悬浮载体生物流化床反应器脱氮试验研究
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摘要
我国是一个干旱、严重缺水的国家,随着城市化率的不断提高,污水量大幅度增加,自然水体富营养化日趋严重,符合标准的可供水源急剧减少,水资源短缺已成为制约我国社会经济发展的瓶颈。提高中小型点源污水的处理率、降低排水中氮的含量是控制水体富营养化的关键,因此开发高效、节能的中小型点源污水脱氮工艺具有重大的现实意义。
本文在全面分析污水生物脱氮原理及生物流化床特点的基础上,试验研究了一种新型污水生物脱氮工艺,即悬浮载体生物流化床反应器。本研究首次提出了一种全新的反应器——悬浮载体生物流化床。该工艺为缺氧好氧一体式,并在好氧区投加填料,强化了系统的硝化功能;好氧区内不安装导流装置,通过改变曝气装置的位置来达到气、液、固三相的均匀混合;缺氧区内设计安装了搅拌片及三相分离器,使反硝化产生的N2及时排出系统,促进反应向正方向进行,提高脱氮效率,搅拌片的作用还使缺氧区布水均匀;同时将传统的水平流动方式改为向上流动方式,节省了占地面积及投资,在一个反应器的不同区域内完成了生物脱氮过程,实现了污水处理一体化,简化了工艺流程。
填料是该工艺的核心部分,内部有波纹隔板支撑,圆柱体表面呈波纹状凹凸不平,容易挂膜,主要挂膜区域为填料内部。填料内部表面凹陷处所形成的生物膜比较厚,反应器内的生物量大,试验期间MLSS值可高达9 500～11 000mg/L;同时在填料表面生物膜较厚处易形成厌氧层,进而形成缺氧——好氧微环境,使同步硝化反硝化脱氮成为可能,提高了反应器的脱氮效率。填加投加量约为好氧区体积的30% ,密度为0.4～0.45×103kg/m3,质轻高强,节省动力,运行中填料在曝气作用下呈流化状态,三相接触充分,达到良好的处理效果。因此可得出结论,以波纹状圆柱体聚丙烯填料作为流化床的悬浮载体填料为佳。
论文首先研究了悬浮载体生物流化床反应器的脱氮效能。结果表明,悬浮载体生物流化床反应器是一种有效的城市污水处理工艺,并对水质的变化有一定的抗冲击能力。该工艺对有机物和氨氮均有较高的去除率,对总氮也有明显的去除效果。正式运行期间进水容积负荷在1～28kgCOD/m3.d之间变化,试验结果表明,当容积负荷小于15kgCOD/m3.d时,COD平均出水浓度为23.59mg/L,平均去除率为89.52%,最高可达98.38%;氨氮平均出水浓度为6.91mg/L,平均去除率为83.66%,最高可达96.38%;总氮平均去除率为52.49%,最高可达69.71%。
论文分别研究了有机负荷、水温、pH值及硝化液回流比对反应器处理效能的影响。结果表明,当容积负荷小于15kgCOD/m3.d时,COD出水平均浓度为23.59mg/L,氨氮去除效果随COD容积负荷的增加而降低,其出水平均浓度为6.52mg/L,满足《污水综合排放标准》一级标准;当容积负荷在9～17kgCOD/m3.d范围内,TN去除率随COD容积负荷的增加逐渐提高,低于9kgCOD/m3.d时,由于碳源缺少,TN去除率较低,高于17kgCOD/m3.d时,因氨氮硝化受阻,反硝化失去基础,TN去除率亦开始下降。系统中COD、氨氮及TN的去除效率均随水温的降低而降低,当水温低于10℃时,异养碳化菌和自养硝化菌活性都大为降低,系统对COD、氨氮及TN平均去除率分别低至69.62%、62.53%、17.51%,因此本试验中临界温度点为10℃。硝化液回流比对COD和氨氮的去除效果影响不大,而对总氮的去除效果产生了较大的影响,当硝化液回流比为2:1时,TN平均去除率为48.97%,回流比为4:1时,去除率为59.32%,当回流比为3:1时,TN去除效果最好,平均去除率可达61.90%。
论文揭示了悬浮载体流化床好氧区内同步硝化反硝化的过程。结果表明,好氧区总氮浓度低于缺氧区,证明了同步硝化反硝化的存在,约有19.53%的总氮通过同步硝化反硝化作用去除。DO是影响同步硝化反硝化的一个重要因素。当DO值为3.7mg/L时,硝化和反硝化速率接近,总氮去除效果最佳可达57.98%。同时由于硝化反硝化是由自养菌和异养菌共同作用的结果,所以有机负荷必须控制在一个最佳的范围内才能达到较好的同步硝化反硝化效果。本试验中容积负荷应控制在9～17kgCOD/m3.d。通过显微镜和扫描电镜的观察,考察了反应器启动及正式运行阶段活性污泥及生物膜的微生物组成和形态特征,分析了反应器内的微生物特性。生物膜的存在使反应器内生存着世代周期较长的微生物,丰富的生物相为系统功能的正常运行提供了有效的保证。反应器表现出处理效果好、抗冲击负荷能力强、污泥产量低等高效运行特征。
最后,在对试验数据进行分析的基础上,对反应器的实际运行机理进行了研究,并根据Monod公式,推导出了反应器有机物降解动力学模型及同步硝化反硝化动力学模型,并从传质的角度进行了分析。
China is drought and lack of water strictly,with the development of the cities in China,the amount of wastewater is going up greatly and eutrophication of natural waters is severe,the amount of water resources measuring up the standard reduces rapidly. Economy development is limited by the shortage of water resources. The key issue for controlling eutrophication is improving the wastewater treating rate and reducing the amount of nitrogen in the effluent. So it is important to develop high efficiency and energy-saving middle and small-scale process for point-sources nitrogen removal.
This project developed a new style wastewater treatment process for nitrogen removal based on the theory of biological nitrogen removal and the characteristics of biological fluidized beds,that is suspended carriers biological fluidized bed reactor.
This process settled aerobic and anoxic zone into one reactor and put suspended carriers into aerobic zone to enhance nitrifying capacity of the system. There is no liquid directing device in aerobic zone and mix gas-liquid-solid equably by changing the position of aeration devices. Stirrer and three-phase separator was settled in anoxic zone to ensure the efficiency of denitrification. In this reactor wastewater goes up from the bottom. This will resolve the problem of occupying large area existed in traditional processes and predigest the process. Carriers is the core part of the process and its material is polypropylene. The outer and inner surface of the carriers is moiréand is easy to be attached by microorganisms. In the recess of the biofilm is thick,the amount of MLSS is high and can reach 9 500～11 000mg/L. At the same time the thick part of the biofilm can form anaerobic zone and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification can achieve. So the efficiency of total nitrogen removal will improve. The density of carriers is low of 0.4～0.45×103kg/m3 and can save power when mixing three phases.
This project first studied the efficiency of nitrogen removal using suspended carriers biological fluidized bed reactor. The results show that this process is an effective process for urban wastewater treatment and is suitable for the change of water quality of influent to some extent. The removal efficiency of COD and ammonia is upper and obvious to TN. During the period of experiment the average concentration of COD is 23.59mg/L,the average removal efficiency is 89.52% and the top value can reach 98.38% ; To ammonia the average concentration of the effluent is 6.91mg/L and the average removal efficiency is 83.66%,the top value can reach 96.38%;To total nitrogen the average removal efficiency is 52.49% and the top value is 69.71%.
Also the project studied the influence factors for nitrogen removal using suspended carriers biological fluidized bed. This paper discussed influence factors to nitrogen removal such as organic load,influent temperature,pH value and reflux ratio of nitrated liquid. The results show that when organic load is less than 15kgCOD/m3.d,the average COD concentration of effluent is 20.72mg/L and reach the first class of Sewage Comprehensive Discharge Standard; the removal efficiency of ammonia reduced with the increase of influent organic load; but of TN goes up. When the organic load is less than 7 kgCOD/m3.d,TN removal efficiency is low because of the shortage of carbon sources. When it is more than 17kgCOD/m3.d,TN removal efficiency goes down because denitrification is limited with bad nitrification. Temperature is also an important influence factor. The removal efficiency of COD,ammonia and TN go down with the water temperature,and when the temperature is less than 10℃,the activity of bacteria goes down deeply and the removal efficiency of COD,ammonia and TN reduced to 69.62%、62.53%、17.51% respectively,so the critical temperature of this reactor is deemed to 10℃. Nitrifying liquid reflux ratio has little effect to COD and ammonia removal but it affected TN removal greatly. When reflux ratio is 2:1,the average removal efficiency of TN is 48.97% and the value is 59.31 when the ratio is 4:1,and when reflux ratio is 3:1,the average removal efficiency of TN can reach 61.90%
This paper also studied the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in aerobic zone. The concentration of total nitrogen in aerobic zone is lower than that of in anoxic zone and that shows simultaneous nitrification and denitrification exists and approximately 19.53% is removed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. According to the results,dissolved oxygen is an important factor to simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The reaction rate of nitrification and denitrification is close to each other when controlling the DO value in the range of 2.8～3.7mg/L and the removal efficiency of TN is well. When the value of DO is 3.7mg/L,TN efficiency is the best and can reach 57.98%. The organic load should be controlled in a best range for getting a good TN removal result because of mutual function of autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria in the process of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. In this pilot the organic load should be controlled in the range of 9～17kgCOD/m3.d. Dynamics equation of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the aerobic zone was derived based on Monod model and analysis of the experiment data.
By the observation of microscope and scanning electron microscopy,it was found that the variety of microorganisms in the reactor make the system has higher energy and substances transforming efficiency. This make the reactor has higher treatment efficiency and show good results when temperature and load exchanging greatly. These make sure that the system has stable removal efficiency. Also the process can run normally because of having these characteristics.
Finally,basing on the analysis of experimental data,the actual principles of the process was studied. According to Monod equation,kinetic models of organic degradation and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were achieved.
本文在全面分析污水生物脱氮原理及生物流化床特点的基础上,试验研究了一种新型污水生物脱氮工艺,即悬浮载体生物流化床反应器。本研究首次提出了一种全新的反应器——悬浮载体生物流化床。该工艺为缺氧好氧一体式,并在好氧区投加填料,强化了系统的硝化功能;好氧区内不安装导流装置,通过改变曝气装置的位置来达到气、液、固三相的均匀混合;缺氧区内设计安装了搅拌片及三相分离器,使反硝化产生的N2及时排出系统,促进反应向正方向进行,提高脱氮效率,搅拌片的作用还使缺氧区布水均匀;同时将传统的水平流动方式改为向上流动方式,节省了占地面积及投资,在一个反应器的不同区域内完成了生物脱氮过程,实现了污水处理一体化,简化了工艺流程。
填料是该工艺的核心部分,内部有波纹隔板支撑,圆柱体表面呈波纹状凹凸不平,容易挂膜,主要挂膜区域为填料内部。填料内部表面凹陷处所形成的生物膜比较厚,反应器内的生物量大,试验期间MLSS值可高达9 500～11 000mg/L;同时在填料表面生物膜较厚处易形成厌氧层,进而形成缺氧——好氧微环境,使同步硝化反硝化脱氮成为可能,提高了反应器的脱氮效率。填加投加量约为好氧区体积的30% ,密度为0.4～0.45×103kg/m3,质轻高强,节省动力,运行中填料在曝气作用下呈流化状态,三相接触充分,达到良好的处理效果。因此可得出结论,以波纹状圆柱体聚丙烯填料作为流化床的悬浮载体填料为佳。
论文首先研究了悬浮载体生物流化床反应器的脱氮效能。结果表明,悬浮载体生物流化床反应器是一种有效的城市污水处理工艺,并对水质的变化有一定的抗冲击能力。该工艺对有机物和氨氮均有较高的去除率,对总氮也有明显的去除效果。正式运行期间进水容积负荷在1～28kgCOD/m3.d之间变化,试验结果表明,当容积负荷小于15kgCOD/m3.d时,COD平均出水浓度为23.59mg/L,平均去除率为89.52%,最高可达98.38%;氨氮平均出水浓度为6.91mg/L,平均去除率为83.66%,最高可达96.38%;总氮平均去除率为52.49%,最高可达69.71%。
论文分别研究了有机负荷、水温、pH值及硝化液回流比对反应器处理效能的影响。结果表明,当容积负荷小于15kgCOD/m3.d时,COD出水平均浓度为23.59mg/L,氨氮去除效果随COD容积负荷的增加而降低,其出水平均浓度为6.52mg/L,满足《污水综合排放标准》一级标准;当容积负荷在9～17kgCOD/m3.d范围内,TN去除率随COD容积负荷的增加逐渐提高,低于9kgCOD/m3.d时,由于碳源缺少,TN去除率较低,高于17kgCOD/m3.d时,因氨氮硝化受阻,反硝化失去基础,TN去除率亦开始下降。系统中COD、氨氮及TN的去除效率均随水温的降低而降低,当水温低于10℃时,异养碳化菌和自养硝化菌活性都大为降低,系统对COD、氨氮及TN平均去除率分别低至69.62%、62.53%、17.51%,因此本试验中临界温度点为10℃。硝化液回流比对COD和氨氮的去除效果影响不大,而对总氮的去除效果产生了较大的影响,当硝化液回流比为2:1时,TN平均去除率为48.97%,回流比为4:1时,去除率为59.32%,当回流比为3:1时,TN去除效果最好,平均去除率可达61.90%。
论文揭示了悬浮载体流化床好氧区内同步硝化反硝化的过程。结果表明,好氧区总氮浓度低于缺氧区,证明了同步硝化反硝化的存在,约有19.53%的总氮通过同步硝化反硝化作用去除。DO是影响同步硝化反硝化的一个重要因素。当DO值为3.7mg/L时,硝化和反硝化速率接近,总氮去除效果最佳可达57.98%。同时由于硝化反硝化是由自养菌和异养菌共同作用的结果,所以有机负荷必须控制在一个最佳的范围内才能达到较好的同步硝化反硝化效果。本试验中容积负荷应控制在9～17kgCOD/m3.d。通过显微镜和扫描电镜的观察,考察了反应器启动及正式运行阶段活性污泥及生物膜的微生物组成和形态特征,分析了反应器内的微生物特性。生物膜的存在使反应器内生存着世代周期较长的微生物,丰富的生物相为系统功能的正常运行提供了有效的保证。反应器表现出处理效果好、抗冲击负荷能力强、污泥产量低等高效运行特征。
最后,在对试验数据进行分析的基础上,对反应器的实际运行机理进行了研究,并根据Monod公式,推导出了反应器有机物降解动力学模型及同步硝化反硝化动力学模型,并从传质的角度进行了分析。
China is drought and lack of water strictly,with the development of the cities in China,the amount of wastewater is going up greatly and eutrophication of natural waters is severe,the amount of water resources measuring up the standard reduces rapidly. Economy development is limited by the shortage of water resources. The key issue for controlling eutrophication is improving the wastewater treating rate and reducing the amount of nitrogen in the effluent. So it is important to develop high efficiency and energy-saving middle and small-scale process for point-sources nitrogen removal.
This project developed a new style wastewater treatment process for nitrogen removal based on the theory of biological nitrogen removal and the characteristics of biological fluidized beds,that is suspended carriers biological fluidized bed reactor.
This process settled aerobic and anoxic zone into one reactor and put suspended carriers into aerobic zone to enhance nitrifying capacity of the system. There is no liquid directing device in aerobic zone and mix gas-liquid-solid equably by changing the position of aeration devices. Stirrer and three-phase separator was settled in anoxic zone to ensure the efficiency of denitrification. In this reactor wastewater goes up from the bottom. This will resolve the problem of occupying large area existed in traditional processes and predigest the process. Carriers is the core part of the process and its material is polypropylene. The outer and inner surface of the carriers is moiréand is easy to be attached by microorganisms. In the recess of the biofilm is thick,the amount of MLSS is high and can reach 9 500～11 000mg/L. At the same time the thick part of the biofilm can form anaerobic zone and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification can achieve. So the efficiency of total nitrogen removal will improve. The density of carriers is low of 0.4～0.45×103kg/m3 and can save power when mixing three phases.
This project first studied the efficiency of nitrogen removal using suspended carriers biological fluidized bed reactor. The results show that this process is an effective process for urban wastewater treatment and is suitable for the change of water quality of influent to some extent. The removal efficiency of COD and ammonia is upper and obvious to TN. During the period of experiment the average concentration of COD is 23.59mg/L,the average removal efficiency is 89.52% and the top value can reach 98.38% ; To ammonia the average concentration of the effluent is 6.91mg/L and the average removal efficiency is 83.66%,the top value can reach 96.38%;To total nitrogen the average removal efficiency is 52.49% and the top value is 69.71%.
Also the project studied the influence factors for nitrogen removal using suspended carriers biological fluidized bed. This paper discussed influence factors to nitrogen removal such as organic load,influent temperature,pH value and reflux ratio of nitrated liquid. The results show that when organic load is less than 15kgCOD/m3.d,the average COD concentration of effluent is 20.72mg/L and reach the first class of Sewage Comprehensive Discharge Standard; the removal efficiency of ammonia reduced with the increase of influent organic load; but of TN goes up. When the organic load is less than 7 kgCOD/m3.d,TN removal efficiency is low because of the shortage of carbon sources. When it is more than 17kgCOD/m3.d,TN removal efficiency goes down because denitrification is limited with bad nitrification. Temperature is also an important influence factor. The removal efficiency of COD,ammonia and TN go down with the water temperature,and when the temperature is less than 10℃,the activity of bacteria goes down deeply and the removal efficiency of COD,ammonia and TN reduced to 69.62%、62.53%、17.51% respectively,so the critical temperature of this reactor is deemed to 10℃. Nitrifying liquid reflux ratio has little effect to COD and ammonia removal but it affected TN removal greatly. When reflux ratio is 2:1,the average removal efficiency of TN is 48.97% and the value is 59.31 when the ratio is 4:1,and when reflux ratio is 3:1,the average removal efficiency of TN can reach 61.90%
This paper also studied the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in aerobic zone. The concentration of total nitrogen in aerobic zone is lower than that of in anoxic zone and that shows simultaneous nitrification and denitrification exists and approximately 19.53% is removed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. According to the results,dissolved oxygen is an important factor to simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The reaction rate of nitrification and denitrification is close to each other when controlling the DO value in the range of 2.8～3.7mg/L and the removal efficiency of TN is well. When the value of DO is 3.7mg/L,TN efficiency is the best and can reach 57.98%. The organic load should be controlled in a best range for getting a good TN removal result because of mutual function of autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria in the process of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. In this pilot the organic load should be controlled in the range of 9～17kgCOD/m3.d. Dynamics equation of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the aerobic zone was derived based on Monod model and analysis of the experiment data.
By the observation of microscope and scanning electron microscopy,it was found that the variety of microorganisms in the reactor make the system has higher energy and substances transforming efficiency. This make the reactor has higher treatment efficiency and show good results when temperature and load exchanging greatly. These make sure that the system has stable removal efficiency. Also the process can run normally because of having these characteristics.
Finally,basing on the analysis of experimental data,the actual principles of the process was studied. According to Monod equation,kinetic models of organic degradation and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were achieved.
引文
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