
1Sylvester，Christine，Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press,2002, p.7.
2Morgan，Robin，Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Wash-ington Square Press，2003，p.xvi.
3Butler, Judith, Elizabeth Beck-Gernsheim, and Lidia Puigvert, Women&Social Transformation, New York:Peter Lang,2003, p.91.
1Chesler, Phyllis, The Death of Feminism: What’s Next in the Struggle for Women’s Freedom, New York,NY: Palgrave Macmillan,2005, p.21.
2Butler, Judith, Elizabeth Beck-Gernsheim, and Lidia Puigvert, Women&Social Transformation, New York:Peter Lang,2003, p.82.
1Ledwidge, Mark, Race and US Foreign Policy: the African-AmericanForeign Affairs Network, New York:Routledge,2012, p.119.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, The Family in Political Thought, Amherst: the University of Massachusetts Press,1982, p.148
1Okin, Susan Moller, Women in Western Political Thought, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UniversityPress,1979, p.9.
1Gornick, Vivian,&Barbara K. Moran, Woman in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness, NewYork: Basic Books,1971, p.257.
1Okin, Susan Moller, Women in Western Political Thought, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UniversityPress,1979, p.6.
2Elshtain, Jean Bethke, The Family in Political Thought, Amherst: the University of Massachusetts Press,1982, p.164.
3Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997,p.261.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, The Family in Political Thought, Amherst: the University of Massachusetts Press,1982, p.132.
2Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982，p.204.
1Jeffries, Alison, ed., Women’s voices, women’s rights: Oxford Amnesty lectures1996, Boulder, Colo.: West-view Press,1999，p.30.
2Mitchell, Juliet, Ann Oakley, What is Feminism? Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.,1986，p.154.
3Elshtain, Jean Bethke, The Family in Political Thought, Amherst: the University of Massachusetts Press,1982, p.126.
1Hirschmann, Nancy J., ed., Women and Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe, NewBrunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press,2001, p.23.
2DuBois，Ellen Carol and Richard Cándida Smith，Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Feminist as Thinker: a Read-er in Documents and Essays，New York: New York University Press,2007, p.51.
3Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1981, p.232.
4Freedan, Betty, The Feminine Mystique, New York:W. W. Norton&Company,1963, p.155.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1981, p.237.
2Newman，Louise Michele，White Women’s Rights: the Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States,New York: Oxford University Press,1999，p.4.
3Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1981, p.250.
1Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey: Rutgers Uni-versity Press,1983, p.5.
2Crow, Barbara A. ed, Radical Feminism: a Documentary Reader, New York: New York University Press,2000, p.2.
1Jaggar, M. Alison, Feminist Politics and Human Nature, VA: Rowman&Allanheld,1983，p.91.
2Crow, Barbara A. ed, Radical Feminism: a Documentary Reader, New York: New York University Press,2000, p.83.
3Mackinnon, Catharine A., Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1989, p.41.
4Jaggar, M. Alison, Feminist Politics and Human Nature, VA: Rowman&Allanheld,1983，p.92.
5Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.122.
1Freedman, Estelle B., Feminism, Sexuality, and Politics: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North CarolinaPress,2006, p.35.
2Freedman, Estelle B., Feminism, Sexuality, and Politics: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North CarolinaPress,2006, p.22.
3Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.218.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1981，p.217.
2Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,1983，p26.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1981, p226.
2Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey: Rutgers Uni-versity Press,1983, p.96.
3Jaggar, M. Alison, Feminist Politics and Human Nature, VA: Rowman&Allanheld,1983，p.70.
2Jaggar, M. Alison, Feminist Politics and Human Nature, VA: Rowman&Allanheld,1983，p.54.
3Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1981, p189.
4Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.8.
2Jaggar, M. Alison, Feminist Politics and Human Nature, VA: Rowman&Allanheld,1983，p.66.
3Engels，Frederick，The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State: in Connection with the Re-searches of Lewis H. Morgan， Peking: Foreign Languages Press,1978, p.4.
4Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey: Rutgers Uni-versity Press,1983, p.83.
1Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986, p.23.
2Kessler-Harris, Alice, Out to Work: A History of Wage-earning Women in the United States, Oxford Univer-sity Press,2003, p.1.
3Mackinnon, Catharine A., Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1989, p.27.
4Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey: Rutgers Uni-versity Press,1983, p.26.
1Mackinnon, Catharine A., Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1989, p.11.
2Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986, p.48.
3Jaggar, M. Alison, Feminist Politics and Human Nature, VA: Rowman&Allanheld,1983，p.63.
1Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.48.
2Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey: Rutgers Uni-versity Press,1983, p.21.
3Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.376.
1Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey: Rutgers Uni-versity Press,1983, p.20.
2Mackinnon, Catharine A., Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1989, p.66.
3Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.217.
1Weigand, Kate, Red feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women’s Liberation, Baltimore,Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press,2001, p.5.
2Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979, p.375.
3Vogel, Lise, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,1983, p.123.
1Bernard, Jessie：The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987, p.75.
2Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.142.
1Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.5.
2Millet, Kate, Sexual Politics, New York: Ballantine Books,1970，p.47.
1Millet, Kate, Sexual Politics, New York: Ballantine Books,1970，p.33.
1Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.58.
2Weigand, Kate, Red feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women’s Liberation, Baltimore,Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press,2001, p.1.
1Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.135.
2Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.10.
2Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader, New York: Routledge,2006，p.52.
3Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979，p.29.
1Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.103.
2Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.184.
1Mitchell, Juliet, Ann Oakley, What is Feminism? Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.,1986，p.187.
2Cott, Nancy F.,Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation, Massachusetts: Harvard UniversitPress,2000，p.198.
3Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.131.
1Okin, Susan Moller, Women in Western Political Thought, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UniversityPress,1979，p.16.
2Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.125.
3Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979，p.89.
1Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982，p.33.
2Woloch, Nancy，Women and the American Experience,4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,2006，p.505.
3Elshtain, Jean Bethke, The Family in Political Thought, Amherst: the University of Massachusetts Press,1982，p.268.
4Jeffries, Alison, ed., Women’s Voices, Women’s Rights: Oxford Amnesty lectures1996, Boulder, Colo.:Westview Press,1999，p.29.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.336.
2Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.128.
3Lerner, Gerda, The Majority Finds its Past: Placing Women in History, Chapel Hill: University of NorthCarolina Press,2005，p.xv.
4Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.162.
5Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.134.
1Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.175.
2Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.42.
3Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Re-view Press,1979，p.88.
4Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader, New York: Routledge,2006，p.83.
5Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.170.
6Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.183.
1Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.226.
2Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press,1986，p.215.
3Woloch, Nancy，Women and the American Experience,4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,2006，p.29.
1Rhode，Deborah L.， The Difference “Difference” Makes：Women and Leadership， Stanford，CA：S-tanford University Press，2003，p.18.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.72.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.111.
2Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.263.
1Hymowitz, Carol Michaele Weissman, A History of Women in America, New York: Bentam Books,1978，p.2.
2Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.265.
3Hymowitz, Carol Michaele Weissman, A History of Women in America, New York: Bentam Books,1978，p.157.
4Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.261.
1Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997，p.62.
2Newman，Louise Michele，White Women’s Rights: the Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States,New York: Oxford University Press,1999，p.5.
1Davis，Angela, Y. Women, Race,&Class, New York: Vintage Books,1983，p.83.
2Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.144.
3Crawford, Vicki L.，Jacqueline Anne Rouse, and Barbara Woods ed.，Women in the Civil Rights Move-ment: Trailblazers and Torchbearers,1941-1965，Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson Pub.,1990，p.53.
1Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.391.
2Ibid.，p.383.
3Jeffries, Alison, ed., Women’s Voices, Women’s Rights: Oxford Amnesty lectures1996, Boulder, Colo.:Westview Press,1999，p.60.
4Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1981，p.232.
5Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.156.
1Marshall, T. H.，Citizenship and social class and other essays，Cambridge：Cambridge University Press,1950，p.18.
2Chappell,Louise The Politics of Women’s Interests: New Comparative Perspectives, London; New York:Routledge,2006，p.197.
3Hirschmann, Nancy J., ed., Women and Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe, NewBrunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press,2001，p.81.
4Deckard, Barbara Sinclair， The Women’s Movement: Political, Socioeconomic, and psychological Issues,New York: Harper&Row publishers, Inc.,1975，p.76.
1Hirschmann, Nancy J., ed., Women and Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe, NewBrunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press,2001，p.5.
2Ibid, p.94.
3Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.259.
4Hirschmann, Nancy J., ed., Women and Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe, NewBrunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press,2001，p.71.
1Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.263.
2Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998，p.384.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1981，p.232.
2Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.269.
1Kessler-Harris, Alice, Gendering Labor History, Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007，p.284.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.245.
2Herring，George C.，From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since1776，Oxford：OxfordUniversity Press,2008，p.4.
1Hunter, Jane, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, NewHaven: Yale University Press,1984，p.9.
2Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.236.
1Gray，Richard, After the Fall:American Literature Since9/11[M]. West Sussex: John Wiley&Sons Ltd.2011，p.2.
2Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.105.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.10.
4Sylvester, Christine, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era, New York: Cam-bridge University Press,1994，p.76.
1Wendt, Alexander，Social Theory Of International Politics, Beijing：Beijing University Press,2005，p.4.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.34.
1Sylvester, Christine, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era, New York: Cam-bridge University Press,1994，p.82.
2Sylvester, Christine, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era, New York: Cam-bridge University Press,1994，p.70.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.31.
4Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.148.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.10.
3Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006，p.253.
4French, Marilyn, The War against Women, New York: Summit Books,1992，p.158.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.119.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.4.
1Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.139.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.49.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.43.
4Kirk, Gwyn., Okazawa-Rey, Margo, Women's Lives: Multicultural Perspectives, McGraw-Hill,2004，p.453.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.56.
2Ibid，p.45.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.109.
1Herring，George C.，From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since1776，Oxford：OxfordUniversity Press,2008，p.538.
2Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.33.
3Nye Jr., Joseph S., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower can't Go it Alone,New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.,2002，p.78.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower can't Go it Alone,New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.,2002，p.50.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.152.
3Rose, Hilary, Love, Power, and Knowledge: Towards a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences，Bloom-ington, Ind.: Indiana University Press,1994，p.2.
4Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.150.
5Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004，p.132.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower can't Go it Alone,New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.,2002，p.91.
2Butler, Judith, Elizabeth Beck-Gernsheim, and Lidia Puigvert, Women&Social Transformation, New York:Peter Lang,2003，p.63.
3Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.178.
1Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Arlie Russel Hochschild, Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in theNew Economy, New York: Metropolitan Books,2002，p.16.
2Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Arlie Russel Hochschild, Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in theNew Economy, New York: Metropolitan Books,2002，p.3.
1Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.157.
1Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.73.
2Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.11.
1Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.33.
2Loomba，Ania, Colonialism-postcolonialism, NY: Routledge,1998，p.11.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.56.
1Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Arlie Russel Hochschild, Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in theNew Economy, New York: Metropolitan Books,2002，p.27.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.48.
1Newman，Louise Michele，White Women’s Rights: the Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States,New York: Oxford University Press,1999, p.8.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.47.
3Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987，p.6.
1Herring，George C.，From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since1776，Oxford：OxfordUniversity Press,2008，p.181.
2Hunter, Jane, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, NewHaven: Yale University Press,1984, p.9.
3Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Washing-ton Square Press，2003, p.xx.
1Ledwidge, Mark, Race and US Foreign Policy: the African-AmericanForeign Affairs Network, New York:Routledge,2012, p.17.
2Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.15.
3Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.214.
4李保平.《传统与现代：洲化与政治变迁》[M].北京：北京学出版社，2011，第253页.
1hooks,bell, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism，Boston, MA：South End Press,1981, p.29.
2Schlesinger Jr.，Arthur M.，The Disuniting of America [M]. New York：W.W. Norton&Company，Inc.,1992, p.71.
3Ledwidge, Mark, Race and US Foreign Policy: the African-AmericanForeign Affairs Network, New York:Routledge,2012, p.120.
1hooks,bell, Feminism is For Everybody: Passionate Politics, Cambridge, MA: South End Press,2000, p.3.
2hooks,bell, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism，Boston, MA：South End Press,1981, p.107.
3Roth, Benita Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America’sSecond Wave, Cambridge, UK; New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press,2004, p.9.
4Morgan,Sue, The Feminist History Reader, New York: Routledge,2006, p.194.
5Springer, Kimberly Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women’s Activism, NewYork: New York University Press,1999, p.136.
1Banaszak, Lee Ann, The U.S. Women’s Movement in Global Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Little-field Publishers,2006, p.129.
2Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.75.
3Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.51.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.33.
2Leffler, Melvyn P. and Jeffrey W. Legro, In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Walland9/11, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011, p.155.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004，p.132.
2Leffler, Melvyn P. and Jeffrey W. Legro, In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Walland9/11, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011, p.3.
3Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004,p.ix.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004, p.54.
1Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.125.
2Ibid., p.133.
3Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.40.
4Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.214.
1Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.44.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press,2007, p.13.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004, p.56.
2Nye Jr., Joseph S., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower can't Go it Alone,New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.,2002, p.143.
3Leffler, Melvyn P. and Jeffrey W. Legro, In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Walland9/11, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011, p.157.
4Ivie, Robert L., Dissent from War, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press,2007, p.164.
1Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006,p.135.
1Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997,p.263.
2戴维，夏尔·菲利普.《美国对外政策：基础、主体与形成》[M].钟震宇,译.北京：社会科学献出版社，2011，第55页.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992,p.54.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press,2007,p.157.
1Nye Jr., Joseph S., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower can't Go it Alone,New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.,2002, p.xvi.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.158.
3Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987, p.139.
1Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997,p.70.
2Hymowitz, Carol Michaele Weissman, A History of Women in America, New York: Bentam Books,1978,p.144.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.149.
4Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006, p121.
1Jetter, Alexis，Annelise Orleck,Taylor, Diana, The Politics of Motherhood, Activist Voices from Left toRight, Hanover: Dartmouth College: University Press of New England,1997, p188.
2French, Marilyn, The War against Women, New York: Summit Books,1992, p.161.
1Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.195.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.52.
3Kirk, Gwyn., Okazawa-Rey, Margo, Women's lives: Multicultural Perspectives, McGraw-Hill,2004，p.459.
4Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000, p.72.
5Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987, p.221.
1Sylvester, Christine, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era, New York: Cam-bridge University Press,1994, p.193.
2Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000, p.79.
3Phillips, Anne, Feminism and Politics, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,1998, p.144.
1Lerner, Gerda, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1997, p.107.
2Ivie, Robert L., Dissent from War, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press,2007, p.167.
3Ibid., p.154.
4Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.65.
1Sylvester, Christine, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era, New York: Cam-bridge University Press,1994, p.189.
2Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, New York: Basic Books, Inc.,1987, p.130.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.55.
1Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Washing-ton Square Press，2003, p.529.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.118.
3Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Washing-ton Square Press，2003, p.539.
4Jetter, Alexis，Annelise Orleck,Taylor, Diana, The Politics of Motherhood, Activist Voices from Left toRight, Hanover: Dartmouth College: University Press of New England,1997, p.151.
1Ivie, Robert L., Dissent from War, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press,2007, p.174.
2Leffler, Melvyn P. and Jeffrey W. Legro, In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Walland9/11, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011, p.154.
3Ivie, Robert L., Dissent from War, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press,2007, p.170.
1Hacker, Louis M., The Course of American Economic Growth and Development, New York: John Wiley&Sons,1970, p.16.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.68.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2001, p.65.
4Enloe, Cynthia, H., Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press,2007, p.44.
5Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.92.
1Leffler, Melvyn P. and Jeffrey W. Legro, In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Walland9/11, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011, p.27.
2Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.72.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2001, p.78.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2001, p.79.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992, p.94.
1Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982, p.33.
2张勇安，美国妇、妇组织与洁净化政治—读《洁净品、饮品和药品的改,1879～1914》，《美国研究》，2008.1.
3Davidson， West James, Mark H. Lytle, Nation of Nations: A Narrative History of the American Republic,V. II, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies,1998, p.767.
4Woloch, Nancy，Women and the American Experience,4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,2006, p.365.
1Gordon, Linda, The Moral Property of Women: a History of Birth Control Politics in America, Urbana andChicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.144.
2Lerner, Gerda, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1997, p.98.
3Cott, Nancy F., Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation, Massachusetts: Harvard UniversityPress,2000, p.198.
4Gordon, Linda, The Moral Property of Women: a History of Birth Control Politics in America, Urbana andChicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.138.
5Lerner, Gerda, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1997, p.98.
1Banaszak, Lee Ann, The U.S. Women’s Movement in Global Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Little-field Publishers,2006, p.204.
2Gordon, Linda, The Moral Property of Women: a History of Birth Control Politics in America, Urbana andChicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.284.
3Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Washing-ton Square Press，2003, p.xxvi.
4Davis，Angela, Y. Women, Race,&Class, New York: Vintage Books,1983, p.210.
5Gordon, Linda, The Moral Property of Women: a History of Birth Control Politics in America, Urbana andChicago: University of Illinois Press,2002, p.285.
1Lerner, Gerda, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1997, p.96.
2Davis，Angela, Women, Culture,&Politics, New York: Vintage Books,1990, p.56.
3French, Marilyn, The War against Women, New York: Summit Books,1992, p.133.
4Mitchell, Juliet, Ann Oakley, What is Feminism? Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.,1986, p.188.
1Banaszak, Lee Ann, The U.S. Women’s Movement in Global Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Little-field Publishers,2006, p.129.
2Springer, Kimberly Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women’s Activism, NewYork: New York University Press,1999, p.136.
3Springer, Kimberly Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women’s Activism, NewYork: New York University Press,1999, p.134.
4Davis，Angela, Women, Culture,&Politics, New York: Vintage Books,1990, p.58.
1Freedman, Estelle B., No Turning Back: the History of Feminism and the Future of Women, New York:Ballantine Books,2002, p.219.
2Springer, Kimberly Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women’s Activism, NewYork: New York University Press,1999, p.138.
3Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.200.
1Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006, p393.
2Davis，Angela, Women, Culture,&Politics, New York: Vintage Books,1990, p.62.
3Banaszak, Lee Ann, The U.S. Women’s Movement in Global Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Little-field Publishers,2006, p.120.
1Davis，Angela, Women, Culture,&Politics, New York: Vintage Books,1990, p.114.
2Hacker, Louis M., The Course of American Economic Growth and Development, New York: John Wiley&Sons,1970, p.150.
3Kerber,Linda K., Toward an Intellectual History of Women: Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press,1997, p.26.
4Rosenberg, Rosalind, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1982, p.4.
1Davis，Angela, Y. Women, Race,&Class, New York: Vintage Books,1983, p.107.
2Ibid., p.108.
3Ledwidge, Mark, Race and US Foreign Policy: the African-AmericanForeign Affairs Network, New York:Routledge,2012, p.127.
4Davis, Flora，Moving the Mountain: the Women’s Movement in America Since1960, New York: Simon&Schuster,1991, p.212.
1Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Global: the International Women’s Movement Anthology, New York: PenguinBooks,1984, p.31.
2Lerner, Gerda, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1997, p.94.
3Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006, p393.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Laura Sjoberg, Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past,Present and Future，New York: Routledge,2011，p.150.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.98.
2Merchant, Carolyn, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution, New York: Harp-er&Row, Publishers,1980，p.127.
3Nye Jr., Joseph S., Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics, New York: PublicAffairs,2004,p.64.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.101.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.120.
2Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.144.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.112.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.122.
2Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World,2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: Routledge,2005，p.216.
3Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.118.
4Carson，Rachel，Silent Spring，Beijing：Science Press，2007，p.17.
1Jetter, Alexis，Annelise Orleck,Taylor, Diana, The Politics of Motherhood, Activist Voices from Left toRight, Hanover: Dartmouth College: University Press of New England,1997，p.43.
2Merchant, Carolyn, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution, New York: Harp-er&Row, Publishers,1980，p.165.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.116.
2Kirk, Gwyn., Okazawa-Rey, Margo, Women's lives: Multicultural Perspectives, McGraw-Hill,2004，p.461.
3Jetter, Alexis，Annelise Orleck,Taylor, Diana, The Politics of Motherhood, Activist Voices from Left toRight, Hanover: Dartmouth College: University Press of New England,1997，p.25.
1Merchant, Carolyn, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution, New York: Harp-er&Row, Publishers,1980，p.173.
1Enloe, Cynthia, H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Univer-sity of California Press,2000，p.4.
2Peck, James, Ideal Illusions: How the U.S. Government Co-opted Human Rights, New York: MetropolitanBooks,2010，p.4.
3Rosen, Robyn L.，Women’s Studies in the Academy: Origins and Impact, Beijing: Peiking UniversityPress,2004，p.507.
1Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York: Simon&Schuster Paperbacks，1994，p.772.
2Cott, Nancy F., Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation, Massachusetts: Harvard UniversityPress,2000，p.197.
3Peck, James, Ideal Illusions: How the U.S. Government Co-opted Human Rights, New York: MetropolitanBooks,2010，p.4.
4Rosen, Robyn L.，Women’s Studies in the Academy: Origins and Impact, Beijing: Peiking UniversityPress,2004，p.505.
1Peck, James, Ideal Illusions: How the U.S. Government Co-opted Human Rights, New York: MetropolitanBooks,2010，p.8.
2Kirk, Gwyn., Okazawa-Rey, Margo, Women's lives: Multicultural Perspectives, McGraw-Hill,2004，p.480.
3Rosen, Robyn L.，Women’s Studies in the Academy: Origins and Impact, Beijing: Peiking UniversityPress,2004，p.506.
1Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.170.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, New York:Columbia University Press,2001，p.91.
2Chappell,Louise The Politics of Women’s Interests: New Comparative Perspectives, London; New York:Routledge,2006，p.209.
3Hartmann, Heidi，Gendering Politics and Policy: Recent Developments in Europe, Latin America, and theUnited States, New York: The Haworth Political Press,2005，p.193.
4Bernard,Jessie，The Female World from a Global Perspective, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1987，p.112.
1Harding, Sandra, Decentering the Center: Philosophy for a Multicultural, Postcolonial, and FeministWorld, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press,2000，p.37.
1Hartmann, Heidi，Gendering Politics and Policy: Recent Developments in Europe, Latin America, and theUnited States, New York: The Haworth Political Press,2005，p.181.
1Chappell,Louise The Politics of Women’s Interests: New Comparative Perspectives, London; New York:Routledge,2006，p.217.
2Rourke, John T., Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage, New York: the McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc.,2006，p.384.
3Chappell,Louise The Politics of Women’s Interests: New Comparative Perspectives, London; New York:Routledge,2006，p.226.
4Morgan, Robin, Sisterhood is Forever: the Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium, New York: Washing-ton Square Press，2003，p.531.
1Tickner, J. Ann, Gender In international Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,1992，p.54.
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