磷对幼建鲤生长性能、消化吸收功能、免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响
|
摘要
本试验主要研究磷对幼建鲤生长性能,消化吸收功能和免疫功能及抗氧化功能的影响。试验选择1200尾健康的幼建鲤(初重为7.17±0.01 g)平均分成6个处理,每处理设4个重复,每个重复50尾,分别饲喂含有效磷0.17%,0.36%,0.55%,0.73%,0.92%和1.10%的实用饲料。9周生长试验结束后,每个处理选取30尾鱼用嗜水气单胞菌攻毒,试验期为17天。
试验结果表明：磷可以极显著P<0.01)或显著P<0.05)影响幼建鲤特异性生长率(SGR),采食量(FI),饲料效率(FE),蛋白质效率比(PER),蛋白沉积率(PPV),脂肪沉积率(LPV),灰分沉积率(APV),肝胰脏重量(HSW),肝胰脏蛋白含量(HPC),肠重(ISW),肠长(IL),肠碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性,肠Na+,K+-ATP酶(Na+,K+-ATPase)活性,肠γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活性,肠肌酸激酶(CK)活性,肠和肝胰脏胰蛋白酶活性,肠和肝胰脏脂肪酶活性,肠和肝胰脏淀粉酶活性,肠和肝胰脏糜蛋白酶活性。同时,磷也能极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)影响免疫器官重量,血液血细胞数量,攻毒后成活率,白细胞吞噬率,血清酸性磷酸酶,溶菌酶活力和血清总铁结合力。磷还可以极显著(P<0.01)或显著P<0.05)影响幼建鲤肠道内乳酸杆菌,大肠杆菌和气单胞菌的数量及血清、肝胰脏、肠道和肌肉中丙二醛(MDA)含量、蛋白羰基含量、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力、抗超氧阴离子(ASA)活力、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、抗羟自由基(AHR)活力。相关分析表明：特异性生长率与肝胰脏及肠道的生长发育和肠蛋白酶、肠淀粉酶及吸收酶活性呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与肠脂肪酶呈极显著(P<0.01)负相关。饲料效率与肝胰脏和肠道生长发育及肝胰脏淀粉酶、肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶及吸收酶呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与肠脂肪酶呈显著(P<0.05)负相关。血清丙二醛含量与谷胱甘肽硫转移酶活力、还原型谷胱甘肽含量呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与谷胱甘肽还原酶活力、过氧化氢酶活力、超氧化物歧化酶活力、抗羟自由基能力呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)负相关。
综上所述,磷能够促进幼建鲤的生长和提高饲料利用效率。磷可以增强水生动物消化吸收能力。水生动物消化吸收能力的提高与磷提高胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶及碱性磷酸酶、肌酸激酶、γ-谷胺酰转肽酶和钠,钾三磷酸腺苷酶活性以及促进消化器官的生长发育有关。磷可以通过提高白细胞吞噬作用,溶菌作用和微生物抑制物的抑菌能力从而增强水生动物非特异性免疫力。磷还能通过提高幼建鲤组织清除超氧阴离子和脂质过氧化产物的能力,提高机体抗脂质和蛋白质氧化损伤的能力。用折线法,以SGR为标识,在本试验条件下体重7.17-63.8 g的幼建鲤有效磷需要量为0.52%。
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary phosphorus levels on growth performance, digestive and absorptive function, immune and antioxidant abilities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (initial weight 7.17±0.01 g). Practical diets with six levels of supplemental monosodium phosphate (0.17%,0.36%,0.55%,0.73%, 0.92% and 1.10%) were respectively fed to quadruple groups of 50 fish for 9 weeks. After the growth trial,30 fish with similar weight in each treatment were assigned to a 17-day challenge trial conducted by injection Aeromonas hydrophila.
Results indicated that phosphorus improved specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein deposition value (PPV), lipid deposition value (LDV), ash depostition value (ADV), hepatopancreas weight (HW), hepatopancreas protein content (HPC), intestine weight (IW), intestine length (IL), tryspin, amylase,. chymotrypsin activities in hapatopancreas and intestine brush border enzymes activities including alkaline phosphatase (AKP), Na+,K+-ATPase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (y-GT) and creatine kinase (CK) (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Simultaneously, vaccinated survival rate, immune organs weight, blood hematocyte counts, phagocytosis of leucocyte, total iron-binding capacity and activities of serum acid phosphatase (ACP) and lysozyme were enhanced by graded phosphorus levels (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Moreover, quantities of Bacillus acidi-lactici, Bacillus coli and Aeromonas in intestine were affected by dietary phosphorus levels (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Dietary phosphorus levels also increased MDA, protein carbonyl and GSH content, activities of GR, CAT, GST, SOD, GSH-Px and the ability of ASA, AHR in serum, hepatopancreas, intestine and muscle. Correlation analysis showed that SGR was positively related to HW, HPC, IW, intestinal trypsin and amylase activities, and was negatively related to intestinal lipase activity (P<0.01). FE was positively related to HW, HPC, IW, hepatopancreas amylase activity, intestinal trypsin, amylase and absorptive enzymes activities (P<0.01 or P<0.05), but FE was negatively related to intestinal lipase activity (P<0.05). The serum MDA content was positively related to serum GST activity and GSH content (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and negatively related to serum GR, CAT, SOD activities and AHR ability (P<0.01 or P<0.05).
Considering these results, phosphorus improved the growth and feed efficiency of Jian carp. Phosphorus improved digestive and absorptive ability by promoting the growth and development of digestive organs, the activities of tryspin, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, Na+,K+-ATPase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and creatine kinase. At the same time, phosphorus promoted non-specific immune ability of Jian carp by increasing phagocytosis of leucocyte, serum lysozyme and ACP activities, serum iron-binding capacity. Dietary phosphorus promoted fish antioxidant capacity by removing superoxide anion and lipid peroxidative product. By the broken-line analysis, the optimal dietary available phosphorus requirement for SGR of juvenile Jian carp (7.17-63.8 g) was estimated to be 0.52%.
试验结果表明：磷可以极显著P<0.01)或显著P<0.05)影响幼建鲤特异性生长率(SGR),采食量(FI),饲料效率(FE),蛋白质效率比(PER),蛋白沉积率(PPV),脂肪沉积率(LPV),灰分沉积率(APV),肝胰脏重量(HSW),肝胰脏蛋白含量(HPC),肠重(ISW),肠长(IL),肠碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性,肠Na+,K+-ATP酶(Na+,K+-ATPase)活性,肠γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活性,肠肌酸激酶(CK)活性,肠和肝胰脏胰蛋白酶活性,肠和肝胰脏脂肪酶活性,肠和肝胰脏淀粉酶活性,肠和肝胰脏糜蛋白酶活性。同时,磷也能极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)影响免疫器官重量,血液血细胞数量,攻毒后成活率,白细胞吞噬率,血清酸性磷酸酶,溶菌酶活力和血清总铁结合力。磷还可以极显著(P<0.01)或显著P<0.05)影响幼建鲤肠道内乳酸杆菌,大肠杆菌和气单胞菌的数量及血清、肝胰脏、肠道和肌肉中丙二醛(MDA)含量、蛋白羰基含量、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力、抗超氧阴离子(ASA)活力、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、抗羟自由基(AHR)活力。相关分析表明：特异性生长率与肝胰脏及肠道的生长发育和肠蛋白酶、肠淀粉酶及吸收酶活性呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与肠脂肪酶呈极显著(P<0.01)负相关。饲料效率与肝胰脏和肠道生长发育及肝胰脏淀粉酶、肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶及吸收酶呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与肠脂肪酶呈显著(P<0.05)负相关。血清丙二醛含量与谷胱甘肽硫转移酶活力、还原型谷胱甘肽含量呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与谷胱甘肽还原酶活力、过氧化氢酶活力、超氧化物歧化酶活力、抗羟自由基能力呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)负相关。
综上所述,磷能够促进幼建鲤的生长和提高饲料利用效率。磷可以增强水生动物消化吸收能力。水生动物消化吸收能力的提高与磷提高胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶及碱性磷酸酶、肌酸激酶、γ-谷胺酰转肽酶和钠,钾三磷酸腺苷酶活性以及促进消化器官的生长发育有关。磷可以通过提高白细胞吞噬作用,溶菌作用和微生物抑制物的抑菌能力从而增强水生动物非特异性免疫力。磷还能通过提高幼建鲤组织清除超氧阴离子和脂质过氧化产物的能力,提高机体抗脂质和蛋白质氧化损伤的能力。用折线法,以SGR为标识,在本试验条件下体重7.17-63.8 g的幼建鲤有效磷需要量为0.52%。
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary phosphorus levels on growth performance, digestive and absorptive function, immune and antioxidant abilities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (initial weight 7.17±0.01 g). Practical diets with six levels of supplemental monosodium phosphate (0.17%,0.36%,0.55%,0.73%, 0.92% and 1.10%) were respectively fed to quadruple groups of 50 fish for 9 weeks. After the growth trial,30 fish with similar weight in each treatment were assigned to a 17-day challenge trial conducted by injection Aeromonas hydrophila.
Results indicated that phosphorus improved specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein deposition value (PPV), lipid deposition value (LDV), ash depostition value (ADV), hepatopancreas weight (HW), hepatopancreas protein content (HPC), intestine weight (IW), intestine length (IL), tryspin, amylase,. chymotrypsin activities in hapatopancreas and intestine brush border enzymes activities including alkaline phosphatase (AKP), Na+,K+-ATPase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (y-GT) and creatine kinase (CK) (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Simultaneously, vaccinated survival rate, immune organs weight, blood hematocyte counts, phagocytosis of leucocyte, total iron-binding capacity and activities of serum acid phosphatase (ACP) and lysozyme were enhanced by graded phosphorus levels (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Moreover, quantities of Bacillus acidi-lactici, Bacillus coli and Aeromonas in intestine were affected by dietary phosphorus levels (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Dietary phosphorus levels also increased MDA, protein carbonyl and GSH content, activities of GR, CAT, GST, SOD, GSH-Px and the ability of ASA, AHR in serum, hepatopancreas, intestine and muscle. Correlation analysis showed that SGR was positively related to HW, HPC, IW, intestinal trypsin and amylase activities, and was negatively related to intestinal lipase activity (P<0.01). FE was positively related to HW, HPC, IW, hepatopancreas amylase activity, intestinal trypsin, amylase and absorptive enzymes activities (P<0.01 or P<0.05), but FE was negatively related to intestinal lipase activity (P<0.05). The serum MDA content was positively related to serum GST activity and GSH content (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and negatively related to serum GR, CAT, SOD activities and AHR ability (P<0.01 or P<0.05).
Considering these results, phosphorus improved the growth and feed efficiency of Jian carp. Phosphorus improved digestive and absorptive ability by promoting the growth and development of digestive organs, the activities of tryspin, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, Na+,K+-ATPase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and creatine kinase. At the same time, phosphorus promoted non-specific immune ability of Jian carp by increasing phagocytosis of leucocyte, serum lysozyme and ACP activities, serum iron-binding capacity. Dietary phosphorus promoted fish antioxidant capacity by removing superoxide anion and lipid peroxidative product. By the broken-line analysis, the optimal dietary available phosphorus requirement for SGR of juvenile Jian carp (7.17-63.8 g) was estimated to be 0.52%.
引文
[1]Baeverfjord, G., Asgard, T., Shearer, K.D. Development and detection of phosphorus deficiency in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr and post-smolts [J]. Aquacult. Nutr.1998,4,1-11.
[2]Asgard, T., Shearer, K.D. The dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar) and its relationship to the phosphorus requirements reported for other fishes [J]. Aquacult. Nutr., 1997,3,17-23.
[3]Hardy, R.W., Shearer, K.D. Effect of dietary calcium phosphate and zinc supplementation on whole body zinc concentration of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) [J]. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.,1985,42, 181-184.
[4]Pimentel-Rodrigues, A.M.& Oliva-Teles, A. Phosphorus requirements of Gilthead Sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles [J]. Aquac. Res.,2001,32(Suppl.1),157-161.
[5]Chavez-Sanchez, C., Martinez-Palacios, C.A., Martinez-Perez. G.& Ross, L.G. Phosphorus and calcium requirements in the diet of the American cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Gunther) [J]. Aquacult. Nutr.,2000,6,1-9.
[6]Oliva-Teles, A.& Pimentel-Rodrigues, A. Phosphorus requirement of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles [J]. Aquac, Res,2004,35,636-642.
[7]Ye, C.X., L, Y.J., Tian, L.X., Mai K.S., Du Z.Y., Yang H.J., Niu J. Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus on growth, feed efficiency, mineral content and body composition of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides [J]. Aquaculture,2006,263-271.
[8]Ogino, C.,& Takeda, H. Mineral Requirements in fish-III Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements in carp [J]. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.,1976,7,793-799.
[9]Borlongan, I.G., Satoh, S. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal) [J]. Aquac. Res.,2001,1,26-32.
[10]Brown, M.L., Jaramillo J.F.& Gatlin Ⅲ, D.M. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile sunshine bass, Morone chrysops♀×M. saxatilis(?) [J]. Aquaculture,1993,113,355-363.
[11]Elangovan, A., Shim, K.F. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile tiger barb, Barbus tetrazona (Bleeker,1855) [J]. Aquarium sciences and Conservation,1998,2,9-19.
[12]Wilson, R.P., Robinson, E.H., Gatlin III, D.M.& Poe, W.E. Dietary phosphorus requirement of Channel Catfish [J]. J. Nutr.,1982,112,1197-1202.
[13]Dougall, D.S., Woods, L.C., Douglass, L.W., Soares, J.H. Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Juvenile Striped Bass Morone saxatilis [J]. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,1996,1,82-91.
[14]Choi, S.M., Kim, K,W., Kang, Y.J., Wang, X.J., Kim, J.W., Yoo, G.Y.& Bai, S.C. Reevaluation of the phosphorus requirement of juvenile Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and the bioavailability of various inorganic phosphorus sources [J]. J.World Aquacult. Soc.,2005,2,217-222.
[15]Shao, Q.J., Ma, J.J., Xu, Z.R., Hu, W.L., Xu, J.Z.& Xie, S.Q. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile black seabream, Sparus macrocephalus [J]. Aquaculture,2008,277,92-100
[16]Zhang, C.X., Mai, K.S., Ai, Q.H., Zhang, W.B., Duan, Q.Y., Tan, B.P., Ma, H.M., Xu, W. Liufu, Z.G.& Wang, X.J. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus [J]. Aquaculture,2006,255,201-209.
[17]Mai, K.S., Zhang, C.X., Ai, Q.H., Duan, Q.Y., Xu, W., Zhang, L., Liufu, Z.G.& Tan, B.P. Dietary phosphorus requirement of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R [J]. Aquaculture,2006,251, 346-353.
[18]Paul, B.N., Sarkar, S., Giri, S.S., Rangacharyulu, P.V. and. Mohanty, S.N. Phosphorus requirements and optimum calcium phosphorus ratio in the diet of mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) fingerlings [J]. Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2004,4,306-309.
[19]Andrews, J.W., Mural, T., Campbell, C. Effects of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus on Growth, Food Conversion, Bone Ash and Hematocrit Levels of Catfish [J]. J. Nutr.,1973,103,766-771.
[20]Rodehutscord, M. Response of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) growing from 50 to 200 g to supplements of dibasic sodium phosphate in a semipurified diet [J]. J. Nutr.,1996,126,324-331.
[21]Robinson, E.H., Bomascus, D.L., Brown, P.B., Linton, T.L. Dietary calcium and phosphorus requirements of Oreochromis aureus reared in calcium-free water [J]. Aquaculture,1987,64,267-276.
[22]Onishi, T., Suzuki, M.& Takeuchi, M. Change in Carp Hepatopancreatic Enzyme Activities with Dietary Phosphorus Levels [J]. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.,1981,3,353-357.
[23]Takeuchi, M., Nakazoe, J. Effect of dietary phosphorus on lipid content and its composition in carp [J]. Bulletin of the Japanese Society for Scientific Fisheries,1981,47,347-352.
[24]Ogino, C., Takeda, H. Rewuirements of rainbow trout for dietary calcium and phosphorus [J]. Bulltine of Japanese society scientific fisheries.1978,44,1019-1022.
[25]Sakamoto, S.& Yone, Y. Effect of Dietary phosphorus Level on Chemical Composition of Red Sea Bream [J]. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.,1978,3,227-229.
[26]Vielma, J., Lall, S.P. Control of phosphorus homeostasis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in fresh water [J]. Fish Physiol. Biochem.1998,19,83-93.
[27]徐昌义.饲料中磷含量对尼罗罗非鱼几项生理指标的影响[J].西南农业学报,1990,3(1),90-94.
[28]Davis, D.A., Robinson, E.H. Dietary phosphorus requirement of Juvenile Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus [J]. Journal of the world aquaculture society,1987,3,129-136.
[29]Watanabe, T., Murakami, A., Takeuchi, L., Nose, T., Ogino, C. Requirement of chum salmon held in freshwater for dietary phosphorus [J]. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,1980, 46(3),361-367.
[30]Jokinena, E.I., Vielm, J., Aaltonen, T.M., Koskela, J. The effect of dietary phosphorus deficiency on the immune responses of European whitefish(Coregonus lavaretus L.) [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,2003,15,159-168.
[31]Robinson, E.H., Jackson, L.S., Li, M.H. Supplemental phosphorus in practical channel catfish diets [J]. Journal of the world aquaculture society,1996,3,303-308.
[32]Wang, X.J., Choi, S., Park, S., Yoo, G., Kim, K., Kang, J.C.& Bai, S.C. Optimum dietary phosphorus level of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus reared in the recirculating system [J]. Fish. Sci.,2005,71,168-173.
[33]宣大蔚,石发庆,王伟等.低磷奶牛红细胞抗氧化功能的研究[J].中国兽医杂志,2006,3,7-9.
[34]Boyd, C.E. Phosphorus dynamics in ponds [C]. Proc. Annu. Conf. South Assoc. Game Comm. 1971,25,418-426.
[35]Lall, S.P. The minerals [M]. In:Halver, J.E., Hardy, R.W. (Eds.), Fish Nutrition,3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA,2002,259-308.
[36]Jahan, P., Watanabe, T., Kiron, V.& Satoh, S. Reassessment of phosphorus and nitrogen discharge from commercial carp feeds [J]. Fish. Sci.,2003,69,117-123.
[37]Roy, P.K.& Lall, S.P. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile haddock(Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.) [J]. Aquaculture,2003,221,451,-468.
[38]赵春蓉.赖氨酸对幼建鲤消化能力和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2605.
[39]罗辉.维生素E对幼建鲤消化功能和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2006.
[40]帅柯.蛋氨酸对幼建鲤消化功能和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2006.
[41]冯仁勇.维生素A对幼建鲤消化能力和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2006.
[42]王光花.蛋氨酸对幼建鲤肠道菌群、肠道酶活力和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学, 2007.
[43]赵明江.共轭亚油酸对幼建鲤消化能力和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2007.
[44]Yang, S.D., Lin, T.S., Liu, F.G.& Liou, C.H. Influence of dietary phosphorus levels on growth, metabolic response and body composition of juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) [J]. Aquaculture, 2006,253,592-601.
[45]林燕.谷氨酰胺对幼建鲤消化道功能和免疫力的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2005.
[46]Cuvier-Peres, A.& Kestemont. Development of some digestive enzymes in Eurasian perch larvae Perca fluviatilis [J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,2001,24(4),279-285.
[47]Skonberg, D.I., Yogev, L., Hardy, R.W.& Dong, F.M. Metabolic response to dietary phosphorus intake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Aquaculture,1997,157,11-24.
[48]Coloso, R. M., King, K., Fletcher, J.W., Weis, P., Werner, A.& Ferraris, R.P. Dietary P regulates phosphate transporter expression, phosphatase activity, and effluent P partitioning in trout culture [J].J Comp Physiol B.,2003,173,519-530.
[49]Rboads, J. M., Chen,P., Chu, P., et al. L-glutamine and L-asparagine stimulate Na+, H+exchange in porcine jejunal enterocytes [J]. Am. Physiol.,1998(57),828-834.
[50]Veillette, P.A., Young, G. Temporal changes in intestinal Na+,K+-ATPase activity and in vitro responsiveness to cortisol in juvenile Chinook salmon [J]. Comparative Biochenistry and Physiology-Part A:Molecular &Integrative Physiology,2004,134(3),297-303.
[51]张军民.谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪肠道的保护作用及其机理研究[D].北京：中国科学院,2005.
[52]Olli, J.J., Krogdahl, A. Nutritive value of four soybean products as protein sources in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) reared in fresh water. Anim. Sci.,1994,44(3), 185-192.
[53]Sklan, D., Yosefov, T., Friedman, A. The effects of vitamin A, beta-carotene and cantha-xanthin on vitamin A metabolism and immune responses in the chick. Internat. J. Vitam.Nuti. Research,1989, 59(3),245-250.
[54]凌娟.铁对幼建鲤消化吸收功能、免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2009.
[55]谭丽娜.锌对幼建鲤消化吸收能力、免疫能力和抗氧化功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2009.
[56]Sahoo, P.K.& Mukherjee, S.C. Influence of high dietary a-tocopherol intakes on specific immune response, nonspecific resistance factors and disease resistance of healthy and aflatoxin B1-induced immunocompromised Indian major carp, Labeo rohita(Hamilton) [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2002,8,159-167.
[57]Eya, J.C., Lovell, R.T. Available phosphorus requirements of food-size channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed practical diets in ponds [J]. Aquaculture,1997,154,283-291.
[58]Eya, J.C., Lovell, R.T. Effects of dietary phosphorus on resistance of channel catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge [J]. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health,1998,10,28-34.
[59]钟明超,黄浙.鲇鱼淋巴样器官的发育[J].水产学报,1995,19(3),262-327.
[60]Manning, M.J. Fishes In:Turner R J ed. Immunology:A comparative approach [M]. Britain:John Wiley & Sons Ltd,1994,69-99.
[61]杨奇慧.不同水平维生素A对幼建鲤免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2003.
[62]李云兰.甘露寡糖对幼建鲤肠道菌群和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2004.
[63]鄢华.赖氨酸缺乏对幼建鲤肠道菌群、肠道酶活力和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2007.
[64]王光花.蛋氨酸对幼建鲤肠道菌群、肠道酶活性和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2007.
[65]游文章,黄忠志,廖朝兴等.草鱼对饲料中磷需要量的研究[J].水产学报,1987,11(4)：285-292.
[66]汤峥嵘,王道尊.异域银鲫及青鱼对饲料中钙、磷需要量的研究[J].上海大学水产学报,1998，7：140-147.
[67]周萌,曹俊明,吴建开等.军曹鱼幼鱼对饲料中磷需要量的研究[J].动物营养学报,2005,17(3)：62.
[68]Asgard, T.,& Shearer, K.D. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L [J]. Aquacul. Nutr.,1997,1,17-23.
[69]Shim, K.F., Ho, C.S. Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Guppy, Poecilia reticulate [J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1989,1947-1953.
[70]Tan, B.P., MAI K.S., LIUFU Z.G. Dietary phosphorus requirement of yong abalone, Haliotis discus hannai ino [J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2002,1,22-31.
[71]Zhou, Q.C., Liu, Y.J., Mai, K.S., Tian L.X. Effect of dietary phospjorus levels on growth, body composition, muscle and bone mineral concentrations for orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides reared in floating cages [J]. Journal of the world aquaculture society,2004,4,427-435.
[72]Schafer, A., Koppe, W.M., Meyer-Burgdorff, K.H. and Gunther, K.D. Effects of P-supply on growth and mineralization in mirror caro (Cyprinus carpio L.) [J]. J. Appl.Ichthyol.,1995,11,397-400.
[73]Fenton, P.F., et al. The nutrition of the mouse. Ⅷ. Studies on pantothenic acid, biotin, inositol and p-aminobenzoic acid [J]. J. Nutr,1950,42,257-269.
[74]Lovell, R.T. Dietary phosphorus requirement of channel catfish. Trans [J]. Am. Fish.Soc.,1978, 107,617-621.
[75]张建森,孙小异.建鲤育种研究论文集[C].北京,科学出版社,1994.
[76]NRC (National Research Council). (1993) Nutrient Requirements of Fish [M]. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
[77]Shearer, K.D. Changes in elemental composition of hatchery reared rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, associated with growth and reproduction [J]. Can. J. Fish. Aquac. Sci.,1984,41,1592-1600.
[78]Shearer, K.D., Asgard, T. Andorsdφttir, G.& Aas, G.H. Wholebody elemental and proximate of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during the life cycle [J]. J. Fish Biol.,1994,44,785-797.
[79]Shearer, K.D. The use of factorial modeling to determine the dietary requirements for essential elements in fishes [J]. Aquaculture,1995,133,57-72.
[80]Mercer, L.P., May, H.E., Dodds, S.J. The determination of nutritional requirements in rats: mathematical modeling of sigmoidal, inhibited mutrient-response curves [J]. J. Nutr.,1989,119: 1465-1471.
[81]Austreng, E. Digestibility determination in fish using chromic oxide marking and analysis of contents from different segments of the gastrointestinal tract [J]. Aquaculture,1978,13,265-272.
[82]黄慧华.硫胺素对幼建鲤生长性能、消化吸收功能和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2009.
[83]冯琳.苏氨酸对幼建鲤消化、吸收和免疫功能以及组织器官TOR表达量的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2009.
[84]Hummel, B.C.W. A modified spectrophotometric determinations of chymotrypsin trysin, and thrombin [J]. Can. J. Biochen. Physiol.,1959,37,1393-1399.
[85]蔡春芳,吴康,潘新法等.蛋白质营养对异育银鲫生长和免疫力的影响[J].水生生物学报,2001(6)：590-594.
[86]郭万柱.动物微生物学[M].四川,四川科学技术出版社,2001.
[87]Livingstone, D.R., Garcia, M.P., Michel, X., et al. Oxyradical production as a pollution-mediated mechanism of toxicity in the common mussel, Mytilus edulis L. and other mollusks [J]. Funct. Ecol. 1990.4:415-424.
[88]Jiang, J., Zheng, T., Zhou, X.Q., et al., in press, Influence of glutamine and vitamin E on growth antioxidant capacity of fish enterocytes [J]. Aquaculture nutrition.2008.
[89]Zhang, X.D., Zhu, Y.F., Cai, L.S., Wu, T.X.,2008. Effects of fasting on the meat quality and antioxidant defenses of market-size farmed large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) [J]. Aquaculture,2008,280,136-139.
[90]Aebi, H., Catalase "in vitro" [J]. Methods Enzymol.1984.105,121-127.
[91]Lora, J., Alonso, F. J., Segura, J. A., et al., Antisense glutaminase inhibition decreases glutathione antioxidant capacity and increases apoptosis in Ehrlich ascitic tumour cells [J]. Eur. J. Biochem.2004. 271:4298-4306.
[92]Lushchak, V. I., Lushchak, L. P., Mota, A. A.,et al., Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in goldfish Carassius auratus during anoxia and reoxygenation [J]. Am. J. Physiol.2001.280,100-107.
[93]Akerboom, T.P.M.& Sies, H. Transport of Glutathione Disulfide and Glutathione Conjugates Across the Hepatocyte Plasma Membrane [J]. New York:Academic Press,1981, pp:245-251,523-534.
[94]Lin, Y.& Zhou, X.Q. Dietary glutamine supplementation improves structure and function of intestine of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) [J]. Aquaculture,2006,256,389-394.
[95]Zhou, X.-Q., Zhao, C.-R.& Lin, Y. Compare the effect of diet supplementation with uncoated or coated lysine on juvenile Jian carp(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) [J]. Aquacult. Nutr.,2007,13,457-461.
[96]Furuya,W.M., Fujii, K.M., Santos, L.D., Silva, T,S,C., Silva, L,C,R.& Sales, P.J.P. Available phosphorus requirements of juvenile Nile tilapia [J]. R. Bras. Zootec.,2008,9,1517-1522.
[97]林浩然.鱼类生理学[M].广州,广东高等教育出版社,1998,37-43.
[98]Bundit, T., Smith, B.J., et al. Distribution of intestinal enzyme activities along the intestinal tract of cultured Nile tilapia [J]. Aquaculture,2000,182,317-327.
[99]Johnson, L.R., Brockway, P.D., Madsen, K., et al.Polyamines alter intestinal glucose transport [J]. Am. J. Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,1995(268),416-423.
[100]Swatson, H.K., Gous, R., Iji, P.A., et al. Effect of dietary protein level, amino acid balance and feeding level on growth, gastrointestinal tract, and mucosal structure of the small intestine in broiler chickens [J]. Animal-Research,2002,51(6),501-515.
[101]Klein, S., Cohn, S.M.& Alpcrs, D.H. The alimentary tract in nutrition [A]. In:Modem Nutrition in Health and Disease (Shils, M.E., et al. eds.), PP.605-630. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1998.
[102]尾崎久雄.鱼类消化生理[M].上海科学技术出版社,1983.
[103]王红宁等.鲤肠道正常菌群的研究[J].水产学报,1994,18(4)：354-359.
[104]Gao, L.S. Digestive physiology and Health protection [M] (Gao, L.S., ed), PP.173-230. Curatorial Science and Technology Press, Beijing,1998.
[105]Conway, P.L. The function of the gastrointestinal microflora and its regulation [A]. In: Proceedings of the 6th international seminar on digestive physiology of pig, PP.233-242. Sicuan Science and Technology Press, Sicuan,1994.
[106]张琼.维生素A对幼建鲤生产性能和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2004.
[107]Arkoosh, M.R., et al. Development of immunological memory in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) I. An immunochemical and cellular analysis of the B cell Response [J]. Dev. Comp. mmunol., 1991,15(3),185-200.
[108]Salinas, et al. Dietary administration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Bacillus Subtilis, single or combined, on gilthead seabream cellular innate immune responses [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2005,19,67-77.
[109]郑永标,江枝和,李三暑.868发酵液提取物对甲鱼白细胞吞噬能力的影响[J].福建农业学报,2001,16(2),43-45.
[110]Alexander, J.B.& Ingram, Q.A. Noncellular non-specific defense mechanisms of fish [J]. Ann. Rev.Fish Dis.,1992(2),249-279.
[111]Koven, W., Rojas-Garcia, C.R., Finn, R.N., Tandler, A.& Rannestad, I. Stimulatory effect of ingested protein and/or free amino acids on the secretion of the gastro-endocrine hormone cholecystokininand on tryptic activity, in early feeding herring larvae, Clupea harengus [J]. Marine Biology,2002,140,1241-1247.
[112]Erdal, J.L., Evensen, O., Kaurstad, G.K., Lillehaug, A., et al. Relationship between diet and immune response in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.) after feeding various levels of ascorbic and omega-3 fatty acids [J]. Aquaculture,1991(98),363-379.
[113]Claire, M.H.& Lambris, J.D. The complement system in teleosts [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,2002,12,399-420.
[114]Yano, T., et al.Effect of dietary choline, pantothenic acid and vitamin C on the serum complement activity of red sea bream [J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1988(54),141-144.
[115]Russell & Jolln. Function and heterogeneity of fish lectins [J]. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,2005(108),111-120.
[116]战文斌.水产动物病害学[M].北京,中国农业出版杜,
[117]Siwicki, A.K. Immunomodulating activity of levamisode in carp spawners, Cyprinus Carpio [J]. J. Fish Biol.,1987,31,245.
[118]Boshra, H., Li, J., Sunyer, J.O. Recent advances on the complement system of teleost fish [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,2006,20,239-262.
[119]Puangkaew, J., Kiron, V T., Satoh, S., et al. Antioxidant defense of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in relation to dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E contents [J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,2005,140,187-196.
[120]翟中和等.细胞生物学[M].北京,高等教育出版社,2000,182-188.
[121]Mcnaught, M. L., Owen, E.C.& Smith, J.A.B. The utilization of non-protein nitrogen in the bovine rumen.6. The effect of metals on the activity of the rumen bacteria [J]. Biochem J.,1950,46(1), 36-43.
[122]Kobayashi, K.& Tomonaga, S. The second immunoglobulin class is commonly present in cartilaginous fish belonging to the order rajiformes [J]. Mol Immunol.,1988,25,115-120.
[123]Fuda, H., Soyano, K., Yamazaki, F., et al. Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) during early development of masu salmon(Oncorhynchus masou) [J]. Comp Biochem Physiol,1991,99A,637-643.
[124]Israelsson, O., Petersson, A., Bengten, E., et al. Immtmoglobulin concentration in Atlantic cod, Godus morhua L., serum and cross-reactivity between anti-cod-antibodies and immunoglobulins from other species [J]. J. Fish Biol.,1991(39),265-278.
[125]杨先乐.鱼类免疫学研究的进展[J].水产学报,1989,13(3),271-281.
[126]Bai, S.C.& Lee, K.J. Different levels of dietary DL-a-tocopheryl acetate affect the vitamin E status of juvenile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli [J]. Aquaculture,1998,161,405-414.
[127]Martlnez-Alvarez, R. M., Morales, A. E., Sanz, A. Antioxidant defenses in fish:Biotic and abiotic factors [J]. Fish Biology and Fisheries,2005,15:75-88.
[128]Oruc, E. O., Usta, D., Evaluation of oxidative stress responses and neurotoxicity potential of diazinon in different tissues of Cyprinus carpio [J]. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007,23:48-55
[129]Jain, S. K., Lim, G. Pyridoxine and pyridoxamine inhibits superoxide radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation, protein glycosylation, and (Na++K+)-ATPase activity reduction in hig glucose-treated human erythrocytes [J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine,2001,30:232-237.
[130]Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, et al. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease [J]. The international journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology,2007,39: 44-84.
[131]Baud, L., Ardaillou, R. Reactive oxygen species:production and role in the kidney [J]. Am J Physiol,1986,251:765-769.
[132]Kohen, R., Nyska, A. Oxidation of biological systems:oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification [J]. Toxicol. Pathol,2002,6:620-650
[133]Winston, G.. W., Di Giulio, R.T., Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms [J]. Aquat. Toxicol,1991,19:137-161.
[134]David, M., Munaswamy, V., Halappa, R., et al. Impact of sodium cyanide on catalase activity in the freshwater exotic carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) [J]. Pestic. Biochem. Phys,2008,92:15-18.
[135]Lackner, R., Oxidative stress in fish by environmental pollutants [J]. Fish. Ecotoxicol. Exp. Suppl, 1998,86:203-224.
[136]Elia, A. C, Anastasi, V., Dorr, A. J. M. Hepatic antioxidant enzymes and total glutathione of Cyprinus carpio exposed to three disinfectants, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid for superficial water potabilization [J]. Chemosphere,2006,64:1633-1641.
[2]Asgard, T., Shearer, K.D. The dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar) and its relationship to the phosphorus requirements reported for other fishes [J]. Aquacult. Nutr., 1997,3,17-23.
[3]Hardy, R.W., Shearer, K.D. Effect of dietary calcium phosphate and zinc supplementation on whole body zinc concentration of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) [J]. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.,1985,42, 181-184.
[4]Pimentel-Rodrigues, A.M.& Oliva-Teles, A. Phosphorus requirements of Gilthead Sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles [J]. Aquac. Res.,2001,32(Suppl.1),157-161.
[5]Chavez-Sanchez, C., Martinez-Palacios, C.A., Martinez-Perez. G.& Ross, L.G. Phosphorus and calcium requirements in the diet of the American cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Gunther) [J]. Aquacult. Nutr.,2000,6,1-9.
[6]Oliva-Teles, A.& Pimentel-Rodrigues, A. Phosphorus requirement of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles [J]. Aquac, Res,2004,35,636-642.
[7]Ye, C.X., L, Y.J., Tian, L.X., Mai K.S., Du Z.Y., Yang H.J., Niu J. Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus on growth, feed efficiency, mineral content and body composition of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides [J]. Aquaculture,2006,263-271.
[8]Ogino, C.,& Takeda, H. Mineral Requirements in fish-III Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements in carp [J]. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.,1976,7,793-799.
[9]Borlongan, I.G., Satoh, S. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal) [J]. Aquac. Res.,2001,1,26-32.
[10]Brown, M.L., Jaramillo J.F.& Gatlin Ⅲ, D.M. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile sunshine bass, Morone chrysops♀×M. saxatilis(?) [J]. Aquaculture,1993,113,355-363.
[11]Elangovan, A., Shim, K.F. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile tiger barb, Barbus tetrazona (Bleeker,1855) [J]. Aquarium sciences and Conservation,1998,2,9-19.
[12]Wilson, R.P., Robinson, E.H., Gatlin III, D.M.& Poe, W.E. Dietary phosphorus requirement of Channel Catfish [J]. J. Nutr.,1982,112,1197-1202.
[13]Dougall, D.S., Woods, L.C., Douglass, L.W., Soares, J.H. Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Juvenile Striped Bass Morone saxatilis [J]. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,1996,1,82-91.
[14]Choi, S.M., Kim, K,W., Kang, Y.J., Wang, X.J., Kim, J.W., Yoo, G.Y.& Bai, S.C. Reevaluation of the phosphorus requirement of juvenile Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and the bioavailability of various inorganic phosphorus sources [J]. J.World Aquacult. Soc.,2005,2,217-222.
[15]Shao, Q.J., Ma, J.J., Xu, Z.R., Hu, W.L., Xu, J.Z.& Xie, S.Q. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile black seabream, Sparus macrocephalus [J]. Aquaculture,2008,277,92-100
[16]Zhang, C.X., Mai, K.S., Ai, Q.H., Zhang, W.B., Duan, Q.Y., Tan, B.P., Ma, H.M., Xu, W. Liufu, Z.G.& Wang, X.J. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus [J]. Aquaculture,2006,255,201-209.
[17]Mai, K.S., Zhang, C.X., Ai, Q.H., Duan, Q.Y., Xu, W., Zhang, L., Liufu, Z.G.& Tan, B.P. Dietary phosphorus requirement of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R [J]. Aquaculture,2006,251, 346-353.
[18]Paul, B.N., Sarkar, S., Giri, S.S., Rangacharyulu, P.V. and. Mohanty, S.N. Phosphorus requirements and optimum calcium phosphorus ratio in the diet of mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) fingerlings [J]. Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2004,4,306-309.
[19]Andrews, J.W., Mural, T., Campbell, C. Effects of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus on Growth, Food Conversion, Bone Ash and Hematocrit Levels of Catfish [J]. J. Nutr.,1973,103,766-771.
[20]Rodehutscord, M. Response of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) growing from 50 to 200 g to supplements of dibasic sodium phosphate in a semipurified diet [J]. J. Nutr.,1996,126,324-331.
[21]Robinson, E.H., Bomascus, D.L., Brown, P.B., Linton, T.L. Dietary calcium and phosphorus requirements of Oreochromis aureus reared in calcium-free water [J]. Aquaculture,1987,64,267-276.
[22]Onishi, T., Suzuki, M.& Takeuchi, M. Change in Carp Hepatopancreatic Enzyme Activities with Dietary Phosphorus Levels [J]. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.,1981,3,353-357.
[23]Takeuchi, M., Nakazoe, J. Effect of dietary phosphorus on lipid content and its composition in carp [J]. Bulletin of the Japanese Society for Scientific Fisheries,1981,47,347-352.
[24]Ogino, C., Takeda, H. Rewuirements of rainbow trout for dietary calcium and phosphorus [J]. Bulltine of Japanese society scientific fisheries.1978,44,1019-1022.
[25]Sakamoto, S.& Yone, Y. Effect of Dietary phosphorus Level on Chemical Composition of Red Sea Bream [J]. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.,1978,3,227-229.
[26]Vielma, J., Lall, S.P. Control of phosphorus homeostasis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in fresh water [J]. Fish Physiol. Biochem.1998,19,83-93.
[27]徐昌义.饲料中磷含量对尼罗罗非鱼几项生理指标的影响[J].西南农业学报,1990,3(1),90-94.
[28]Davis, D.A., Robinson, E.H. Dietary phosphorus requirement of Juvenile Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus [J]. Journal of the world aquaculture society,1987,3,129-136.
[29]Watanabe, T., Murakami, A., Takeuchi, L., Nose, T., Ogino, C. Requirement of chum salmon held in freshwater for dietary phosphorus [J]. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,1980, 46(3),361-367.
[30]Jokinena, E.I., Vielm, J., Aaltonen, T.M., Koskela, J. The effect of dietary phosphorus deficiency on the immune responses of European whitefish(Coregonus lavaretus L.) [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,2003,15,159-168.
[31]Robinson, E.H., Jackson, L.S., Li, M.H. Supplemental phosphorus in practical channel catfish diets [J]. Journal of the world aquaculture society,1996,3,303-308.
[32]Wang, X.J., Choi, S., Park, S., Yoo, G., Kim, K., Kang, J.C.& Bai, S.C. Optimum dietary phosphorus level of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus reared in the recirculating system [J]. Fish. Sci.,2005,71,168-173.
[33]宣大蔚,石发庆,王伟等.低磷奶牛红细胞抗氧化功能的研究[J].中国兽医杂志,2006,3,7-9.
[34]Boyd, C.E. Phosphorus dynamics in ponds [C]. Proc. Annu. Conf. South Assoc. Game Comm. 1971,25,418-426.
[35]Lall, S.P. The minerals [M]. In:Halver, J.E., Hardy, R.W. (Eds.), Fish Nutrition,3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA,2002,259-308.
[36]Jahan, P., Watanabe, T., Kiron, V.& Satoh, S. Reassessment of phosphorus and nitrogen discharge from commercial carp feeds [J]. Fish. Sci.,2003,69,117-123.
[37]Roy, P.K.& Lall, S.P. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile haddock(Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.) [J]. Aquaculture,2003,221,451,-468.
[38]赵春蓉.赖氨酸对幼建鲤消化能力和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2605.
[39]罗辉.维生素E对幼建鲤消化功能和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2006.
[40]帅柯.蛋氨酸对幼建鲤消化功能和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2006.
[41]冯仁勇.维生素A对幼建鲤消化能力和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2006.
[42]王光花.蛋氨酸对幼建鲤肠道菌群、肠道酶活力和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学, 2007.
[43]赵明江.共轭亚油酸对幼建鲤消化能力和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2007.
[44]Yang, S.D., Lin, T.S., Liu, F.G.& Liou, C.H. Influence of dietary phosphorus levels on growth, metabolic response and body composition of juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) [J]. Aquaculture, 2006,253,592-601.
[45]林燕.谷氨酰胺对幼建鲤消化道功能和免疫力的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2005.
[46]Cuvier-Peres, A.& Kestemont. Development of some digestive enzymes in Eurasian perch larvae Perca fluviatilis [J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,2001,24(4),279-285.
[47]Skonberg, D.I., Yogev, L., Hardy, R.W.& Dong, F.M. Metabolic response to dietary phosphorus intake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Aquaculture,1997,157,11-24.
[48]Coloso, R. M., King, K., Fletcher, J.W., Weis, P., Werner, A.& Ferraris, R.P. Dietary P regulates phosphate transporter expression, phosphatase activity, and effluent P partitioning in trout culture [J].J Comp Physiol B.,2003,173,519-530.
[49]Rboads, J. M., Chen,P., Chu, P., et al. L-glutamine and L-asparagine stimulate Na+, H+exchange in porcine jejunal enterocytes [J]. Am. Physiol.,1998(57),828-834.
[50]Veillette, P.A., Young, G. Temporal changes in intestinal Na+,K+-ATPase activity and in vitro responsiveness to cortisol in juvenile Chinook salmon [J]. Comparative Biochenistry and Physiology-Part A:Molecular &Integrative Physiology,2004,134(3),297-303.
[51]张军民.谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪肠道的保护作用及其机理研究[D].北京：中国科学院,2005.
[52]Olli, J.J., Krogdahl, A. Nutritive value of four soybean products as protein sources in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) reared in fresh water. Anim. Sci.,1994,44(3), 185-192.
[53]Sklan, D., Yosefov, T., Friedman, A. The effects of vitamin A, beta-carotene and cantha-xanthin on vitamin A metabolism and immune responses in the chick. Internat. J. Vitam.Nuti. Research,1989, 59(3),245-250.
[54]凌娟.铁对幼建鲤消化吸收功能、免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2009.
[55]谭丽娜.锌对幼建鲤消化吸收能力、免疫能力和抗氧化功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2009.
[56]Sahoo, P.K.& Mukherjee, S.C. Influence of high dietary a-tocopherol intakes on specific immune response, nonspecific resistance factors and disease resistance of healthy and aflatoxin B1-induced immunocompromised Indian major carp, Labeo rohita(Hamilton) [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2002,8,159-167.
[57]Eya, J.C., Lovell, R.T. Available phosphorus requirements of food-size channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed practical diets in ponds [J]. Aquaculture,1997,154,283-291.
[58]Eya, J.C., Lovell, R.T. Effects of dietary phosphorus on resistance of channel catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge [J]. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health,1998,10,28-34.
[59]钟明超,黄浙.鲇鱼淋巴样器官的发育[J].水产学报,1995,19(3),262-327.
[60]Manning, M.J. Fishes In:Turner R J ed. Immunology:A comparative approach [M]. Britain:John Wiley & Sons Ltd,1994,69-99.
[61]杨奇慧.不同水平维生素A对幼建鲤免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2003.
[62]李云兰.甘露寡糖对幼建鲤肠道菌群和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2004.
[63]鄢华.赖氨酸缺乏对幼建鲤肠道菌群、肠道酶活力和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2007.
[64]王光花.蛋氨酸对幼建鲤肠道菌群、肠道酶活性和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2007.
[65]游文章,黄忠志,廖朝兴等.草鱼对饲料中磷需要量的研究[J].水产学报,1987,11(4)：285-292.
[66]汤峥嵘,王道尊.异域银鲫及青鱼对饲料中钙、磷需要量的研究[J].上海大学水产学报,1998，7：140-147.
[67]周萌,曹俊明,吴建开等.军曹鱼幼鱼对饲料中磷需要量的研究[J].动物营养学报,2005,17(3)：62.
[68]Asgard, T.,& Shearer, K.D. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L [J]. Aquacul. Nutr.,1997,1,17-23.
[69]Shim, K.F., Ho, C.S. Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Guppy, Poecilia reticulate [J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1989,1947-1953.
[70]Tan, B.P., MAI K.S., LIUFU Z.G. Dietary phosphorus requirement of yong abalone, Haliotis discus hannai ino [J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2002,1,22-31.
[71]Zhou, Q.C., Liu, Y.J., Mai, K.S., Tian L.X. Effect of dietary phospjorus levels on growth, body composition, muscle and bone mineral concentrations for orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides reared in floating cages [J]. Journal of the world aquaculture society,2004,4,427-435.
[72]Schafer, A., Koppe, W.M., Meyer-Burgdorff, K.H. and Gunther, K.D. Effects of P-supply on growth and mineralization in mirror caro (Cyprinus carpio L.) [J]. J. Appl.Ichthyol.,1995,11,397-400.
[73]Fenton, P.F., et al. The nutrition of the mouse. Ⅷ. Studies on pantothenic acid, biotin, inositol and p-aminobenzoic acid [J]. J. Nutr,1950,42,257-269.
[74]Lovell, R.T. Dietary phosphorus requirement of channel catfish. Trans [J]. Am. Fish.Soc.,1978, 107,617-621.
[75]张建森,孙小异.建鲤育种研究论文集[C].北京,科学出版社,1994.
[76]NRC (National Research Council). (1993) Nutrient Requirements of Fish [M]. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
[77]Shearer, K.D. Changes in elemental composition of hatchery reared rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, associated with growth and reproduction [J]. Can. J. Fish. Aquac. Sci.,1984,41,1592-1600.
[78]Shearer, K.D., Asgard, T. Andorsdφttir, G.& Aas, G.H. Wholebody elemental and proximate of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during the life cycle [J]. J. Fish Biol.,1994,44,785-797.
[79]Shearer, K.D. The use of factorial modeling to determine the dietary requirements for essential elements in fishes [J]. Aquaculture,1995,133,57-72.
[80]Mercer, L.P., May, H.E., Dodds, S.J. The determination of nutritional requirements in rats: mathematical modeling of sigmoidal, inhibited mutrient-response curves [J]. J. Nutr.,1989,119: 1465-1471.
[81]Austreng, E. Digestibility determination in fish using chromic oxide marking and analysis of contents from different segments of the gastrointestinal tract [J]. Aquaculture,1978,13,265-272.
[82]黄慧华.硫胺素对幼建鲤生长性能、消化吸收功能和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2009.
[83]冯琳.苏氨酸对幼建鲤消化、吸收和免疫功能以及组织器官TOR表达量的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2009.
[84]Hummel, B.C.W. A modified spectrophotometric determinations of chymotrypsin trysin, and thrombin [J]. Can. J. Biochen. Physiol.,1959,37,1393-1399.
[85]蔡春芳,吴康,潘新法等.蛋白质营养对异育银鲫生长和免疫力的影响[J].水生生物学报,2001(6)：590-594.
[86]郭万柱.动物微生物学[M].四川,四川科学技术出版社,2001.
[87]Livingstone, D.R., Garcia, M.P., Michel, X., et al. Oxyradical production as a pollution-mediated mechanism of toxicity in the common mussel, Mytilus edulis L. and other mollusks [J]. Funct. Ecol. 1990.4:415-424.
[88]Jiang, J., Zheng, T., Zhou, X.Q., et al., in press, Influence of glutamine and vitamin E on growth antioxidant capacity of fish enterocytes [J]. Aquaculture nutrition.2008.
[89]Zhang, X.D., Zhu, Y.F., Cai, L.S., Wu, T.X.,2008. Effects of fasting on the meat quality and antioxidant defenses of market-size farmed large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) [J]. Aquaculture,2008,280,136-139.
[90]Aebi, H., Catalase "in vitro" [J]. Methods Enzymol.1984.105,121-127.
[91]Lora, J., Alonso, F. J., Segura, J. A., et al., Antisense glutaminase inhibition decreases glutathione antioxidant capacity and increases apoptosis in Ehrlich ascitic tumour cells [J]. Eur. J. Biochem.2004. 271:4298-4306.
[92]Lushchak, V. I., Lushchak, L. P., Mota, A. A.,et al., Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in goldfish Carassius auratus during anoxia and reoxygenation [J]. Am. J. Physiol.2001.280,100-107.
[93]Akerboom, T.P.M.& Sies, H. Transport of Glutathione Disulfide and Glutathione Conjugates Across the Hepatocyte Plasma Membrane [J]. New York:Academic Press,1981, pp:245-251,523-534.
[94]Lin, Y.& Zhou, X.Q. Dietary glutamine supplementation improves structure and function of intestine of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) [J]. Aquaculture,2006,256,389-394.
[95]Zhou, X.-Q., Zhao, C.-R.& Lin, Y. Compare the effect of diet supplementation with uncoated or coated lysine on juvenile Jian carp(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) [J]. Aquacult. Nutr.,2007,13,457-461.
[96]Furuya,W.M., Fujii, K.M., Santos, L.D., Silva, T,S,C., Silva, L,C,R.& Sales, P.J.P. Available phosphorus requirements of juvenile Nile tilapia [J]. R. Bras. Zootec.,2008,9,1517-1522.
[97]林浩然.鱼类生理学[M].广州,广东高等教育出版社,1998,37-43.
[98]Bundit, T., Smith, B.J., et al. Distribution of intestinal enzyme activities along the intestinal tract of cultured Nile tilapia [J]. Aquaculture,2000,182,317-327.
[99]Johnson, L.R., Brockway, P.D., Madsen, K., et al.Polyamines alter intestinal glucose transport [J]. Am. J. Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,1995(268),416-423.
[100]Swatson, H.K., Gous, R., Iji, P.A., et al. Effect of dietary protein level, amino acid balance and feeding level on growth, gastrointestinal tract, and mucosal structure of the small intestine in broiler chickens [J]. Animal-Research,2002,51(6),501-515.
[101]Klein, S., Cohn, S.M.& Alpcrs, D.H. The alimentary tract in nutrition [A]. In:Modem Nutrition in Health and Disease (Shils, M.E., et al. eds.), PP.605-630. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1998.
[102]尾崎久雄.鱼类消化生理[M].上海科学技术出版社,1983.
[103]王红宁等.鲤肠道正常菌群的研究[J].水产学报,1994,18(4)：354-359.
[104]Gao, L.S. Digestive physiology and Health protection [M] (Gao, L.S., ed), PP.173-230. Curatorial Science and Technology Press, Beijing,1998.
[105]Conway, P.L. The function of the gastrointestinal microflora and its regulation [A]. In: Proceedings of the 6th international seminar on digestive physiology of pig, PP.233-242. Sicuan Science and Technology Press, Sicuan,1994.
[106]张琼.维生素A对幼建鲤生产性能和免疫功能的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2004.
[107]Arkoosh, M.R., et al. Development of immunological memory in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) I. An immunochemical and cellular analysis of the B cell Response [J]. Dev. Comp. mmunol., 1991,15(3),185-200.
[108]Salinas, et al. Dietary administration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Bacillus Subtilis, single or combined, on gilthead seabream cellular innate immune responses [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2005,19,67-77.
[109]郑永标,江枝和,李三暑.868发酵液提取物对甲鱼白细胞吞噬能力的影响[J].福建农业学报,2001,16(2),43-45.
[110]Alexander, J.B.& Ingram, Q.A. Noncellular non-specific defense mechanisms of fish [J]. Ann. Rev.Fish Dis.,1992(2),249-279.
[111]Koven, W., Rojas-Garcia, C.R., Finn, R.N., Tandler, A.& Rannestad, I. Stimulatory effect of ingested protein and/or free amino acids on the secretion of the gastro-endocrine hormone cholecystokininand on tryptic activity, in early feeding herring larvae, Clupea harengus [J]. Marine Biology,2002,140,1241-1247.
[112]Erdal, J.L., Evensen, O., Kaurstad, G.K., Lillehaug, A., et al. Relationship between diet and immune response in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.) after feeding various levels of ascorbic and omega-3 fatty acids [J]. Aquaculture,1991(98),363-379.
[113]Claire, M.H.& Lambris, J.D. The complement system in teleosts [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,2002,12,399-420.
[114]Yano, T., et al.Effect of dietary choline, pantothenic acid and vitamin C on the serum complement activity of red sea bream [J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1988(54),141-144.
[115]Russell & Jolln. Function and heterogeneity of fish lectins [J]. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,2005(108),111-120.
[116]战文斌.水产动物病害学[M].北京,中国农业出版杜,
[117]Siwicki, A.K. Immunomodulating activity of levamisode in carp spawners, Cyprinus Carpio [J]. J. Fish Biol.,1987,31,245.
[118]Boshra, H., Li, J., Sunyer, J.O. Recent advances on the complement system of teleost fish [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,2006,20,239-262.
[119]Puangkaew, J., Kiron, V T., Satoh, S., et al. Antioxidant defense of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in relation to dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E contents [J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,2005,140,187-196.
[120]翟中和等.细胞生物学[M].北京,高等教育出版社,2000,182-188.
[121]Mcnaught, M. L., Owen, E.C.& Smith, J.A.B. The utilization of non-protein nitrogen in the bovine rumen.6. The effect of metals on the activity of the rumen bacteria [J]. Biochem J.,1950,46(1), 36-43.
[122]Kobayashi, K.& Tomonaga, S. The second immunoglobulin class is commonly present in cartilaginous fish belonging to the order rajiformes [J]. Mol Immunol.,1988,25,115-120.
[123]Fuda, H., Soyano, K., Yamazaki, F., et al. Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) during early development of masu salmon(Oncorhynchus masou) [J]. Comp Biochem Physiol,1991,99A,637-643.
[124]Israelsson, O., Petersson, A., Bengten, E., et al. Immtmoglobulin concentration in Atlantic cod, Godus morhua L., serum and cross-reactivity between anti-cod-antibodies and immunoglobulins from other species [J]. J. Fish Biol.,1991(39),265-278.
[125]杨先乐.鱼类免疫学研究的进展[J].水产学报,1989,13(3),271-281.
[126]Bai, S.C.& Lee, K.J. Different levels of dietary DL-a-tocopheryl acetate affect the vitamin E status of juvenile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli [J]. Aquaculture,1998,161,405-414.
[127]Martlnez-Alvarez, R. M., Morales, A. E., Sanz, A. Antioxidant defenses in fish:Biotic and abiotic factors [J]. Fish Biology and Fisheries,2005,15:75-88.
[128]Oruc, E. O., Usta, D., Evaluation of oxidative stress responses and neurotoxicity potential of diazinon in different tissues of Cyprinus carpio [J]. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007,23:48-55
[129]Jain, S. K., Lim, G. Pyridoxine and pyridoxamine inhibits superoxide radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation, protein glycosylation, and (Na++K+)-ATPase activity reduction in hig glucose-treated human erythrocytes [J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine,2001,30:232-237.
[130]Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, et al. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease [J]. The international journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology,2007,39: 44-84.
[131]Baud, L., Ardaillou, R. Reactive oxygen species:production and role in the kidney [J]. Am J Physiol,1986,251:765-769.
[132]Kohen, R., Nyska, A. Oxidation of biological systems:oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification [J]. Toxicol. Pathol,2002,6:620-650
[133]Winston, G.. W., Di Giulio, R.T., Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms [J]. Aquat. Toxicol,1991,19:137-161.
[134]David, M., Munaswamy, V., Halappa, R., et al. Impact of sodium cyanide on catalase activity in the freshwater exotic carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) [J]. Pestic. Biochem. Phys,2008,92:15-18.
[135]Lackner, R., Oxidative stress in fish by environmental pollutants [J]. Fish. Ecotoxicol. Exp. Suppl, 1998,86:203-224.
[136]Elia, A. C, Anastasi, V., Dorr, A. J. M. Hepatic antioxidant enzymes and total glutathione of Cyprinus carpio exposed to three disinfectants, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid for superficial water potabilization [J]. Chemosphere,2006,64:1633-1641.