湖南现存明清楼阁式古塔研究
摘要
从中国传统楼阁建筑发展而来的楼阁式古塔,融合了外来文化与中华传统建筑艺术的精华,在中国古塔中最为常见,规模也最大。湖南现存古塔以明清时期的楼阁式古塔为主,作为历史发展的见证,社会变革的遗存,科学技术的结晶,文化艺术的记录,现存的楼阁式古塔是湖南宝贵的历史文化遗产。
然而,到目前为止,湖南古塔的价值却没有能得到足够的重视,有关湖南古塔的研究和保护尚处于初始阶段。因此,通过对湖南现存明清时期楼阁式古塔的研究,不仅可以丰富对湖南古建研究的内容,而且可以起到一定的宣传作用,增强全社会对湖南古塔的关注程度,在认识到其价值的同时,积极行动起来,保护好这份珍贵的历史遗产。
论文主要沿湖南四大水系湘江、资水、沅江、澧水及其支流展开现场调研,收集和整理楼阁式古塔的研究资料,在此基础上展开论文的写作。
论文主要分为三个部分,第一部分为理论基础部分,主要进行选题研究和楼阁式塔的哲学理论分析。选题研究阐述了选题背景、文献综述、研究意义,界定了研究主要内容,确定了工作框架；哲学理论分析部分是在大量文献资料的基础上,分析和总结楼阁式塔的产生原因和发展变化。
第二部分为湖南明清楼阁式吉塔研究,主要包括湖南楼阁式古塔的背景概况分析和特点文化研究。背景概况部分首先阐述了湖南地理环境、人文历史、佛教文化的背景,然后对湖南现存明清楼阁式古塔的分布、类型性质进行总结概述。而特点文化研究部分首先对湖南明清楼阁式古塔选址特点和建筑特点进行细致分析,然后深入剖析其文化内涵和多种艺术意蕴。
第三部分为古塔的保护研究,参考国内外保护古建的基本原则和先进方法,并结合湖南现存楼阁式古塔的现状,对如何保护好湖南现存古塔提出一些建议。
The pavilion-type pagoda which comes from the traditional Chinese pavilion, integrates the essences of the exotic culture and the traditional Chinese architectural art.In the Chinese pagodas,it is the most common and has the largest scale.Hunan extant pagodas are mainly the pavilion-type pagodas built in Ming and Qing dynasties.As the witness of the historical development, the remains of social change, the crystallization of science and technology, the records of arts and culture, the extant pavilion-style pagodas are valuable historical and cultural heritages of Hunan.
However, to date, the value of Hunan pagodas has not been given sufficient attention and the related Hunan ancient towers'research and the protection are still in the preliminary stage.So the research on the extant Hunan Pagoda with the pavilion style and brick stone material built in Ming and Qing dynasties,may not only enrich the study of Hunan ancient architecture, but also may play a certain propaganda role and strengthen the entire society's attention on Hunan ancient pagodas.At the same time we will realize their values and then actively protect these precious historical heritages.
The paper mainly launches the scene investigation and study along Hunan four river systems-Xiangjiang River, Zishui,Yuanjiang River, Lishui and their branch.In the meanwhile,I collect and reorganize the research materials of the pavilion -type pagoda.And then based on these dataⅠlaunch the paper's writing.
The paper primarily divides into three parts.The first part for the rationale part mainly carries on the selected topic research and the philosophy theoretical analysis on pavilion-style pagoda. The selected topic research elaborates the selected topic background, the literature review and the research significance, while having limited the research primary coverage and determined the work frame. The philosophy theoretical analysis part analyzes and summarizes the produced reasons, the characteristics and the development changes of pavilion-style pagoda on the base of the massive literature materials.
The second part for the research on Hunan pavilion-type pagodas built in Ming and Qing dynasties, mainly includes the background survey analysis, the characteristic and the culture research.The background survey part firstly elaborates Hunan geographical environment, the humanities history and the Buddhism culture's background, and then summarizes the distribution and the type of Hunan pagoda with the pavilion type built in Ming and Qing dynasties.The characteristic and the culture research firstly deeply analyses site features and architectural characteristics of Hunan pavilion-type pagodas.And then it elaborates different cultures and arts which these pagodas reflect.
The third part for the pagoda's protection, refers to the basic principle and the advanced method with which the domestic and foreign protect the ancient construction and unifies the present situation of the Hunan extant pavilion-type pagoda,to put forward some proposals to protect Hunan pagoda and seek for the new way for Hunan pagoda's development.
然而,到目前为止,湖南古塔的价值却没有能得到足够的重视,有关湖南古塔的研究和保护尚处于初始阶段。因此,通过对湖南现存明清时期楼阁式古塔的研究,不仅可以丰富对湖南古建研究的内容,而且可以起到一定的宣传作用,增强全社会对湖南古塔的关注程度,在认识到其价值的同时,积极行动起来,保护好这份珍贵的历史遗产。
论文主要沿湖南四大水系湘江、资水、沅江、澧水及其支流展开现场调研,收集和整理楼阁式古塔的研究资料,在此基础上展开论文的写作。
论文主要分为三个部分,第一部分为理论基础部分,主要进行选题研究和楼阁式塔的哲学理论分析。选题研究阐述了选题背景、文献综述、研究意义,界定了研究主要内容,确定了工作框架；哲学理论分析部分是在大量文献资料的基础上,分析和总结楼阁式塔的产生原因和发展变化。
第二部分为湖南明清楼阁式吉塔研究,主要包括湖南楼阁式古塔的背景概况分析和特点文化研究。背景概况部分首先阐述了湖南地理环境、人文历史、佛教文化的背景,然后对湖南现存明清楼阁式古塔的分布、类型性质进行总结概述。而特点文化研究部分首先对湖南明清楼阁式古塔选址特点和建筑特点进行细致分析,然后深入剖析其文化内涵和多种艺术意蕴。
第三部分为古塔的保护研究,参考国内外保护古建的基本原则和先进方法,并结合湖南现存楼阁式古塔的现状,对如何保护好湖南现存古塔提出一些建议。
The pavilion-type pagoda which comes from the traditional Chinese pavilion, integrates the essences of the exotic culture and the traditional Chinese architectural art.In the Chinese pagodas,it is the most common and has the largest scale.Hunan extant pagodas are mainly the pavilion-type pagodas built in Ming and Qing dynasties.As the witness of the historical development, the remains of social change, the crystallization of science and technology, the records of arts and culture, the extant pavilion-style pagodas are valuable historical and cultural heritages of Hunan.
However, to date, the value of Hunan pagodas has not been given sufficient attention and the related Hunan ancient towers'research and the protection are still in the preliminary stage.So the research on the extant Hunan Pagoda with the pavilion style and brick stone material built in Ming and Qing dynasties,may not only enrich the study of Hunan ancient architecture, but also may play a certain propaganda role and strengthen the entire society's attention on Hunan ancient pagodas.At the same time we will realize their values and then actively protect these precious historical heritages.
The paper mainly launches the scene investigation and study along Hunan four river systems-Xiangjiang River, Zishui,Yuanjiang River, Lishui and their branch.In the meanwhile,I collect and reorganize the research materials of the pavilion -type pagoda.And then based on these dataⅠlaunch the paper's writing.
The paper primarily divides into three parts.The first part for the rationale part mainly carries on the selected topic research and the philosophy theoretical analysis on pavilion-style pagoda. The selected topic research elaborates the selected topic background, the literature review and the research significance, while having limited the research primary coverage and determined the work frame. The philosophy theoretical analysis part analyzes and summarizes the produced reasons, the characteristics and the development changes of pavilion-style pagoda on the base of the massive literature materials.
The second part for the research on Hunan pavilion-type pagodas built in Ming and Qing dynasties, mainly includes the background survey analysis, the characteristic and the culture research.The background survey part firstly elaborates Hunan geographical environment, the humanities history and the Buddhism culture's background, and then summarizes the distribution and the type of Hunan pagoda with the pavilion type built in Ming and Qing dynasties.The characteristic and the culture research firstly deeply analyses site features and architectural characteristics of Hunan pavilion-type pagodas.And then it elaborates different cultures and arts which these pagodas reflect.
The third part for the pagoda's protection, refers to the basic principle and the advanced method with which the domestic and foreign protect the ancient construction and unifies the present situation of the Hunan extant pavilion-type pagoda,to put forward some proposals to protect Hunan pagoda and seek for the new way for Hunan pagoda's development.
引文
[1]徐华铛.中国古塔.北京：轻工业出版社,1986：1-34
[2]Frank Lam,Minjuan He,Chichao Yao.Example of Traditional Tall Timber Buildings in China-the Yingxian Pagoda.Structural Engineering International, 2008,(2):126-129
[3]顾延培,吴熙棠.中国古塔鉴赏.上海：同济大学出版社,1996：356-373
[4]罗哲文.中国古塔.北京：文物出版社,1983：1-36
[5]张育英.中国佛塔的民族化.华夏文化,1995,(3)：24-25
[6]The Indian Concrete Journalist.The Global Pagoda:The World's Largest Stone-built Dome.The Indian Concrete Journal,2009,(2):25-29
[7]王耀,武竹梅.中国佛塔的文化特色.华夏文化,1994,(4)：29
[8]Joseph Needham.Science & Civilisation in China.London:Cambridge University, 1971:137
[9]刘策.中国古塔.银川：宁夏人民出版社,1981：1-28
[10]GUO Qinghua.From Tower to Pagoda -Structural and Technological Transition in Ancient China.In:International Conference on East Asian Architectural Culture,Nanjing(CN),2004:212-220
[11]北京小王府.陶艺熏风.南宁：漓江出版社,2007：20-33
[12]楼庆西.中国传统建筑文化.北京：中国旅游出版社,2008：152
[13]张斌远.中国古塔.杭州：浙江人民出版社,1996：110-117
[14]刘敦桢.中国古代建筑史.北京：中国工业出版社,2005：214-233
[15]张伟然.湖南历史文化地理研究.上海：上海复旦大学出版社,1995：209-220
[16]刘国强.湖南佛教寺院志.长沙：天马图书有限公司,2003：16-20
[17]Qingxi A.Lou.Ancient Chinese Architecture (culture Of China).Foreign Languages Press,2002:50-83
[18]杨慎初.湖南传统建筑.长沙：湖南教育出版社,1911：223-239
[19]吴庆洲.德庆三元塔修复研究.古建园林技术，1999,(1)：37-38
[20]益阳市地方志编辑委员会.益阳市志.北京：中国文史出版社,1990：467
[21]陈泽泓.中国古塔走笔.广州：广东人民出版社,1999：245-247
[22]卞建宁.区域建筑文化的历史地理学思考——试论关中地区古塔文化的地域特征及其演变：[陕西师范大学硕士学位论文].西安：陕西师范大学,2006：31
[23]程建军,孔尚扑.风水与建筑.南昌：江西科学技术出版社,1991：16-25
[24]潘谷西.中国古代建筑史,第四卷,元明建筑.北京：中国建筑工业出版设,2001：526-528
[25]赖传青.广府明清风水塔研究：[华南理工大学硕士学位论文].广州：华南理工大学,2007：55-69
[26]新化县志编纂委员会.新化县志.长沙：湖南人民出版社,1996：384
[27]Glancey Jonathan.The Story of Architecture.Dk Pub,2000:44-63
[28]衡阳市地方志编辑委员会.衡阳市志.长沙：湖南人民出版社,1998：2799-2804
[29]Henry-Russell Hitchcock.World Architecture,An Illustrated History.New York: McGraw-Hill,1963:130-185
[30]东安县志编纂委员会.东安县志.长沙：湖南人民出版社,1995：655
[31]王振复.宫室之魂—儒道释与中国建筑文化.上海：复旦大学出版社,2001：180-226
[32]澧县地方志编纂办公室编.澧县志.北京：社会科学文献出版社,1993：665-666
[33]刘杰.中国古塔的儒释道文化意蕴钩沉.上海交通大学学报,2000,(2)：26-29
[34]蒋澍.明清地方城市中的古塔：[东南大学硕士学位论文].南京：东南大学建筑学院,2003：27-28
[35]祁阳县地方志编纂委员会.祁阳县志.北京：社会科学文献出版社,1993：540-584
[36]广东省文物考古研究所.广东古塔.广州：广东省地图出版社,1999：2-30
[37]洞口县地方志编纂委员会.洞口县志.北京：中国文史出版社,1992：645
[38]Jae Kwan Kim,Hyeuk Ryu.Seismic test of a full-scale model of a five-storey stone pagoda.Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics,2003,(5):731-750
[39]蓝滢.开封繁塔研究：[河南大学硕士学位论文].郑州：河南大学,2006：48-49
[40]Chan Hee Lee, Jeong Eun Yi.Weathering damage evaluation of rock properties in the Bunhwangsa temple stone pagoda, Gyeongju:Republic of Korea. Environmental Geology,2007,(6):1193-1205
[41]陈东佐,康玉庆.中国古塔的维修与保护.太原大学学报,2006,(4)：75-78
[42]程伊权.嘉兴市域古塔资源的保护与开发.嘉兴高等专科学校学报,2006,(2)：61-62
[43]The different representatives of the participating nations.Venice Charter.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Charter,2009
[44]桂阳县地方志编纂委员会.桂阳县志.北京：中国文史出版社,1994：631-710
[2]Frank Lam,Minjuan He,Chichao Yao.Example of Traditional Tall Timber Buildings in China-the Yingxian Pagoda.Structural Engineering International, 2008,(2):126-129
[3]顾延培,吴熙棠.中国古塔鉴赏.上海：同济大学出版社,1996：356-373
[4]罗哲文.中国古塔.北京：文物出版社,1983：1-36
[5]张育英.中国佛塔的民族化.华夏文化,1995,(3)：24-25
[6]The Indian Concrete Journalist.The Global Pagoda:The World's Largest Stone-built Dome.The Indian Concrete Journal,2009,(2):25-29
[7]王耀,武竹梅.中国佛塔的文化特色.华夏文化,1994,(4)：29
[8]Joseph Needham.Science & Civilisation in China.London:Cambridge University, 1971:137
[9]刘策.中国古塔.银川：宁夏人民出版社,1981：1-28
[10]GUO Qinghua.From Tower to Pagoda -Structural and Technological Transition in Ancient China.In:International Conference on East Asian Architectural Culture,Nanjing(CN),2004:212-220
[11]北京小王府.陶艺熏风.南宁：漓江出版社,2007：20-33
[12]楼庆西.中国传统建筑文化.北京：中国旅游出版社,2008：152
[13]张斌远.中国古塔.杭州：浙江人民出版社,1996：110-117
[14]刘敦桢.中国古代建筑史.北京：中国工业出版社,2005：214-233
[15]张伟然.湖南历史文化地理研究.上海：上海复旦大学出版社,1995：209-220
[16]刘国强.湖南佛教寺院志.长沙：天马图书有限公司,2003：16-20
[17]Qingxi A.Lou.Ancient Chinese Architecture (culture Of China).Foreign Languages Press,2002:50-83
[18]杨慎初.湖南传统建筑.长沙：湖南教育出版社,1911：223-239
[19]吴庆洲.德庆三元塔修复研究.古建园林技术，1999,(1)：37-38
[20]益阳市地方志编辑委员会.益阳市志.北京：中国文史出版社,1990：467
[21]陈泽泓.中国古塔走笔.广州：广东人民出版社,1999：245-247
[22]卞建宁.区域建筑文化的历史地理学思考——试论关中地区古塔文化的地域特征及其演变：[陕西师范大学硕士学位论文].西安：陕西师范大学,2006：31
[23]程建军,孔尚扑.风水与建筑.南昌：江西科学技术出版社,1991：16-25
[24]潘谷西.中国古代建筑史,第四卷,元明建筑.北京：中国建筑工业出版设,2001：526-528
[25]赖传青.广府明清风水塔研究：[华南理工大学硕士学位论文].广州：华南理工大学,2007：55-69
[26]新化县志编纂委员会.新化县志.长沙：湖南人民出版社,1996：384
[27]Glancey Jonathan.The Story of Architecture.Dk Pub,2000:44-63
[28]衡阳市地方志编辑委员会.衡阳市志.长沙：湖南人民出版社,1998：2799-2804
[29]Henry-Russell Hitchcock.World Architecture,An Illustrated History.New York: McGraw-Hill,1963:130-185
[30]东安县志编纂委员会.东安县志.长沙：湖南人民出版社,1995：655
[31]王振复.宫室之魂—儒道释与中国建筑文化.上海：复旦大学出版社,2001：180-226
[32]澧县地方志编纂办公室编.澧县志.北京：社会科学文献出版社,1993：665-666
[33]刘杰.中国古塔的儒释道文化意蕴钩沉.上海交通大学学报,2000,(2)：26-29
[34]蒋澍.明清地方城市中的古塔：[东南大学硕士学位论文].南京：东南大学建筑学院,2003：27-28
[35]祁阳县地方志编纂委员会.祁阳县志.北京：社会科学文献出版社,1993：540-584
[36]广东省文物考古研究所.广东古塔.广州：广东省地图出版社,1999：2-30
[37]洞口县地方志编纂委员会.洞口县志.北京：中国文史出版社,1992：645
[38]Jae Kwan Kim,Hyeuk Ryu.Seismic test of a full-scale model of a five-storey stone pagoda.Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics,2003,(5):731-750
[39]蓝滢.开封繁塔研究：[河南大学硕士学位论文].郑州：河南大学,2006：48-49
[40]Chan Hee Lee, Jeong Eun Yi.Weathering damage evaluation of rock properties in the Bunhwangsa temple stone pagoda, Gyeongju:Republic of Korea. Environmental Geology,2007,(6):1193-1205
[41]陈东佐,康玉庆.中国古塔的维修与保护.太原大学学报,2006,(4)：75-78
[42]程伊权.嘉兴市域古塔资源的保护与开发.嘉兴高等专科学校学报,2006,(2)：61-62
[43]The different representatives of the participating nations.Venice Charter.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Charter,2009
[44]桂阳县地方志编纂委员会.桂阳县志.北京：中国文史出版社,1994：631-710