不同氮磷钾肥配比与红富士苹果品质和产量的关系研究
摘要
本研究于2008年3月至2008年10月在陕西省洛川县旧县镇为试验点,以12年生红富士苹果(Maluspumila cv.FuJi)盛果期树为试材,为了缩小实验规模,采用二次回归正交设计,三个因子,5个水平,共15个处理,以盛果期苹果园最大产量为期望产量值,计算各个参试元素的携出量,携出量除以各元素的当季利用率为理论最佳施肥量,将理论最佳施肥量设定为该试验的中值水平,应用统计软件提供的参数进行设计。试验研究了不同氮磷钾肥配比对红富士苹果相关生理指标的影响,用专业软件建立了肥料反应模型,并对数学模型进行分析以寻求苹果达最佳品质和产量时对应的氮磷钾肥料配比。在该实验条件下,取得了如下结果:
1不同氮磷钾肥配比能够显著影响红富士苹果的生长状况,果实的品质及产量,且对各项指标来说,达到极值时所对应的氮磷钾配比有所不同。
2不同氮磷钾肥配比影响红富士苹果叶片相关指标的研究表明:三元素与叶绿素的相关性P>N>K,叶片叶绿素含量最高时为3.01mg/g,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为每亩0kg/667m~2、28.66kg/667m~2、50.03kg/667m~2。三元素与苹果叶片可溶性糖的相关性N＞P＞K,叶片可溶性糖含量最高时为3.85%,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为17.02kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2。三种元素与叶片可溶性蛋白的相关性K＞P＞N,叶片可溶性蛋白含量最高时为4.82%,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为每亩48.0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2。
3不同氮磷钾肥配比影响红富士苹果品质方面的研究表明:三种元素与果实可溶性糖含量的相关性N＞K＞P,果实可溶性糖含量最高为18.60%,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为17.49kg/667m~2、60.0kg/667m~2、64.0kg/667m~2。三种元素与果实可滴定酸含量的相关性N＞K＞P,果实可滴定酸含量最高时为0.41%,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为23.07kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2。三种元素与果实糖酸比的相关性K＞P＞N,糖酸比最高为58.39,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为48.0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2、64.0kg/667m~2。
用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱质谱联用技术对不同施肥处理的红富士苹果的香气成分进行了分析,共鉴定出49种香气成分,其中,酯类23种,主要是乙酸2-甲基-1-丁酯,2-甲基丁酸已酯,乙酸已酯,乙酸丁酯;醛类5种,主要是正已醛,2-已烯醛,正丁醛；醇类13种,主要包括2-甲基丁醇,1-丁醇,1-辛醇,1-庚醇,1-壬醇。其他8种分别是烷烃类,酮类,醚类和alpha-法尼烯等。成分的分析结果表明,不同施肥处理均能影响果实香气物质,苹果主体香气成分最高时,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为33.27kg/667m~2、20.76kg/667m~2、37.33kg/667m~2。
三种元素与果实硬度含量的相关性K＞P＞N,硬度最高时为10.27kg/cm~2,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2、64.0kg/667m~2。
4不同氮磷钾肥配比影响红富十苹果单株产量的研究提示:三种元素与产量的相关性K＞P＞N,单株产量最高时为49.62Kg/株,最佳氮磷钾施用量分别为48.0kg/667m~2、60.0kg/667m~2、64.0kg/667m~2.
This study has been completed in the Old Town of Luochuan County, Shaanxi Province from March 2008 to October 2008. 12-year-old apple (Malus pumila cv. FuJi) tree in the full fruit was taken as the material in this experiment, and was fertilized with the N P K before germination.. In order to reduce the scale of the experiment, we used an optimized design with Quadratic regression orthogonal in which there were three factors, five levels, a total of 15 treatments. Taking the largest yield as the expectations, the nutrient elements carried out ratio by fruit from the soil was calculated out. The best fertilizer amount for the theory was that elements carrying out divided by the utilization of each one. We take this amount as the middle level of the experiment. A statistical software was used to design experiment and gave corresponding parameters. The physiological relationship and indexes of different N P K ratio were studied in this experiment. Using a professional software, a set of fertilizer response models were established, and then a optimum N P and K fertilizer ratio corresponding with best quality and yield was suggested for the apple production in the area. The main results were as follows:
1 Different combination of N P K fertilizer could affect growth of the apple tree, the quality and the yield of apple, and the optimum combination of the three fertilizer elements was shown to be different for each physiological index.
2 The relative physiological index of the apple leaves was shown that three factors N P Keffecting the chlorophyll of apple leaves was in series as P＞N＞K, the maximum chlorophyll content of apple leaves was 3.01 mg/g, and the corresponding N P K fertilizer combination was 0kg /667m~2, 28.66kg/667m~2, 50.03kg/667m~2. The N P K effecting the soluble sugar of apple leaves by degrees was in series as N＞P＞K, the maximum soluble sugar content was 3.85%, and the corresponding N P K fertilizer combination was 17.02kg/667m~2,0kg /667m~2,0kg /667m~2. The factors effecting the soluble protein of apple leaves was in series as K＞P＞N, the maximum soluble sugar content was 4.82%, and the corresponding NPK fertilizer combination was 48.0kg /667m~2 ,0kg/667m~2 and 0kg/667m~2.
3 Apple quality effected by fertilizer was shown that three factors NPK effecting the soluble sugar content of apple was in series as N＞K＞P, the maximum soluble sugar content was 18.60%, and the corresponding NPK fertilizer combination was 17.49kg /667m~2,60.0kg/667m~2 and 64.0kg/667m~2. Three factors N P K effecting the titratable acid content of apple was in series as N＞K＞P, the maximum titratable acid content was 0.41%, and the corresponding NPK fertilizer combination was 23.07kg/667m~2,0kg/667m~2 and 0kg/667m~2.Three factors N P K affecting the acid-sugar ratio of apple was in series as K＞P＞N, the maximum acid-sugar ratio was 0.4085%, and the corresponding N P K fertilizer combination was 48.0kg /667m~2,0kg /667m~2 and 64.0kg /667m~2.
Aroma components contained in Fuji apples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 49- components were identified, including 23- esters, 1-Butanol, 2-methyl-, acetate Acetic acid, butyl ester 1-Butanol, 2-methyl- Acetic acid, hexyl ester were the chief components; 13-alcohols, 1-Butanol 1-Hexanol were the chief components; 5-aldehydes, Hexanal 2-Hexenal were the chief components. The results indicate that different fertilizer proportion can effect aroma components of Fuji apple. According to professional software, a maximum aroma components content.could be gotten when the corresponding NPK fertilizer combination was 33.27kg/667m~2 20.76kg/667m~2 37.33kg /667m~2.
Three factors N P K effecting the firmness of apple fruit by degrees was in series as K > P > N, the maximum firmness of fruit was 10.27kg/cm~2, and the corresponding N P K fertilizer combination was 0kg /667m~2,0kg /667m~2 and 64.0kg/667m~2.
5 Three factors N P K effecting the yield of single tree by degrees was in series as K > P > N, the maximum yield of single tree was 49.62kg per tree, and the corresponding NPK fertilizer combination was 48.0kg/667m~2,60.0kg/667m~2 64.0kg/667m~2.
1不同氮磷钾肥配比能够显著影响红富士苹果的生长状况,果实的品质及产量,且对各项指标来说,达到极值时所对应的氮磷钾配比有所不同。
2不同氮磷钾肥配比影响红富士苹果叶片相关指标的研究表明:三元素与叶绿素的相关性P>N>K,叶片叶绿素含量最高时为3.01mg/g,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为每亩0kg/667m~2、28.66kg/667m~2、50.03kg/667m~2。三元素与苹果叶片可溶性糖的相关性N＞P＞K,叶片可溶性糖含量最高时为3.85%,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为17.02kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2。三种元素与叶片可溶性蛋白的相关性K＞P＞N,叶片可溶性蛋白含量最高时为4.82%,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为每亩48.0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2。
3不同氮磷钾肥配比影响红富士苹果品质方面的研究表明:三种元素与果实可溶性糖含量的相关性N＞K＞P,果实可溶性糖含量最高为18.60%,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为17.49kg/667m~2、60.0kg/667m~2、64.0kg/667m~2。三种元素与果实可滴定酸含量的相关性N＞K＞P,果实可滴定酸含量最高时为0.41%,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为23.07kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2。三种元素与果实糖酸比的相关性K＞P＞N,糖酸比最高为58.39,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为48.0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2、64.0kg/667m~2。
用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱质谱联用技术对不同施肥处理的红富士苹果的香气成分进行了分析,共鉴定出49种香气成分,其中,酯类23种,主要是乙酸2-甲基-1-丁酯,2-甲基丁酸已酯,乙酸已酯,乙酸丁酯;醛类5种,主要是正已醛,2-已烯醛,正丁醛；醇类13种,主要包括2-甲基丁醇,1-丁醇,1-辛醇,1-庚醇,1-壬醇。其他8种分别是烷烃类,酮类,醚类和alpha-法尼烯等。成分的分析结果表明,不同施肥处理均能影响果实香气物质,苹果主体香气成分最高时,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为33.27kg/667m~2、20.76kg/667m~2、37.33kg/667m~2。
三种元素与果实硬度含量的相关性K＞P＞N,硬度最高时为10.27kg/cm~2,氮磷钾肥施用量分别为0kg/667m~2、0kg/667m~2、64.0kg/667m~2。
4不同氮磷钾肥配比影响红富十苹果单株产量的研究提示:三种元素与产量的相关性K＞P＞N,单株产量最高时为49.62Kg/株,最佳氮磷钾施用量分别为48.0kg/667m~2、60.0kg/667m~2、64.0kg/667m~2.
This study has been completed in the Old Town of Luochuan County, Shaanxi Province from March 2008 to October 2008. 12-year-old apple (Malus pumila cv. FuJi) tree in the full fruit was taken as the material in this experiment, and was fertilized with the N P K before germination.. In order to reduce the scale of the experiment, we used an optimized design with Quadratic regression orthogonal in which there were three factors, five levels, a total of 15 treatments. Taking the largest yield as the expectations, the nutrient elements carried out ratio by fruit from the soil was calculated out. The best fertilizer amount for the theory was that elements carrying out divided by the utilization of each one. We take this amount as the middle level of the experiment. A statistical software was used to design experiment and gave corresponding parameters. The physiological relationship and indexes of different N P K ratio were studied in this experiment. Using a professional software, a set of fertilizer response models were established, and then a optimum N P and K fertilizer ratio corresponding with best quality and yield was suggested for the apple production in the area. The main results were as follows:
1 Different combination of N P K fertilizer could affect growth of the apple tree, the quality and the yield of apple, and the optimum combination of the three fertilizer elements was shown to be different for each physiological index.
2 The relative physiological index of the apple leaves was shown that three factors N P Keffecting the chlorophyll of apple leaves was in series as P＞N＞K, the maximum chlorophyll content of apple leaves was 3.01 mg/g, and the corresponding N P K fertilizer combination was 0kg /667m~2, 28.66kg/667m~2, 50.03kg/667m~2. The N P K effecting the soluble sugar of apple leaves by degrees was in series as N＞P＞K, the maximum soluble sugar content was 3.85%, and the corresponding N P K fertilizer combination was 17.02kg/667m~2,0kg /667m~2,0kg /667m~2. The factors effecting the soluble protein of apple leaves was in series as K＞P＞N, the maximum soluble sugar content was 4.82%, and the corresponding NPK fertilizer combination was 48.0kg /667m~2 ,0kg/667m~2 and 0kg/667m~2.
3 Apple quality effected by fertilizer was shown that three factors NPK effecting the soluble sugar content of apple was in series as N＞K＞P, the maximum soluble sugar content was 18.60%, and the corresponding NPK fertilizer combination was 17.49kg /667m~2,60.0kg/667m~2 and 64.0kg/667m~2. Three factors N P K effecting the titratable acid content of apple was in series as N＞K＞P, the maximum titratable acid content was 0.41%, and the corresponding NPK fertilizer combination was 23.07kg/667m~2,0kg/667m~2 and 0kg/667m~2.Three factors N P K affecting the acid-sugar ratio of apple was in series as K＞P＞N, the maximum acid-sugar ratio was 0.4085%, and the corresponding N P K fertilizer combination was 48.0kg /667m~2,0kg /667m~2 and 64.0kg /667m~2.
Aroma components contained in Fuji apples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 49- components were identified, including 23- esters, 1-Butanol, 2-methyl-, acetate Acetic acid, butyl ester 1-Butanol, 2-methyl- Acetic acid, hexyl ester were the chief components; 13-alcohols, 1-Butanol 1-Hexanol were the chief components; 5-aldehydes, Hexanal 2-Hexenal were the chief components. The results indicate that different fertilizer proportion can effect aroma components of Fuji apple. According to professional software, a maximum aroma components content.could be gotten when the corresponding NPK fertilizer combination was 33.27kg/667m~2 20.76kg/667m~2 37.33kg /667m~2.
Three factors N P K effecting the firmness of apple fruit by degrees was in series as K > P > N, the maximum firmness of fruit was 10.27kg/cm~2, and the corresponding N P K fertilizer combination was 0kg /667m~2,0kg /667m~2 and 64.0kg/667m~2.
5 Three factors N P K effecting the yield of single tree by degrees was in series as K > P > N, the maximum yield of single tree was 49.62kg per tree, and the corresponding NPK fertilizer combination was 48.0kg/667m~2,60.0kg/667m~2 64.0kg/667m~2.
引文
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