某些新型的无线网状网中拓扑结构和通信算法的研究
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摘要
无线网状网作为提供“无处不在的”宽带服务的技术，最近十来年得到了研究者极大的关注。无线网状网由自组网和蜂窝网等早期无线网络的发展整合产生，但从移动性和能量等方面看又不同于传统的自组网和蜂窝网。无线网状网可以带来较高的频谱效率，并且可以通过多跳扩大覆盖范围，建网成本比有线网更低。无线网状网技术正在快速发展，标准逐渐完善。同时也在一些关键问题上留下了研究的空间，比如调度算法、路由协议、拓扑模型及节点编址等方面。
本论文围绕多输入多输出无线网状网的几个关键问题展开研究。通过对无线网状网的传输特性、干扰特性的刻画，以及对拓扑结构、拓扑规划、节点编址等方面的研究，提出独特的信道分层图笛卡尔乘积模型。在此基础上进行了多输入多输出无线网状网的调度算法和路由算法的研究。对三角形网状网、单元构造的格子网状网等结构，提出了基于信道分层模型的波状调度算法和结合节点编址方法的导向目的节点路由算法。
论文研究的主要问题包括：(1)拓扑规划问题，即能否采用单元结构生成无线网状网的拓扑规划？(2)能否对多输入多输出网状网的拓扑引入方便避免干扰的图模型问题；(3)信道分层的图笛卡尔乘积模型下节点的编址问题；(4)信道分层图模型下，多无线电多输入多输出网状网的容量最大化最优调度问题；(5)基于图乘积模型，鼓励吞吐量的路由问题。对这些问题的研究，本文提出了相应的解决方法。
主要研究内容及其创新点归纳如下：
1．论文给出了从起始节点通过生长生成网状网拓扑的方法。同时给出通过基本的格子网状网用基本单元替代格子网状网节点的拓扑构造方法。提出的网状网拓扑生成的方法，对于网络规划具有指导价值。并讨论了通过边着色来探测生成拓扑中的路径。通过研究基本单元替代格子网状网节点的组合特性，给出计数特定拓扑中节点对之间的路径数的一般结论。
2．充分利用正交信道特性和多输入多输出无线网状网基本拓扑特性，提出了信道分层的图笛卡尔乘积模型。这种模型把多无线电的节点转化为一个链，链上的每个节点表示一个可用的无线电，网状网的平面拓扑和节点链的笛卡尔乘积图形成一个信道分层的模型，简化了信道分配问题，在干扰规避的前提下，方便讨论调度和路由问题。
3．在以信道分层的图乘积模型基础上，给出了一种网状网节点的编址策略。三角形网状网中的节点编址策略充分体现了逻辑结构的对称性。也通过编址坐标建立了用于计算无线路由节点到网关节点之间最小跳数的具有一般意义的公式。无线网状网的调度和路由问题均可以通过节点的编址向量运算来处理，为通信问题的描述和刻画提供了简明有效的逻辑基础。另外，文中给出了节点编址的若干特性。比如，一对节点相距的跳数和对应节点编址间的关系，以及旋转变换作用于节点以及边产生的迁移特征等。
4．论文提出了多输出多输入网状网中波状调度算法。针对骨干无线网状网的调度问题，IEEE802.16标准并未给出解决方案。只是建议用集中式调度方法，这给各具体应用留下自由实现的空间。信道分层模型可以为讨论多无线电干扰避免的调度问题提供方便，因为一个无线信道就是虚拟模型的一个平面网状网。为了鼓励最大容量，实现调度需要鼓励笛卡尔乘积图中所有信道层有尽可能多的协同传输连接。论文据此提出了发现最大可共存边组算法。为了鼓励公平性和尽量减少传输延迟，提出了依托信道分层图模型的多输入多输出网状网中全新的波状调度算法。
5.提出了建立在信道分层图模型和节点编址基础上的导向目的节点路由算法。依据节点编址发现路由，且不依赖额外路由表，得到鼓励上行吞吐量和容量的独特路由算法。在单元替代格子网状网节点的拓扑和三角形网状网信道分层拓扑中，通过定义下一跳方向，逐跳获得发送者到目的节点的可行路径。发现路径除了借助最小跳判据、也要满足节点度约束和干扰等约束。路由算法的性能评价用BS上行吞吐量指标衡量。通过理论分析和若干模拟实验评估，导向目的节点路由算法开销少，鼓励容量。在轴线路由节点增加接口，该算法更能鼓励上行吞吐量。
Wireless mesh networks (WMN), acting as technology of “ubiquitous” broadbandservices, has been attracting great attention of researchers over the last decade. By theintegration of ad hoc network, cellular network and other early wireless network, WMN wasproposed. But WMN differs from the traditional ad hoc network and cellular network fromthe properties such as the mobility and energy etc. WMN promises higher spectrum usage,and covers larger area under multi-hop relaying. Meanwhile, constructing WMN costs lessthan wired network. As WMN research advances quickly, the corresponding standards aregetting mature. Moreover, some of the key issues are left for special applications, such asscheduling algorithm, routing protocol, topology and node addressing etc.
The thesis focuses on some critical problems of multiple input multiple output (MIMO)WMN. WMN transmission characteristics include the interference character, topologystructure, topology planning, and node addressing, as well as on other aspects. The thesispresents unique channel layered graph Cartesian product model. Based on the graph model,the thesis conducts research on MIMO WMN scheduling and routing algorithm. To thetriangular mesh and unit constructed grid mesh, Wavelike scheduling and Destination orientedrouting algorithm are given based on channel layered graph model and node addressingscheme.
The main research issues are:(1) Topology planning problem, namely whether the unitstructure can be used to generate WMN topology planning?(2) If there is a certain graphmodel, which can facilitate discussion of MIMO WMN interference free topology.(3) Theproblem on addressing a node in channel layered graph Cartesian product model.(4) Theoptimal scheduling problem, with multi-radio MIMO WMN channel layered graph model, i.e.pursuits the capacity maximization scheduling.(5) The routing problem that encouragesnetwork throughput with graph Cartesian product model. The study on these problems putsforward the corresponding solving methods.
The main research content and innovations are as follows:
1．The thesis proposes a method to generate mesh topology from a starting point byrecursively growing. Meanwhile, with given basic grid mesh, a method for constructing meshtopology is introduced to replace basic grid node by unit. The given approach to generatemesh topology is helpful to guide network planning. Furthermore, detecting path in generatedtopology is discussed with edge coloring method. Through the study of combination propertyin the alternative lattice mesh, whose node is replaced by basic unit, a general conclusion to count the path number is given between specific topological node pair.
2．In order to take advantages of orthogonal channel and MIMO WMN topology, ahierarchical model, graph Cartesian product is proposed. This model virtually maps amulti-radio node into a chain, and each node on the chain represents one of the availableradios. A plane mesh topology and a node chain operate into a channel hierarchical graphCartesian product model, and the scheme simplifies channel allocation. Under the premise ofthe interference avoidance, the model facilitates discussion on MIMO WMN scheduling androuting problems.
3．In the channel layered graph model, a mesh node addressing strategy is given. Thenode addressing strategy completely unfolds the symmetry of the logical structure in thetriangular mesh. With the help of node addressing strategy, in general, a formula is raised tocalculate the smallest number of hops between a router node coordinate and the gateway nodecoordinate. In the meantime, WMN scheduling and routing problems can be handled by theoperation of node coordinate vector, which facilitates the description of the communicationproblems and provides a simple effective logical method. In addition, the thesis gives anumber of characteristics of node addressing. For example, the relationship of thecorresponding number of hops and a pair of specific addressing coordinates. The nodes andedges migration characteristics are also discussed under the rotation transformation.
4．The thesis presents MIMO wavelike mesh scheduling algorithm. To the WMNbackbone scheduling problem, IEEE802.16standard does not give a solution. The standardsuggests centralized scheduling method. Then, the specific application can develop efficientscheduling. Channel layered model facilitates the discussion on scheduling problem withradio interference free, because each wireless channel is a virtual plane mesh. To encouragemaximum capacity, the traffic scheduling should achieve as many as possible transportconnections in Cartesian product graph layer for all channels. The thesis then proposes thelargest coexisting edge set algorithms. In order to encourage fairness and to minimize thetransmission delay, the thesis explores a brand new wavelike scheduling algorithm relying onthe MIMO channel layered graph model.
5. The thesis proposes the destination-oriented routing algorithm based on the channellayer graph model and node addressing. Find a routing path according to node addressing, notrelying on additional routing tables, the new routing algorithm encourages uplink throughputand capacity. While replacing a lattice mesh node with a certain unit to generate new mesh,the feasible path from the source to the destination can be detected hop by hop with predefined next hop correct direction, both for the generated mesh and the channel layered
triangular mesh. Considering interference and node degree constraints, the path can be
selected with minimum hop count metric. The performance of the routing algorithm can beevaluated by the uploading throughput of BS. The destination oriented routing algorithmconsumes small resource, in aspects of theory analysis and simulating experiments.Meanwhile, the routing algorithm encourages capacity. Deploying some more interfaces to theaxis nodes, the algorithm can improve uploading throughput too.
本论文围绕多输入多输出无线网状网的几个关键问题展开研究。通过对无线网状网的传输特性、干扰特性的刻画，以及对拓扑结构、拓扑规划、节点编址等方面的研究，提出独特的信道分层图笛卡尔乘积模型。在此基础上进行了多输入多输出无线网状网的调度算法和路由算法的研究。对三角形网状网、单元构造的格子网状网等结构，提出了基于信道分层模型的波状调度算法和结合节点编址方法的导向目的节点路由算法。
论文研究的主要问题包括：(1)拓扑规划问题，即能否采用单元结构生成无线网状网的拓扑规划？(2)能否对多输入多输出网状网的拓扑引入方便避免干扰的图模型问题；(3)信道分层的图笛卡尔乘积模型下节点的编址问题；(4)信道分层图模型下，多无线电多输入多输出网状网的容量最大化最优调度问题；(5)基于图乘积模型，鼓励吞吐量的路由问题。对这些问题的研究，本文提出了相应的解决方法。
主要研究内容及其创新点归纳如下：
1．论文给出了从起始节点通过生长生成网状网拓扑的方法。同时给出通过基本的格子网状网用基本单元替代格子网状网节点的拓扑构造方法。提出的网状网拓扑生成的方法，对于网络规划具有指导价值。并讨论了通过边着色来探测生成拓扑中的路径。通过研究基本单元替代格子网状网节点的组合特性，给出计数特定拓扑中节点对之间的路径数的一般结论。
2．充分利用正交信道特性和多输入多输出无线网状网基本拓扑特性，提出了信道分层的图笛卡尔乘积模型。这种模型把多无线电的节点转化为一个链，链上的每个节点表示一个可用的无线电，网状网的平面拓扑和节点链的笛卡尔乘积图形成一个信道分层的模型，简化了信道分配问题，在干扰规避的前提下，方便讨论调度和路由问题。
3．在以信道分层的图乘积模型基础上，给出了一种网状网节点的编址策略。三角形网状网中的节点编址策略充分体现了逻辑结构的对称性。也通过编址坐标建立了用于计算无线路由节点到网关节点之间最小跳数的具有一般意义的公式。无线网状网的调度和路由问题均可以通过节点的编址向量运算来处理，为通信问题的描述和刻画提供了简明有效的逻辑基础。另外，文中给出了节点编址的若干特性。比如，一对节点相距的跳数和对应节点编址间的关系，以及旋转变换作用于节点以及边产生的迁移特征等。
4．论文提出了多输出多输入网状网中波状调度算法。针对骨干无线网状网的调度问题，IEEE802.16标准并未给出解决方案。只是建议用集中式调度方法，这给各具体应用留下自由实现的空间。信道分层模型可以为讨论多无线电干扰避免的调度问题提供方便，因为一个无线信道就是虚拟模型的一个平面网状网。为了鼓励最大容量，实现调度需要鼓励笛卡尔乘积图中所有信道层有尽可能多的协同传输连接。论文据此提出了发现最大可共存边组算法。为了鼓励公平性和尽量减少传输延迟，提出了依托信道分层图模型的多输入多输出网状网中全新的波状调度算法。
5.提出了建立在信道分层图模型和节点编址基础上的导向目的节点路由算法。依据节点编址发现路由，且不依赖额外路由表，得到鼓励上行吞吐量和容量的独特路由算法。在单元替代格子网状网节点的拓扑和三角形网状网信道分层拓扑中，通过定义下一跳方向，逐跳获得发送者到目的节点的可行路径。发现路径除了借助最小跳判据、也要满足节点度约束和干扰等约束。路由算法的性能评价用BS上行吞吐量指标衡量。通过理论分析和若干模拟实验评估，导向目的节点路由算法开销少，鼓励容量。在轴线路由节点增加接口，该算法更能鼓励上行吞吐量。
Wireless mesh networks (WMN), acting as technology of “ubiquitous” broadbandservices, has been attracting great attention of researchers over the last decade. By theintegration of ad hoc network, cellular network and other early wireless network, WMN wasproposed. But WMN differs from the traditional ad hoc network and cellular network fromthe properties such as the mobility and energy etc. WMN promises higher spectrum usage,and covers larger area under multi-hop relaying. Meanwhile, constructing WMN costs lessthan wired network. As WMN research advances quickly, the corresponding standards aregetting mature. Moreover, some of the key issues are left for special applications, such asscheduling algorithm, routing protocol, topology and node addressing etc.
The thesis focuses on some critical problems of multiple input multiple output (MIMO)WMN. WMN transmission characteristics include the interference character, topologystructure, topology planning, and node addressing, as well as on other aspects. The thesispresents unique channel layered graph Cartesian product model. Based on the graph model,the thesis conducts research on MIMO WMN scheduling and routing algorithm. To thetriangular mesh and unit constructed grid mesh, Wavelike scheduling and Destination orientedrouting algorithm are given based on channel layered graph model and node addressingscheme.
The main research issues are:(1) Topology planning problem, namely whether the unitstructure can be used to generate WMN topology planning?(2) If there is a certain graphmodel, which can facilitate discussion of MIMO WMN interference free topology.(3) Theproblem on addressing a node in channel layered graph Cartesian product model.(4) Theoptimal scheduling problem, with multi-radio MIMO WMN channel layered graph model, i.e.pursuits the capacity maximization scheduling.(5) The routing problem that encouragesnetwork throughput with graph Cartesian product model. The study on these problems putsforward the corresponding solving methods.
The main research content and innovations are as follows:
1．The thesis proposes a method to generate mesh topology from a starting point byrecursively growing. Meanwhile, with given basic grid mesh, a method for constructing meshtopology is introduced to replace basic grid node by unit. The given approach to generatemesh topology is helpful to guide network planning. Furthermore, detecting path in generatedtopology is discussed with edge coloring method. Through the study of combination propertyin the alternative lattice mesh, whose node is replaced by basic unit, a general conclusion to count the path number is given between specific topological node pair.
2．In order to take advantages of orthogonal channel and MIMO WMN topology, ahierarchical model, graph Cartesian product is proposed. This model virtually maps amulti-radio node into a chain, and each node on the chain represents one of the availableradios. A plane mesh topology and a node chain operate into a channel hierarchical graphCartesian product model, and the scheme simplifies channel allocation. Under the premise ofthe interference avoidance, the model facilitates discussion on MIMO WMN scheduling androuting problems.
3．In the channel layered graph model, a mesh node addressing strategy is given. Thenode addressing strategy completely unfolds the symmetry of the logical structure in thetriangular mesh. With the help of node addressing strategy, in general, a formula is raised tocalculate the smallest number of hops between a router node coordinate and the gateway nodecoordinate. In the meantime, WMN scheduling and routing problems can be handled by theoperation of node coordinate vector, which facilitates the description of the communicationproblems and provides a simple effective logical method. In addition, the thesis gives anumber of characteristics of node addressing. For example, the relationship of thecorresponding number of hops and a pair of specific addressing coordinates. The nodes andedges migration characteristics are also discussed under the rotation transformation.
4．The thesis presents MIMO wavelike mesh scheduling algorithm. To the WMNbackbone scheduling problem, IEEE802.16standard does not give a solution. The standardsuggests centralized scheduling method. Then, the specific application can develop efficientscheduling. Channel layered model facilitates the discussion on scheduling problem withradio interference free, because each wireless channel is a virtual plane mesh. To encouragemaximum capacity, the traffic scheduling should achieve as many as possible transportconnections in Cartesian product graph layer for all channels. The thesis then proposes thelargest coexisting edge set algorithms. In order to encourage fairness and to minimize thetransmission delay, the thesis explores a brand new wavelike scheduling algorithm relying onthe MIMO channel layered graph model.
5. The thesis proposes the destination-oriented routing algorithm based on the channellayer graph model and node addressing. Find a routing path according to node addressing, notrelying on additional routing tables, the new routing algorithm encourages uplink throughputand capacity. While replacing a lattice mesh node with a certain unit to generate new mesh,the feasible path from the source to the destination can be detected hop by hop with predefined next hop correct direction, both for the generated mesh and the channel layered
triangular mesh. Considering interference and node degree constraints, the path can be
selected with minimum hop count metric. The performance of the routing algorithm can beevaluated by the uploading throughput of BS. The destination oriented routing algorithmconsumes small resource, in aspects of theory analysis and simulating experiments.Meanwhile, the routing algorithm encourages capacity. Deploying some more interfaces to theaxis nodes, the algorithm can improve uploading throughput too.
引文
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