储存环中电子自旋动力学及其在能量标定中的应用
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摘要
束流能量是同步辐射光源电子储存环的一个重要参数,它决定了同步辐射的光子光谱分布情况。在光源的实际运行中,束流的真实能量和设计能量肯定或多或少存在差别,准确测量束流的能量是监测和了解光源运行情况必不可少的。另外,合肥光源要作为真空紫外至软X射线光谱范围内的主要辐射源标准,这要求储存电子束能量的测量精度要达到10-4以满足对光谱光子通量的精确计算。
自旋共振退极化法标定束流能量是目前应用广泛的一种能量测量技术,它的测量精度极高,可以达到10-5～10-4量级,甚至10-6量级。这种能量测量方法已经在欧美的很多同步辐射光源储存环和对撞机储存环上取得成功应用,但是在国内还没有一个加速器实验室成功应用过该项技术。在本研究课题中,我们将应用该项技术对中国科学技术大学国家同步辐射实验室的合肥光源储存环电子束能量进行高精度标定。
应用自旋共振退极化法标定束流能量的前提是储存环中的束流必须是极化的,由于储存环中的轻子束流可以通过发射自旋反转同步辐射而自发极化,并且极化时间常数通常在束流寿命的时间尺度之内,这使得该项测量技术得以在储存环上得到应用。然而储存环上还可能存在着很多退极化因素,这要求我们对自旋动力学有足够的了解并分析束流可能达到的平衡极化度,从而判断用退极化法标定能量的可行性。论文中,我们首先详细讲述了同步辐射对轻子束的自旋极化作用,以及辐射的随机量子特性造成的轨道扩散和自旋扩散对束流自发极化建立的影响。特别地,在发生自旋共振的情况下,辐射的随机扩散作用将使束流中各个电子的自旋方向扩散开,并造成束流的退极化。最终,辐射极化束能够达到的平衡极化度由辐射极化机制和量子扩散退极化机制共同决定,并且可以由著名的Derbenev-Kondrateko-Mane公式通过数值演算来估计这一数值。在推导了储存环中电子的自旋轨道全耦合运动方程并给出电子经过各种元件的轨道映射和自旋映射之后,我们着重分析了储存环中的各种自旋共振形式,并分别用直接跟踪方法和解析数值计算结合的方法对自旋共振和束流极化进行了研究。在对束团中的所有电子自旋进行跟踪时,通过引入泊松分布噪声来模拟随机光子发射过程,并研究了人工激励自旋共振,即扫频自旋共振退极化现象。最后,在充分掌握了自旋和轨道运动的信息后,我们将这些理论应用于合肥光源,并成功地使用自旋共振退极化法对合肥光源的电子束能量进行高精度标定。论文中详细介绍了能量标定的基本原理、实验所需的相关准备以及实验中需要注意到的问题。最终实验结果表明,在合肥光源上应用这项技术对电子束能量进行标定精度可达到10-5～10-4量级。并且,一系列能量测量数据显示,合肥光源机器运行的能量稳定度在10-3量级,与监测到的束流轨道稳定度是同一量级的。因此,我们认为磁铁电源或者高频系统的抖动是造成这一量级能量稳定度的主要原因。
Beam energy is one of the most important parameters for synchrotron radiation light source electron storage ring. It determines the distribution of photon spectrum of synchrotron radiation. In the normal operation, the beam energy of light source would have more or less some difference with the designed value, so precisely measur-ing beam energy is necessary to monitor and understand the operation status of light source. Moreover, Hefei Light Source will serve as a primary standard of radiation source in the spectrum range from vacuum ultraviolet to soft X-ray. This requires that the measurement accuracy of stored electron beams reaches the order of10-4so as to accurately calculate the spectral photon flux.
Spin resonant depolarization method for beam energy calibration is nowadays an extensive used method to measure energy. The measurement accuracy of this method is very high and can reach the order of10-5～10-4,even10-6. This method for beam energy measurement has been successfully used in many light source storage rings and collider storage rings in European and American countries. But in China no accelerator laboratory has ever successfully used this technology. In this research project, we'll use this technology to calibrate electron beam energy with high-precision at Hefei Light Source at National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory in University of Science and Technology of China.
The precondition to use spin resonant depolarization for energy calibration is that the stored beam must be polarized. The measurement technology is applicable on stor-age rings due to the fact that lepton beams in the storage rings can polarize sponta-neously, within a period of time normally shorter than beam lifetime, through emit-ting spin-flip synchrotron radiation. However, there might also many depolarization factors exist in a storage ring. This normally requires adequate understanding about spin dynamics and analysis about the attainable equilibrium polarization, so as to esti-mate the feasibility of spin resonant depolarization method for energy calibration. In the paper, we first elucidated the effect of synchrotron radiation on spin polarization of lepton beams and the affect of orbit diffusion and spin diffusion, due to stochas-tic characteristic of photon emission, on the self-buildup of polarization. Specially, when the so-called "spin resonance" occurs, the stochastic diffusion effect of radia-tion will cause the spins of each electron spread out and cause the depolarization of whole beam. Ultimately, the attainable equilibrium polarization of radiative polarized beam is determined together by radiative polarization mechanism and quantum diffu-sion depolarization mechanism. And this value can be numerically estimated by the famous Derbenev-Kondrateko-Mane formula. After deriving the equation of spin-orbit fully coupling motion of electron and giving the orbit maps and spin maps when elec-tron passes through various elements in the storage ring, we concentrated on analyzing the various spin resonance formalisms and used direct tracking method and analytical-numerical combined method respectively to study about spin resonances and beam po-larization. When tracking about spins of the whole electron beam, a poisson-distributed noise was used to simulate the random photon emission and study about the artificially excited spin resonance, i.e. the phenomenon of sweeping spin resonance. At last, when the information about spin and orbit motion was known adequately, we applied these theories to Hefei Light Source and successfully used spin resonant depolariza-tion method to calibrate the electron beam energy with high precision. In the paper, the fundamental principle for energy calibration, the needed experimental preparation and notable problems during the experiment are elucidated. The experimental result showed, the accuracy of calibrated electron beam energy using this technology at Hefei Light Source can reach the order of10-5～10-4. Furthermore, a series of measure-ments showed, the energy stability during the normal operation of Hefei Light Source is of the order of10-3, having the same order with observed stability of beam orbit. Therefore, the instability of power supply of magnets and instability of high-frequency rf system were thought to be the main reason that caused the instability of beam energy.
自旋共振退极化法标定束流能量是目前应用广泛的一种能量测量技术,它的测量精度极高,可以达到10-5～10-4量级,甚至10-6量级。这种能量测量方法已经在欧美的很多同步辐射光源储存环和对撞机储存环上取得成功应用,但是在国内还没有一个加速器实验室成功应用过该项技术。在本研究课题中,我们将应用该项技术对中国科学技术大学国家同步辐射实验室的合肥光源储存环电子束能量进行高精度标定。
应用自旋共振退极化法标定束流能量的前提是储存环中的束流必须是极化的,由于储存环中的轻子束流可以通过发射自旋反转同步辐射而自发极化,并且极化时间常数通常在束流寿命的时间尺度之内,这使得该项测量技术得以在储存环上得到应用。然而储存环上还可能存在着很多退极化因素,这要求我们对自旋动力学有足够的了解并分析束流可能达到的平衡极化度,从而判断用退极化法标定能量的可行性。论文中,我们首先详细讲述了同步辐射对轻子束的自旋极化作用,以及辐射的随机量子特性造成的轨道扩散和自旋扩散对束流自发极化建立的影响。特别地,在发生自旋共振的情况下,辐射的随机扩散作用将使束流中各个电子的自旋方向扩散开,并造成束流的退极化。最终,辐射极化束能够达到的平衡极化度由辐射极化机制和量子扩散退极化机制共同决定,并且可以由著名的Derbenev-Kondrateko-Mane公式通过数值演算来估计这一数值。在推导了储存环中电子的自旋轨道全耦合运动方程并给出电子经过各种元件的轨道映射和自旋映射之后,我们着重分析了储存环中的各种自旋共振形式,并分别用直接跟踪方法和解析数值计算结合的方法对自旋共振和束流极化进行了研究。在对束团中的所有电子自旋进行跟踪时,通过引入泊松分布噪声来模拟随机光子发射过程,并研究了人工激励自旋共振,即扫频自旋共振退极化现象。最后,在充分掌握了自旋和轨道运动的信息后,我们将这些理论应用于合肥光源,并成功地使用自旋共振退极化法对合肥光源的电子束能量进行高精度标定。论文中详细介绍了能量标定的基本原理、实验所需的相关准备以及实验中需要注意到的问题。最终实验结果表明,在合肥光源上应用这项技术对电子束能量进行标定精度可达到10-5～10-4量级。并且,一系列能量测量数据显示,合肥光源机器运行的能量稳定度在10-3量级,与监测到的束流轨道稳定度是同一量级的。因此,我们认为磁铁电源或者高频系统的抖动是造成这一量级能量稳定度的主要原因。
Beam energy is one of the most important parameters for synchrotron radiation light source electron storage ring. It determines the distribution of photon spectrum of synchrotron radiation. In the normal operation, the beam energy of light source would have more or less some difference with the designed value, so precisely measur-ing beam energy is necessary to monitor and understand the operation status of light source. Moreover, Hefei Light Source will serve as a primary standard of radiation source in the spectrum range from vacuum ultraviolet to soft X-ray. This requires that the measurement accuracy of stored electron beams reaches the order of10-4so as to accurately calculate the spectral photon flux.
Spin resonant depolarization method for beam energy calibration is nowadays an extensive used method to measure energy. The measurement accuracy of this method is very high and can reach the order of10-5～10-4,even10-6. This method for beam energy measurement has been successfully used in many light source storage rings and collider storage rings in European and American countries. But in China no accelerator laboratory has ever successfully used this technology. In this research project, we'll use this technology to calibrate electron beam energy with high-precision at Hefei Light Source at National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory in University of Science and Technology of China.
The precondition to use spin resonant depolarization for energy calibration is that the stored beam must be polarized. The measurement technology is applicable on stor-age rings due to the fact that lepton beams in the storage rings can polarize sponta-neously, within a period of time normally shorter than beam lifetime, through emit-ting spin-flip synchrotron radiation. However, there might also many depolarization factors exist in a storage ring. This normally requires adequate understanding about spin dynamics and analysis about the attainable equilibrium polarization, so as to esti-mate the feasibility of spin resonant depolarization method for energy calibration. In the paper, we first elucidated the effect of synchrotron radiation on spin polarization of lepton beams and the affect of orbit diffusion and spin diffusion, due to stochas-tic characteristic of photon emission, on the self-buildup of polarization. Specially, when the so-called "spin resonance" occurs, the stochastic diffusion effect of radia-tion will cause the spins of each electron spread out and cause the depolarization of whole beam. Ultimately, the attainable equilibrium polarization of radiative polarized beam is determined together by radiative polarization mechanism and quantum diffu-sion depolarization mechanism. And this value can be numerically estimated by the famous Derbenev-Kondrateko-Mane formula. After deriving the equation of spin-orbit fully coupling motion of electron and giving the orbit maps and spin maps when elec-tron passes through various elements in the storage ring, we concentrated on analyzing the various spin resonance formalisms and used direct tracking method and analytical-numerical combined method respectively to study about spin resonances and beam po-larization. When tracking about spins of the whole electron beam, a poisson-distributed noise was used to simulate the random photon emission and study about the artificially excited spin resonance, i.e. the phenomenon of sweeping spin resonance. At last, when the information about spin and orbit motion was known adequately, we applied these theories to Hefei Light Source and successfully used spin resonant depolariza-tion method to calibrate the electron beam energy with high precision. In the paper, the fundamental principle for energy calibration, the needed experimental preparation and notable problems during the experiment are elucidated. The experimental result showed, the accuracy of calibrated electron beam energy using this technology at Hefei Light Source can reach the order of10-5～10-4. Furthermore, a series of measure-ments showed, the energy stability during the normal operation of Hefei Light Source is of the order of10-3, having the same order with observed stability of beam orbit. Therefore, the instability of power supply of magnets and instability of high-frequency rf system were thought to be the main reason that caused the instability of beam energy.
引文
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