基于地理特征类型的自然语言空间关系查询
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摘要
随着地理信息系统越来越深入应用于人们的日常生活之中,面向自然语言的空间关系查询研究越来越被人们所重视,已成为一个研究热点。
目前在面向自然语言的空间关系查询方面的研究主要集中在空间关系描述、空间关系自然语言形式化表达、空间关系自然语言查询语句转换以及空间关系自然语言查询接口等方面,但在研究时通常将参与的空间对象抽象为不具有地理语义的空间几何体,很少考虑在空间关系自然语言表达时,不同的地理特征类型所引起的语义差别影响,因此在具体的自然语言查询实现时还难以完成面向现实中客观存在的空间物体的查询要求。
本文首先依据目前在空间关系的自然语言描述词汇形式化表达方面的研究成果,利用已有的形式化表达规则,设计出具体定性的自然语言描述词汇在计算机模型中所对应的定量化空间关系判断算子,以此作为空间关系自然语言查询时空间关系选定的依据。同时,针对不同特征类型的空间地物和空间关系自然语言描述词汇之间对应的语义关系有所不同的特点,文章在收集总结自然语言词汇在描述空间关系时的对应知识的基础之上,利用产生式知识规则表达的方法,提出不同特征类型地物和描述词汇间的知识规则库的设计方法。最后通过部分空间地物的规则实例,结合具有GIS功能的平台,设计出具体查询系统实践举例证明。
With more and more applications of geographic information system in people's daily life, study on the natural-language queries of spatial relations becomes increasingly important.
Currently, Scholars focus on natural-language descriptions of spatial relations, formalizing descriptions of natural-language spatial relations, parsing the query sentences , and the interface of natural-language spatial relation query, but they usually abstractly consider the spatial objects as non-geographic geometric objects when they dealing with their spatial relations. However, geographic semantics also take influences when describing spatial relations with natural language due to the characteristics of different geographic entities, so current study on the natural-language queries of spatial relations is hard to get a sound result when it faces to real world geographic objects.
In this dissertation, firstly, the operators about the natural-language terms which describe spatial relations are designed according to the rules from former study on formalizing natural-language spatial relations descriptions. At the same time, considering the semantics of geographic objects, this paper sums up some knowledge about how the spatial relations between two different geographic objects which have different geographic characteristics are represented in natural language, and puts forward a method to design a knowledge base. Finally, use the rules in knowledge base and GIS platform to design a query system.
目前在面向自然语言的空间关系查询方面的研究主要集中在空间关系描述、空间关系自然语言形式化表达、空间关系自然语言查询语句转换以及空间关系自然语言查询接口等方面,但在研究时通常将参与的空间对象抽象为不具有地理语义的空间几何体,很少考虑在空间关系自然语言表达时,不同的地理特征类型所引起的语义差别影响,因此在具体的自然语言查询实现时还难以完成面向现实中客观存在的空间物体的查询要求。
本文首先依据目前在空间关系的自然语言描述词汇形式化表达方面的研究成果,利用已有的形式化表达规则,设计出具体定性的自然语言描述词汇在计算机模型中所对应的定量化空间关系判断算子,以此作为空间关系自然语言查询时空间关系选定的依据。同时,针对不同特征类型的空间地物和空间关系自然语言描述词汇之间对应的语义关系有所不同的特点,文章在收集总结自然语言词汇在描述空间关系时的对应知识的基础之上,利用产生式知识规则表达的方法,提出不同特征类型地物和描述词汇间的知识规则库的设计方法。最后通过部分空间地物的规则实例,结合具有GIS功能的平台,设计出具体查询系统实践举例证明。
With more and more applications of geographic information system in people's daily life, study on the natural-language queries of spatial relations becomes increasingly important.
Currently, Scholars focus on natural-language descriptions of spatial relations, formalizing descriptions of natural-language spatial relations, parsing the query sentences , and the interface of natural-language spatial relation query, but they usually abstractly consider the spatial objects as non-geographic geometric objects when they dealing with their spatial relations. However, geographic semantics also take influences when describing spatial relations with natural language due to the characteristics of different geographic entities, so current study on the natural-language queries of spatial relations is hard to get a sound result when it faces to real world geographic objects.
In this dissertation, firstly, the operators about the natural-language terms which describe spatial relations are designed according to the rules from former study on formalizing natural-language spatial relations descriptions. At the same time, considering the semantics of geographic objects, this paper sums up some knowledge about how the spatial relations between two different geographic objects which have different geographic characteristics are represented in natural language, and puts forward a method to design a knowledge base. Finally, use the rules in knowledge base and GIS platform to design a query system.
引文
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[36] Rauschert I, Agrawal P, Fuhrmann S, Brewer I, Wang H, Sharma R, Cai G, MacEachren A. Designing a Human-Centered, Multimodal GIS Interface to Support Emergency Management. ACM GIS'02, 10th ACM Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Washington, DC, USA, November, 2002
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[2] Xu J. Formalizing natural-language spatial relations between linear objects with topological and metric properties[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2007, 21(3-4): 377-395
[3] Frank A U, Mark D M. Language issues for GIS[A]. Maguire D J, Goodchild M F, Rhind D W. Geographical Information Systems: Principles and Applications[C]. London: Longmans Publishers, 1991:147-163
[4]陈军,赵仁亮. GIS空间关系的基本问题与研究进展[J].测绘学报, 1999, 28(2):95-102
[5] Burrough P A, Mcdonnell R A. Principles of Geographical Information Systems [M]. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1998
[6] Egenhofer M, Kuhn W. Interacting with Geographical Information System[C]. In Geographical Information Systems: Principle, Techniques, Management and Applications. London :Taylor & Francis , 1998
[7] Egenhofer M, Franzosa R. Point-set Topological Spatial Relations [J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 1991, 5 (2): 161-174
[8] Egenhofer M J, Herring J. Categorizing binary topological relations between regions, lines, and points in geographic databases[R]. In: Technical Report, Department of Surveying Engineering, University of Maine, 1994
[9] Randell D A, Cui Z, Cohn A G. A spatial logic based on regions and connection[C]. In: 3rd International Conference on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1992: 156-176
[10] Cohn A G. Calculi for qualitative spatial reasoning[C]. In: J. Calmet J, Campbell J A, Pfalzgraf J. Proceedings of the International Conference AISMC-3 on Artificial Intelligence and Symbolic Mathematical Computation, Lecture Notes In Computer Science, Springer Verlag, 1996(1138):124-143
[11] Cohn A G, Bennett B, Goodday J, et al. Qualitative spatial representation and reasoning with region connection calculus[J]. Geoinformatica, 1997, 1(3): 215-316
[12] Cohn A G, Bennett B, Goodday J, et al. Representing and reasoning with qualitative spatial relations about regions[C]. In: Stock O. Spatial and Temporal Reasoning. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1997: 7-134
[13] Clementini E, Di Felice P, Oosterom P. A small set of formal topological relationships suitable for end-user interatction, Abel D, Ooi B C . Advances in Spatial Databases: Proc. 3rd 1nt1. Symposium on Spatial Databases (SSD'93), LNCS No. 692, Springer-Verlag, 1993: 277-295
[14] Frank A U. Qualitative spatial reasoning about cardinal directions[C]. In: Proceedings of Autocarto 10, Baltimore, MD, 1991: 148-167
[15] Hernández D. Relative representation of spatial knowledge: the 2-D case[C]. In: Mark D and Frank A. Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space. Kluwe Academic Publisher, 1991
[16] Freksa C, Zimmermann K. On the utilization of spatial structures for cognitively plausible and efficient reasoning[C]. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Chicago, October, 1992
[17] Freksa C. Using orientation information for qualitative spatial reasoning[C]. In: Frank A U, Campari I, Formentini U. International Conference GIS– From Space to Territory: Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. Pisa, Italy: Springer Verlag, 1992: 162-178
[18] Gahegan M. Proximity operators for qualitative spatial reasoning[C]. In: Frank A and Kuhn W. COSIT’95 Proceedings: Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. Berlin: Springer, 1995: 31-44
[19] Hernández D, Clemetini E, Felice P D. Qualitative distance[C]. In: A. Frank and W. Kuhn. COSIT’95 Proceedings: Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. Berlin: Springer, 1995: 45-57
[20] Yao X. Qualitative georeferencing and proximity modeling for geospatial information system[D]. dissertation, Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2002
[21] Mark M D, Comas D, Egenhofer M J, et al. Evaluating and Refining computational models of spatial relations through cross-linguistic human-subjects testing[C]. In: Frank A and Kuhn W. Spatial Information Theory– A theoretical Basis for GIS, International Conference COSIT’, Semmering, Austria, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995, 988: 553-568
[22] Shariff R., Egenhofer M J, Mark D M. Natural-language spatial relations between linear and areal objects: the topology and metric of English-language terms[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 1998, 12(3): 215-246
[23] Egenhofer M J, Shariff R. Metric details for natural-language spatial relations[J]. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 1998, 16(4): 295-321
[24] Nedas K A, Egenhofer M J, Wilmsen D. Metric details of topological line-line relations [J]International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 2007, 21(1): 21-48
[25] Xu J. Natural-language representation and query of liner geographic objects in GIS[D]. dissertation, Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2005
[26]邓敏,李成名,刘包文.利用拓扑和度量相结合的方法描述面状目标间的空间关系[J].测绘学报, 2002, 32(2):164-169
[27]陈学工,张弛伟,张文艺,张厅.度量参数与空间关系描述的研究[J].计算机技术与发展, 2007,17(5):187-190
[28]张连蓬,刘国林,江涛,李云岭,季民.受限自然语言查询在GIS中的应用[J].测绘学院报, 2002, 19(4):283-286
[29]徐爱萍,边馥苓,黄源.基于范例的GIS中文查询的SQL推理[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2007, 32(4):369-371
[30]马林兵,龚健雅.空间信息自然语言查询接口的研究与应用[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2003, 28(3): 301-305
[31]马林兵,龚健雅.面向自然语言的空间数据库查询研究[J].计算机工程与应用, 2003, 22:16-19
[32]徐爱萍,曹杰. GIS中文查询系统中间语言的形成研究[J].计算机工程与科学, 2006, 28(11):100-102
[33]徐爱萍,边馥苓. GIS中文查询的中间语言向SQL语句的转换[J].计算机工程, 2006, 32(22):49-50
[34]徐爱萍,边馥苓. GIS中文查询系统中SQL语句的形成[J].测绘科学, 2006, 31(5):110-113
[35]徐爱萍,边馥苓.基于语义查询树的GIS中文查询语句向SQL的转换[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2006, 31(10):924-927
[36] Rauschert I, Agrawal P, Fuhrmann S, Brewer I, Wang H, Sharma R, Cai G, MacEachren A. Designing a Human-Centered, Multimodal GIS Interface to Support Emergency Management. ACM GIS'02, 10th ACM Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Washington, DC, USA, November, 2002
[37] Shapiro S C, Chalupsky H, Chou H, Mark D. Intelligent user interfaces: Connecting ARC/INFO and SNACTor, a semantic network based system for planning actions[C]. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual ESRI User Conference, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California, 1992(3): 151-165.
[38] Xu J. 2003. Implement an Intelligent ArcView User Interface Using SNePS. In Proceeding of the 23rd Annual ESRI User Conference, San Diego, California, July 7-11, 2003
[39] Charles K, Eric T. Voice: The Next Interface for GIS[C]. ESRI International User Conference 2003 Jul 7-11, San Diego, California, 2003
[40] Egenhofer M J, A Model for Detailed Binary Topological Relationships[J]. Geomantic, l993. 47(3):261-273
[41] Egenhofer M J, Herring J. A Mathematical Framework for the Definination of Topoloigcal ReIationships[J]. In: Zurich K Brassel and Kishimoto H, ed. Proc. Of 4th Int. Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, 1990
[42] Puliar D and Egenholer M J, Towards Formal Definitions of Topological Relations Among Spatial Objects[J]. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Sydney, Australia:225-241
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