城市公共艺术项目运作组织研究
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摘要
城市公共艺术是城市的有机组成,是建筑向城市空间的延伸和异化,并逐渐成为全球化背景下城市发展的重点之一。在快速城市化和经济高速发展的引领下,中国城市已进入公共艺术时代,然而,人们对城市公共艺术尚缺乏系统和全面的认识。基于此,本文力图从理论和实践的角度,探索城市公共艺术的发展趋势,建立项目的运作组织,同时预测中国城市公共艺术的未来发展,为项目运作提出可行的构想和建议。
本文以城市公共艺术为研究对象,依循归纳、演绎和比较等研究方法,借鉴社会学、管理学、建筑学和城市规划学等多领域的观点,论述了四章节内容。首先,就研究背景、研究目的与意义、相关研究综述、研究内容、以及研究框架做了基本论述;其次,概述城市公共艺术的概念、与城市空间之关系,探讨其意义与作用,系统回顾其历史演进,进而提出城市公共艺术具有与城市发展一体化、经济自主产业化、建设标准制度化和项目运作模式化四大发展趋势,并以此与项目运作组织形成关联。第三,针对城市公共艺术项目的运作组织这一与建筑学和城市规划息息相关的重要环节,分析先进城市公共艺术项目的实践经验,全面剖析运作前提、运作主体和运作程序,并对它们的各项内容、以具有代表性的运作项目案例为依据进行详细阐述,进而,以其内在联系和运作规律建立运作模式。最后,梳理中国城市公共艺术的发展脉络,分析其现状特征和面临问题,对照、参考发达城市公共艺术的发展趋势,对城市公共艺术在中国的未来发展进行预测;同时,汲取和借鉴成功的项目运作组织的经验,结合中国城市建设自上而下的决策模式,对中国城市公共艺术项目的运作组织提出可行的建议。
Urban public art is integral to the city, also an extension and alienation to the urban space, and ti is becoming one of the priorities of urban development in the context of globalization. Under the guidance of rapid urbanization and economic development, Chinese cities have entered the era of public art. However, people still lack systematic and comprehensive knowledge of urban public art. On this basis, from the theoretical and practical point of view, this paper seeks to explore the development trends and to build project operation of urban public art, at the same time, to predict development of urban public art in the future of China and to make feasible suggestions for project operation.
Accompanied with the research object of library science, following induction, deduction and comparisoin method, this paper discussed the contents of four chapters by using experience of multi-domain views for reference, such as sociology, management, architecture and urban planning. Firstly, the background, purposes and significance, content, and framework of this research are discussed, as well as some related research summary. Secondly, the concept of urban public art and the relationship between urban space and it are summarized, and the significance and effect are explored. Then the historical evolution development of urban public art is systematically reviewed. Furthermore, the development trends are proposed, including integration with urban development, industrialization with economical independent, institutionalization of construction standards, and modelling of project operation. Thirdly, according to the project operation of urban public art, which is an important aspect relating to architecture and urban planning, practical experiences of advanced public art projects are analysed. The operating premise, subject and procedure are described, and the main contents are analysed, based on the operation of representative cases. And then, the operating mode is founded with the internal relations and operation. Finally, the development vein of Chinese urban public art is invited, and the current characteristics and problems are analysed. Compared to the development trends of advanced areas, the development of urban public art in the future of China is predicted. At the same time, by learning from the experience of successful projects, with the top-down decision-making patterns of urban construction in China, some feasible suggestions are put forward for the development of urban public art in China.
本文以城市公共艺术为研究对象,依循归纳、演绎和比较等研究方法,借鉴社会学、管理学、建筑学和城市规划学等多领域的观点,论述了四章节内容。首先,就研究背景、研究目的与意义、相关研究综述、研究内容、以及研究框架做了基本论述;其次,概述城市公共艺术的概念、与城市空间之关系,探讨其意义与作用,系统回顾其历史演进,进而提出城市公共艺术具有与城市发展一体化、经济自主产业化、建设标准制度化和项目运作模式化四大发展趋势,并以此与项目运作组织形成关联。第三,针对城市公共艺术项目的运作组织这一与建筑学和城市规划息息相关的重要环节,分析先进城市公共艺术项目的实践经验,全面剖析运作前提、运作主体和运作程序,并对它们的各项内容、以具有代表性的运作项目案例为依据进行详细阐述,进而,以其内在联系和运作规律建立运作模式。最后,梳理中国城市公共艺术的发展脉络,分析其现状特征和面临问题,对照、参考发达城市公共艺术的发展趋势,对城市公共艺术在中国的未来发展进行预测;同时,汲取和借鉴成功的项目运作组织的经验,结合中国城市建设自上而下的决策模式,对中国城市公共艺术项目的运作组织提出可行的建议。
Urban public art is integral to the city, also an extension and alienation to the urban space, and ti is becoming one of the priorities of urban development in the context of globalization. Under the guidance of rapid urbanization and economic development, Chinese cities have entered the era of public art. However, people still lack systematic and comprehensive knowledge of urban public art. On this basis, from the theoretical and practical point of view, this paper seeks to explore the development trends and to build project operation of urban public art, at the same time, to predict development of urban public art in the future of China and to make feasible suggestions for project operation.
Accompanied with the research object of library science, following induction, deduction and comparisoin method, this paper discussed the contents of four chapters by using experience of multi-domain views for reference, such as sociology, management, architecture and urban planning. Firstly, the background, purposes and significance, content, and framework of this research are discussed, as well as some related research summary. Secondly, the concept of urban public art and the relationship between urban space and it are summarized, and the significance and effect are explored. Then the historical evolution development of urban public art is systematically reviewed. Furthermore, the development trends are proposed, including integration with urban development, industrialization with economical independent, institutionalization of construction standards, and modelling of project operation. Thirdly, according to the project operation of urban public art, which is an important aspect relating to architecture and urban planning, practical experiences of advanced public art projects are analysed. The operating premise, subject and procedure are described, and the main contents are analysed, based on the operation of representative cases. And then, the operating mode is founded with the internal relations and operation. Finally, the development vein of Chinese urban public art is invited, and the current characteristics and problems are analysed. Compared to the development trends of advanced areas, the development of urban public art in the future of China is predicted. At the same time, by learning from the experience of successful projects, with the top-down decision-making patterns of urban construction in China, some feasible suggestions are put forward for the development of urban public art in China.
引文
1王曜.用视觉去生活——公共艺术日本行.中国电力出版社. 2008: 4
2周振华.崛起中的全球城市——理论框架及中国模式研究.上海人民出版社,格致出版社. 2008: 283, 282
3杨贵庆.全球化背景下城市发展的机遇和风险——2007城市发展国际论坛评述. 2007. 4
4金广君,邱志勇.论城市设计师的知识结构.城市规划. 2003. 2
5孙振华.公共艺术时代.江苏美术出版社. 2003: 13
6黄义宏.西方都市环境中户外艺术之研究.私立东海大学建筑研究所建筑硕士学位论文. 1989: 79
7南条史生.艺术与城市——独立策展人十五年的轨迹.潘广宜,蔡青雯.台湾田园城市出版社. 2004:13
8黄健敏.百分比艺术:美国环境艺术.吉林科学技术出版社,2002: 46~48, 16~19
9王中.公共艺术概论.北京大学出版社. 2007:126~165
10 www.dallasculture.org达拉斯文化事务处网站
11吴玛俐.德国公共空间艺术新方向.吉林科学技术出版社,台湾艺术家出版社. 2002:16, 24, 61
12 Alessandra Bellavita. The experience sharing on French Public Art.公共艺术简讯. 2003: 50~51
13简·雅各布斯.美国大城市的死与生.金衡山.译林出版社. 2006: 344
14张冬梅.艺术产业化的历程反思与理论诠释.中国社会科学出版社. 2008:2~3, 78
15叶海平,陶希东.大都市公共政策.北京大学出版社. 2007:13
16祝碧恒.台湾地区的视觉艺术产业.上海情报服务平台. 2005.11
17 http://www.culturela.org/publicart/publicpercent.html洛杉矶文化局网站
18吴启焰,朱喜刚,陈涛.城市经济学.中国建筑工业出版社. 2009
19张嘉莉,罗嘉欣.香港的公共艺术和公共艺术政策. Cultural Policies in the Making. 2006
20 http://www.wpamurals.com/大萧条时期美国新政下的艺术
21“2003 ANNUAL PLAN OF THE PORTLAND PUBLIC ART PROGRAM”. Cuiture and Affairs Department of Portland. 2003
22 http://www.nea.gov美国国家艺术基金会
23 http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=17109&channe lId=- 24322美国公共事业部公共艺术计划
24 http://www.fta.dot.gov/美国联邦公共交通管理局网站
25崔成.东京六本木新兴商业区公共艺术.艺术设计. 2007. 1
26 http://www.cpag.net/芝加哥公共艺术组织
27 http://www.phila.gov/publicart/费城政府公共艺术网站
28金广君,林姚宇.论城市设计创作的主体、过程和方法——以大庆市商务核心区城市设计概念研究为例.城市建筑. 2004. 3
29刘俐.日本公共艺术生态.吉林科学技术出版社. 2002:46~65
30 http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/oca/Publicart/index.htm温哥华公共艺术网站
31 http://www.nyc.gov/纽约文化事务处网站
32粟多壮/Michael Suh.项目管理在公共艺术实践中应用.北京奥运公共艺术论文集.北京市规划委员会.中国城市出版社. 2006
33 http://www.zjtz.gov.cn/台州市园林网
34最"大"公共艺术作品:建中国的无墙博物馆.广州日报. 2009. 11
35北京地铁4号线车站设置艺术壁画.法制晚报. 2009. 9
36路艳霞.北京地铁延展城市艺术新空间.北京日报. 2009. 1
37高源.美国现代城市设计与运作研究.东南大学出版社. 2006. 10:
38扈万泰.城市设计运行机制.东南大学出版社. 2002
39帕特里克·弗兰克.视觉艺术史.陈玥蕾.上海人民美术出版社.
40“艺术与公共生活”——《深圳人的一天》所引发的学术活动
41 http://www.seattle.gov/arts/publicart/.西雅图艺术文化办公室网站
42麦肯·迈尔斯.艺术·空间·城市——公共艺术与都市远景.简逸姗.创兴出版社. 2003. 3
43哈罗德·史内卡夫.都市文化空间之整体营造——复合使用计划中的文化设施.刘丽卿.创兴出版社. 1996
44庄宇.城市设计的运作.同济大学出版社. 2004
45 Miwon Kwon. One Place after Another: Site-Specific Art and Locational Identity. The MIT Press. 2004
46 Mel Gooding. Public Art Space: A Decade of Public Art Commissions Agency, 1987-1997. Merrell Publishers; illustrated edition edition. 2003
47 Cher Krause Knight. Public Art: Theory, Practice and Populism. Wiley Blackwell. 2008
48. Ronald Lee Fleming. The Art of Placemaking: Interpreting Community Through Public Art and Urban Design. Merrell Publishers. 2007
49. Lynn Basa. The Artist's Guide to Public Art: How to Find and Win Commissions. Allworth Press. 2008
50 Giuliana Bruno. Public Intimacy: Architecture and the Visual Arts (Writing Architecture). The MIT Press. 2007
51 Barbara Goldstein. Public Art By The Book. University of Washington Pres. 2005
52 Tom Finkelpearl. Dialogues in Public Art. The MIT Press. 2001
53 Penny Balkin Bach. New Land Marks : Public Art, Community, and the Meaning of Place. Grayson Publishing. 2000
54 Jean Parker Phifer. Public Art New York. W. W. Norton & Company. 2009
55 Malcolm Miles. Art, Space and the City: Public Art and Urban Futures. Routledge. 1997
56 Raymond Gastil, Zoe Ryan. Open: New Designs for Public Space. Princeton Architectural Press. 2004
57 Stacey Million , Jane Mobley, Tom Bean, Bryan Gross, Elizabeth Rosin. The American Institute of Architects Guide to Kansas City Architecture & Public Art. Highwater Editions. 2000
58杨晓.建筑化的当代公共艺术.中国电力出版社. 2008
59公共艺术基本理论马钦忠著天津:天津大学出版社,2008
60林蓝.公共艺术的历史观:广东地域公共艺术研究.山东美术出版社. 2006
61唐纳德·沃特森,艾伦·布拉特斯,罗伯特·G·谢卜利.城市设计手册.刘海龙,
62郭凌云,俞孔坚.中国建筑工业出版社, 2006
63 James Heilbrun, Charles M.Gray.艺术文化经济学.詹正茂.中国人民大学出版社. 2007
64刘茵茵.公众艺术及模式:东方与西方.上海科学技术出版社. 2003
65谷川真美.公众艺术:日本+模式.上海科学技术出版社. 2003
66 http://www.sfartscommission.org/旧金山艺术委员会网站
67 http://www.publicartonline.org.uk/英国公共艺术在线研究网站
68 http://w10.bcn.cat/APPS/gmocataleg_monum/CambiaIdiomaAc.do?idioma= ca&pagina=welcome巴塞罗那公共艺术网站
69 http://www.arts.qld.gov.au/funding/pub-art-funds.html澳大利亚昆士兰的公共艺术赞助
70王枫云.美国城市政府管理体制的演进历程.行政论坛. 2008. 2
71黄雯.美国的城市设计控制政策——以波特兰、西雅图、旧金山为例.规划师. 2005. 8
72邓红.中国传统文化与美国社会文化基本特征的比较.华中农业大学学报(社会科学版). 2007. 5
73陈立旭.都市文化与都市精神:中外城市文化比较.东南大学出版社. 2002
74杜大恺.清华美术,卷5:中国城市文化及其视觉表征.清华大学出版社. 2007
2周振华.崛起中的全球城市——理论框架及中国模式研究.上海人民出版社,格致出版社. 2008: 283, 282
3杨贵庆.全球化背景下城市发展的机遇和风险——2007城市发展国际论坛评述. 2007. 4
4金广君,邱志勇.论城市设计师的知识结构.城市规划. 2003. 2
5孙振华.公共艺术时代.江苏美术出版社. 2003: 13
6黄义宏.西方都市环境中户外艺术之研究.私立东海大学建筑研究所建筑硕士学位论文. 1989: 79
7南条史生.艺术与城市——独立策展人十五年的轨迹.潘广宜,蔡青雯.台湾田园城市出版社. 2004:13
8黄健敏.百分比艺术:美国环境艺术.吉林科学技术出版社,2002: 46~48, 16~19
9王中.公共艺术概论.北京大学出版社. 2007:126~165
10 www.dallasculture.org达拉斯文化事务处网站
11吴玛俐.德国公共空间艺术新方向.吉林科学技术出版社,台湾艺术家出版社. 2002:16, 24, 61
12 Alessandra Bellavita. The experience sharing on French Public Art.公共艺术简讯. 2003: 50~51
13简·雅各布斯.美国大城市的死与生.金衡山.译林出版社. 2006: 344
14张冬梅.艺术产业化的历程反思与理论诠释.中国社会科学出版社. 2008:2~3, 78
15叶海平,陶希东.大都市公共政策.北京大学出版社. 2007:13
16祝碧恒.台湾地区的视觉艺术产业.上海情报服务平台. 2005.11
17 http://www.culturela.org/publicart/publicpercent.html洛杉矶文化局网站
18吴启焰,朱喜刚,陈涛.城市经济学.中国建筑工业出版社. 2009
19张嘉莉,罗嘉欣.香港的公共艺术和公共艺术政策. Cultural Policies in the Making. 2006
20 http://www.wpamurals.com/大萧条时期美国新政下的艺术
21“2003 ANNUAL PLAN OF THE PORTLAND PUBLIC ART PROGRAM”. Cuiture and Affairs Department of Portland. 2003
22 http://www.nea.gov美国国家艺术基金会
23 http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=17109&channe lId=- 24322美国公共事业部公共艺术计划
24 http://www.fta.dot.gov/美国联邦公共交通管理局网站
25崔成.东京六本木新兴商业区公共艺术.艺术设计. 2007. 1
26 http://www.cpag.net/芝加哥公共艺术组织
27 http://www.phila.gov/publicart/费城政府公共艺术网站
28金广君,林姚宇.论城市设计创作的主体、过程和方法——以大庆市商务核心区城市设计概念研究为例.城市建筑. 2004. 3
29刘俐.日本公共艺术生态.吉林科学技术出版社. 2002:46~65
30 http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/oca/Publicart/index.htm温哥华公共艺术网站
31 http://www.nyc.gov/纽约文化事务处网站
32粟多壮/Michael Suh.项目管理在公共艺术实践中应用.北京奥运公共艺术论文集.北京市规划委员会.中国城市出版社. 2006
33 http://www.zjtz.gov.cn/台州市园林网
34最"大"公共艺术作品:建中国的无墙博物馆.广州日报. 2009. 11
35北京地铁4号线车站设置艺术壁画.法制晚报. 2009. 9
36路艳霞.北京地铁延展城市艺术新空间.北京日报. 2009. 1
37高源.美国现代城市设计与运作研究.东南大学出版社. 2006. 10:
38扈万泰.城市设计运行机制.东南大学出版社. 2002
39帕特里克·弗兰克.视觉艺术史.陈玥蕾.上海人民美术出版社.
40“艺术与公共生活”——《深圳人的一天》所引发的学术活动
41 http://www.seattle.gov/arts/publicart/.西雅图艺术文化办公室网站
42麦肯·迈尔斯.艺术·空间·城市——公共艺术与都市远景.简逸姗.创兴出版社. 2003. 3
43哈罗德·史内卡夫.都市文化空间之整体营造——复合使用计划中的文化设施.刘丽卿.创兴出版社. 1996
44庄宇.城市设计的运作.同济大学出版社. 2004
45 Miwon Kwon. One Place after Another: Site-Specific Art and Locational Identity. The MIT Press. 2004
46 Mel Gooding. Public Art Space: A Decade of Public Art Commissions Agency, 1987-1997. Merrell Publishers; illustrated edition edition. 2003
47 Cher Krause Knight. Public Art: Theory, Practice and Populism. Wiley Blackwell. 2008
48. Ronald Lee Fleming. The Art of Placemaking: Interpreting Community Through Public Art and Urban Design. Merrell Publishers. 2007
49. Lynn Basa. The Artist's Guide to Public Art: How to Find and Win Commissions. Allworth Press. 2008
50 Giuliana Bruno. Public Intimacy: Architecture and the Visual Arts (Writing Architecture). The MIT Press. 2007
51 Barbara Goldstein. Public Art By The Book. University of Washington Pres. 2005
52 Tom Finkelpearl. Dialogues in Public Art. The MIT Press. 2001
53 Penny Balkin Bach. New Land Marks : Public Art, Community, and the Meaning of Place. Grayson Publishing. 2000
54 Jean Parker Phifer. Public Art New York. W. W. Norton & Company. 2009
55 Malcolm Miles. Art, Space and the City: Public Art and Urban Futures. Routledge. 1997
56 Raymond Gastil, Zoe Ryan. Open: New Designs for Public Space. Princeton Architectural Press. 2004
57 Stacey Million , Jane Mobley, Tom Bean, Bryan Gross, Elizabeth Rosin. The American Institute of Architects Guide to Kansas City Architecture & Public Art. Highwater Editions. 2000
58杨晓.建筑化的当代公共艺术.中国电力出版社. 2008
59公共艺术基本理论马钦忠著天津:天津大学出版社,2008
60林蓝.公共艺术的历史观:广东地域公共艺术研究.山东美术出版社. 2006
61唐纳德·沃特森,艾伦·布拉特斯,罗伯特·G·谢卜利.城市设计手册.刘海龙,
62郭凌云,俞孔坚.中国建筑工业出版社, 2006
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