基于聚己内酯的生物可降解水凝胶及功能化胶束的制备与应用
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摘要
水凝胶是一类具有三维网络结构的高分子材料。它不溶于水,但能明显地在水中溶胀,从而吸收大量的水,并具有很好的保持水分的能力。由于水凝胶拥有渗透性,它能够让对于细胞非常重要的物质,诸如氧气和营养成分通过,因而在组织工程和细胞包裹与细胞增殖方面有重要的应用。其中,生物可降解水凝胶因其具有优异的性能在组织工程和控制释放领域备受关注。作为组织工程主要组成部分(细胞、生物材料支架、生长因子或其他生物学信号)的材料支架,水凝胶因具有吸水溶胀的性质,能给组织工程中的种子细胞提供像动物组织一样的微环境。同时由于水凝胶中含有大量的水分,能使营养物质和氧气在水凝胶中运输,这为细胞的生存提供了保障。
本论文第一章综述了水凝胶的分类、智能型水凝胶的成胶机理、水凝胶的生物应用,特别是可注射水凝胶在组织工程上的应用。同时,对功能化胶束的分类以及在药物传递体系中的应用也加以了阐述。
本论文第二章设计并制备了一种生物可降解和具有pH敏感性的AC-PCL-HEMA/PAAc水凝胶,此水凝胶不仅保持了水凝胶的生物可降解性,而且融合了pH敏感性于水凝胶之中。这种水凝胶随着pH值的变化而具有较好的智能药物控制释放性质。另外,这种水凝胶作为支架材料包裹细胞,可通过水凝胶的降解调节其内部孔径的大小而利于细胞向水凝胶内部生长。
本论文第三章合成了α-CD/MPEG-PCL-MPEG超分子水凝胶。这种水凝胶适合于通过注射器进行注射。水凝胶对Dextran-FITC能够起到很好的缓释效果,说明是一种很有前景的药物传递载体。用水凝胶包裹的ECV304和MSC细胞,经过一段时间培养后,细胞能保持其原来的形态而不发生改变。体外细胞毒性实验与体内生物相容性实验表明,这种水凝胶具有良好的生物相容性,可作为注射性组织支架在组织工程上加以运用。
本论文第四章合成了Dex-PCL-HEMA/PNIPAAm水凝胶,其相转变温度为33.2℃,考察了在37℃下BSA在水凝胶中的药物控制释放。体外细胞毒性实验与体内组织相容性实验表明,此种水凝胶可作为可注射的聚合物支架在组织工程上得到应用。
本论文第五章合成并表征了半乳糖化FITC的聚合物Gal-PCL-g-Dex-FITC。此聚合物不论在体外还是体内都能形成稳定的胶束。此胶束能被HepG2细胞选择性的吞噬并聚集在细胞内。更为重要的是,具有肝靶向的胶束能显著性的在肝脏中分布,另外,靶向胶束在肝组织中有相对高的吞噬量,表明半乳糖化的胶束在肝靶向药物载体上有重要的潜在应用。
本论文第六章通过开环聚合以及RAFT聚合方法合成了乳糖化并键接了单氨基卟啉的两亲性聚合物聚甲基丙烯-2-氨乙酯-b-聚己内酯(Gal-APP-PAEMA-PCL)以及没有乳糖化聚合物APP-PAEMA-PCL。得到的聚合物能在水溶液中形成稳定的胶束。相对于APP-PAEMA的荧光强度,不论是在DMSO中还是PBS (pH 7.4)中,接枝了卟啉的两亲性聚合物的强度增大,而Gal-APP-PAEMA-PCL强度最大。这些接枝了卟啉的聚合物在浓度低于1 mg/mL对HEp2和HepG2细胞均没有暗毒性,而乳糖化的胶束能够优先在HepG2中聚集并具有更高的暗毒性及光照毒性。
Hydrogel is a sort of polymeric material which owns three dimensional networks. Hydrogel is insoluble in water and can swell in aqueous medium, thus it can absorb plenty of water and keep the water well. Hydrogels for cell encapsulation and proliferation are of importance in tissue engineering since hydrogels own the excellent property in permeability, which allows diffusion and transport of essential materials, such as oxygen, nutrients for cells. Owing to the excellent property, biodegradable hydrogels were widely utilized in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Highly swollen hydrogels provide a tissue-like microenvironment for cells. The high water content promotes facile transport and can be tuned to permit long-term cell survival.
In chapter 1, the classification of hydrogel, the gel formation mechanism of intelligent hydrogel and the application in tissue engineering was reviewed. In addition, the classification of functionalized micelles and their application in drug delivery was also reviewed.
In chapter 2, a series of biodegradable AC-PCL-HEMA/PAAc hydrogels were synthesized. The degradation of hydrogel was obviously accelerated in the presence of pseudomonas lipase due to the catalytic effect of the lipase on the degradation of PCL chains in the hydrogel network. The hydrogel exhibited pH sensitivity and a higher swelling ratio was observed in the solution with a higher pH value. The in vitro release of BSA from the hydrogel demonstrated that the hydrogel with a lower crosslinking density had a higher release rate. The cell culture on the hydrogels showed that the cells can adhere, and spread on the hydrogel surfaces as well as migrate inside the hydrogel networks.
In chapter 3, supramolecular hydrogels consisting ofα-cyclodextrin and MPEG-PCL-MPEG triblock polymers were prepared and characterized in vitro and in vivo. The hydrogels were suitable for injection through a small-diameter aperture. The sustained release of the dextran-FITC from the hydrogels, which lasted for more than one month, indicated the hydrogels were promising for drug delivery. Due to the rapid gelation property, the hydrogels could effectively entrap biologically active additives such as drugs and cells for in situ injection. ECV304 and MSC cells were encapsulated in hydrogel and the cell morphologies could be kept the during the cell culture. The in vitro cytotoxicity and the in vivo histological studies demonstrated that the hydrogels had great potential as the injectable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications due to their good biocompatibility.
In chapter 4, Dex-PCL-HEMA/PNIPAAm hydrogels were synthesized and characterized in vitro and in vivo. The hydrogels exhibited a phase transition temperature at 33.2℃, which was suitable for injection through a small-diameter aperture. The sustained release of the BSA from the hydrogel was observed when the temperature was higher than the LCST of the hydrogel. Cell viability studies in vitro and the histological studies in vivo demonstrated that the hydrogel was a promising candidate of an injectable polymer scaffold for tissue engineering applications.
In chapter 5, galactosylated and FITC conjugated Gal-PCL-g-Dex-FITC grafted polymers were fabricated. The resulting polymers are able to self-assemble to form stable micelles in vitro and in vivo. The galactosylated and fluorescence labeled micelles could be selectively recognized by HepG2 cells and subsequently accumulate in HepG2 cells. Importantly, the liver targeting effect of the galactosylated micelles was clearly demonstrated by the fluorescence distribution of the micelles in liver tissue.
In chapter 6, galactosylated and mono-aminoporphyrin (APP) grafted poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate)-b-polycaprolactone (Gal-APP-PAEMA-PCL) and APP-PAEMA-PCL polymers were fabricated by the combination of ring opening and RAFT polymerization. The resulting polymers are able to self-assemble to form stable micelles. Compared to the APP-PAEMA and APP-PAEMA-PCL, the fluorescence intensity of the Gal-APP-PAEMA-PCL is higher than those of the formers whenever in DMSO or PBS (pH 7.4). None of the porphyrin based block polymers exhibits dark cytotoxicity to both HEp2 cells and HepG2 cells at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Importantly, the galactosylated micelles could be selectively recognized by HepG2 cells and subsequently preferentially accumulated in HepG2 cells and had the higher dark and phototoxicity effect.
本论文第一章综述了水凝胶的分类、智能型水凝胶的成胶机理、水凝胶的生物应用,特别是可注射水凝胶在组织工程上的应用。同时,对功能化胶束的分类以及在药物传递体系中的应用也加以了阐述。
本论文第二章设计并制备了一种生物可降解和具有pH敏感性的AC-PCL-HEMA/PAAc水凝胶,此水凝胶不仅保持了水凝胶的生物可降解性,而且融合了pH敏感性于水凝胶之中。这种水凝胶随着pH值的变化而具有较好的智能药物控制释放性质。另外,这种水凝胶作为支架材料包裹细胞,可通过水凝胶的降解调节其内部孔径的大小而利于细胞向水凝胶内部生长。
本论文第三章合成了α-CD/MPEG-PCL-MPEG超分子水凝胶。这种水凝胶适合于通过注射器进行注射。水凝胶对Dextran-FITC能够起到很好的缓释效果,说明是一种很有前景的药物传递载体。用水凝胶包裹的ECV304和MSC细胞,经过一段时间培养后,细胞能保持其原来的形态而不发生改变。体外细胞毒性实验与体内生物相容性实验表明,这种水凝胶具有良好的生物相容性,可作为注射性组织支架在组织工程上加以运用。
本论文第四章合成了Dex-PCL-HEMA/PNIPAAm水凝胶,其相转变温度为33.2℃,考察了在37℃下BSA在水凝胶中的药物控制释放。体外细胞毒性实验与体内组织相容性实验表明,此种水凝胶可作为可注射的聚合物支架在组织工程上得到应用。
本论文第五章合成并表征了半乳糖化FITC的聚合物Gal-PCL-g-Dex-FITC。此聚合物不论在体外还是体内都能形成稳定的胶束。此胶束能被HepG2细胞选择性的吞噬并聚集在细胞内。更为重要的是,具有肝靶向的胶束能显著性的在肝脏中分布,另外,靶向胶束在肝组织中有相对高的吞噬量,表明半乳糖化的胶束在肝靶向药物载体上有重要的潜在应用。
本论文第六章通过开环聚合以及RAFT聚合方法合成了乳糖化并键接了单氨基卟啉的两亲性聚合物聚甲基丙烯-2-氨乙酯-b-聚己内酯(Gal-APP-PAEMA-PCL)以及没有乳糖化聚合物APP-PAEMA-PCL。得到的聚合物能在水溶液中形成稳定的胶束。相对于APP-PAEMA的荧光强度,不论是在DMSO中还是PBS (pH 7.4)中,接枝了卟啉的两亲性聚合物的强度增大,而Gal-APP-PAEMA-PCL强度最大。这些接枝了卟啉的聚合物在浓度低于1 mg/mL对HEp2和HepG2细胞均没有暗毒性,而乳糖化的胶束能够优先在HepG2中聚集并具有更高的暗毒性及光照毒性。
Hydrogel is a sort of polymeric material which owns three dimensional networks. Hydrogel is insoluble in water and can swell in aqueous medium, thus it can absorb plenty of water and keep the water well. Hydrogels for cell encapsulation and proliferation are of importance in tissue engineering since hydrogels own the excellent property in permeability, which allows diffusion and transport of essential materials, such as oxygen, nutrients for cells. Owing to the excellent property, biodegradable hydrogels were widely utilized in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Highly swollen hydrogels provide a tissue-like microenvironment for cells. The high water content promotes facile transport and can be tuned to permit long-term cell survival.
In chapter 1, the classification of hydrogel, the gel formation mechanism of intelligent hydrogel and the application in tissue engineering was reviewed. In addition, the classification of functionalized micelles and their application in drug delivery was also reviewed.
In chapter 2, a series of biodegradable AC-PCL-HEMA/PAAc hydrogels were synthesized. The degradation of hydrogel was obviously accelerated in the presence of pseudomonas lipase due to the catalytic effect of the lipase on the degradation of PCL chains in the hydrogel network. The hydrogel exhibited pH sensitivity and a higher swelling ratio was observed in the solution with a higher pH value. The in vitro release of BSA from the hydrogel demonstrated that the hydrogel with a lower crosslinking density had a higher release rate. The cell culture on the hydrogels showed that the cells can adhere, and spread on the hydrogel surfaces as well as migrate inside the hydrogel networks.
In chapter 3, supramolecular hydrogels consisting ofα-cyclodextrin and MPEG-PCL-MPEG triblock polymers were prepared and characterized in vitro and in vivo. The hydrogels were suitable for injection through a small-diameter aperture. The sustained release of the dextran-FITC from the hydrogels, which lasted for more than one month, indicated the hydrogels were promising for drug delivery. Due to the rapid gelation property, the hydrogels could effectively entrap biologically active additives such as drugs and cells for in situ injection. ECV304 and MSC cells were encapsulated in hydrogel and the cell morphologies could be kept the during the cell culture. The in vitro cytotoxicity and the in vivo histological studies demonstrated that the hydrogels had great potential as the injectable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications due to their good biocompatibility.
In chapter 4, Dex-PCL-HEMA/PNIPAAm hydrogels were synthesized and characterized in vitro and in vivo. The hydrogels exhibited a phase transition temperature at 33.2℃, which was suitable for injection through a small-diameter aperture. The sustained release of the BSA from the hydrogel was observed when the temperature was higher than the LCST of the hydrogel. Cell viability studies in vitro and the histological studies in vivo demonstrated that the hydrogel was a promising candidate of an injectable polymer scaffold for tissue engineering applications.
In chapter 5, galactosylated and FITC conjugated Gal-PCL-g-Dex-FITC grafted polymers were fabricated. The resulting polymers are able to self-assemble to form stable micelles in vitro and in vivo. The galactosylated and fluorescence labeled micelles could be selectively recognized by HepG2 cells and subsequently accumulate in HepG2 cells. Importantly, the liver targeting effect of the galactosylated micelles was clearly demonstrated by the fluorescence distribution of the micelles in liver tissue.
In chapter 6, galactosylated and mono-aminoporphyrin (APP) grafted poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate)-b-polycaprolactone (Gal-APP-PAEMA-PCL) and APP-PAEMA-PCL polymers were fabricated by the combination of ring opening and RAFT polymerization. The resulting polymers are able to self-assemble to form stable micelles. Compared to the APP-PAEMA and APP-PAEMA-PCL, the fluorescence intensity of the Gal-APP-PAEMA-PCL is higher than those of the formers whenever in DMSO or PBS (pH 7.4). None of the porphyrin based block polymers exhibits dark cytotoxicity to both HEp2 cells and HepG2 cells at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Importantly, the galactosylated micelles could be selectively recognized by HepG2 cells and subsequently preferentially accumulated in HepG2 cells and had the higher dark and phototoxicity effect.
引文
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