活性污泥法污水处理过程仿真软件设计及在控制中的应用
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摘要
活性污泥法污水处理是利用自然界中微生物的生命活动来清除污水中有机污染物的一种有效方法，是当前世界上处理工业有机污水和城市生活污水的主要途径。活性污泥法是一个生物过程，机理复杂；并且具有很大的时变性，需要较多地考虑其动态行为和运行特性。为了实现对污水处理过程工艺和处理效果的预测，污水处理过程的仿真模拟显得非常重要。
本文主要内容包括：
1．综述了污水处理过程现有的模型、介绍了国外已有的仿真软件；论述了自动控制所面临的困难、研究现状以及发展方向。
2．根据活性污泥法污水处理的工艺流程和机理特点，设计并开发了以国际水质协会提出的数学模型ASM1为核心的活性污泥法污水处理过程仿真器MASS，对该软件的结构和功能进行了介绍。由该仿真软件，通过不同的生化池组态，可以模拟各类生物污水处理过程，从而预测所采纳工艺的污水处理效果，从而为污水处理工艺设计提供指导。
3．通过对不同输入时MASS仿真器输出的分析说明了该仿真器的可靠性及实用性。同时，运用MASS对污泥回流比例控制、污泥停留时间控制、DO浓度PID控制及DO浓度模糊控制等进行了仿真，分析了不同控制方案的效果。并且指出：①污泥回流定比例控制不能有效地抑制由于进水水量波动而导致的出水水质波动。②对污泥排放量进行控制可以降低出水的底物浓度、减少出水水质波动。③针对进水的波动，为使出水水质达到排放标准，对进水流量控制十分重要。④在污水处理系统中，DO浓度控制可以实行有效的节能。这些结论对污水处理过程控制系统的设计具有重要的指导作用。
4．针对一个实际的污水处理厂提出了基于PLC的自动控制系统的具体实现。阐述了该控制系统的主要功能、指导思想和基本概况。对PLC程序设计进行了说明。
Activated sludge process, which consumes the substrates in wastewater by
microorganism metabolism, has been extensively utilized for the secondary
treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater. The activated sludge process is a
biological one, which has characteristic of complicated mechanism non-linear and
time varying. It is especially essential to predict the results of treatment by simulation.
Many researchers recognize the importance of mathematics simulation and there are
some integrated software simulating the whole wastewater treatment process aboard,
but it is still blank in China. This thesis develops a activated sludge process simulator
(MASS) based on the IAWQ model, which successfully estimates the efficiency of
the controllers and helps to design the control system of a real plant.
The main content of this paper is as follows:
1. The development of modeling in activated sludge process and several
simulation software in this field are reviewed. Then the problems faced in automation
of wastewater treatment process and the present situations of research in literatures
are descrobed.
2. The structure and function of the MASS. which was based on ASMI and
designed by the development tool Matlab, are discussed in detail.
3. The reliability and utility of MASS are shown by analyzing the effluents in
different input conditions. The control strategies, such as rate control of return sludge,
PD control and fuzzy control of DO, are simulated in MASS. It can be concluded that:
ORate control of the return sludge can not efficiently reduce the fluctuation of
effluent caused by the fluctuation of influent. ontrol of the wastage sludge is
effective in increasing the quality of the effluent. nfluent control is the key in
reducing the effluent fluctuation. () DO control is necessary in cost reduction.
4. An control system project about a wastewater treatment plant based in PLC is
introduced. First, it shows the function and configuration of the control system and
the reasons. Secondly, PLC programming is depicted in detail.
本文主要内容包括：
1．综述了污水处理过程现有的模型、介绍了国外已有的仿真软件；论述了自动控制所面临的困难、研究现状以及发展方向。
2．根据活性污泥法污水处理的工艺流程和机理特点，设计并开发了以国际水质协会提出的数学模型ASM1为核心的活性污泥法污水处理过程仿真器MASS，对该软件的结构和功能进行了介绍。由该仿真软件，通过不同的生化池组态，可以模拟各类生物污水处理过程，从而预测所采纳工艺的污水处理效果，从而为污水处理工艺设计提供指导。
3．通过对不同输入时MASS仿真器输出的分析说明了该仿真器的可靠性及实用性。同时，运用MASS对污泥回流比例控制、污泥停留时间控制、DO浓度PID控制及DO浓度模糊控制等进行了仿真，分析了不同控制方案的效果。并且指出：①污泥回流定比例控制不能有效地抑制由于进水水量波动而导致的出水水质波动。②对污泥排放量进行控制可以降低出水的底物浓度、减少出水水质波动。③针对进水的波动，为使出水水质达到排放标准，对进水流量控制十分重要。④在污水处理系统中，DO浓度控制可以实行有效的节能。这些结论对污水处理过程控制系统的设计具有重要的指导作用。
4．针对一个实际的污水处理厂提出了基于PLC的自动控制系统的具体实现。阐述了该控制系统的主要功能、指导思想和基本概况。对PLC程序设计进行了说明。
Activated sludge process, which consumes the substrates in wastewater by
microorganism metabolism, has been extensively utilized for the secondary
treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater. The activated sludge process is a
biological one, which has characteristic of complicated mechanism non-linear and
time varying. It is especially essential to predict the results of treatment by simulation.
Many researchers recognize the importance of mathematics simulation and there are
some integrated software simulating the whole wastewater treatment process aboard,
but it is still blank in China. This thesis develops a activated sludge process simulator
(MASS) based on the IAWQ model, which successfully estimates the efficiency of
the controllers and helps to design the control system of a real plant.
The main content of this paper is as follows:
1. The development of modeling in activated sludge process and several
simulation software in this field are reviewed. Then the problems faced in automation
of wastewater treatment process and the present situations of research in literatures
are descrobed.
2. The structure and function of the MASS. which was based on ASMI and
designed by the development tool Matlab, are discussed in detail.
3. The reliability and utility of MASS are shown by analyzing the effluents in
different input conditions. The control strategies, such as rate control of return sludge,
PD control and fuzzy control of DO, are simulated in MASS. It can be concluded that:
ORate control of the return sludge can not efficiently reduce the fluctuation of
effluent caused by the fluctuation of influent. ontrol of the wastage sludge is
effective in increasing the quality of the effluent. nfluent control is the key in
reducing the effluent fluctuation. () DO control is necessary in cost reduction.
4. An control system project about a wastewater treatment plant based in PLC is
introduced. First, it shows the function and configuration of the control system and
the reasons. Secondly, PLC programming is depicted in detail.
引文
1． 郑兴灿,李亚新编著,污水除磷脱氮技术,中国建筑工业出版社,1998
2． M.Henze et al,A General Model for Single-Sludge Wastewater Treatment Systems,Wat.Res.,1987,21: 505-515
3． J.Monod,The Growth of Bacterial Cultures,Annual Review of Microbiology,1949,3: 371-377
4． D.Herbert,In Recent Progress in Microbiology,Ⅶ International Congress for Microbiology,ed.by G Tunevall,Almquist and Wiksell,Stockholm,1958,381
5． A.W.Lawrence and P.L.McCarty,Unified Basis for Biological Treatment Design and Operation,Janural of Sanitary Engineering Division,ASCE 96 SA3,1970,757
6． M.Henze et al,Activated Sludge Model No 2,IAWQ Scientific and Technical.
Report No.3,IAWQ,London,1995
7． W.C.Chang,C.F.Quyang,W.L.Chiang and C.W.Hou,Sludge Pre-cycle Control of Dynamic Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal System: an Application of On-line Fuzzy Controller,Wat.Res.,1998,32(3) : 727-736
8． Y.P.Tsai,C.F.Ouyang,M.Y.Wu and W.L.Chiang,Effluent Suspended Solid Control of Activated Sludge Process by Fuzzy Control Approach,Wat.Environment Res.,1996,68(6) : 1045-1053
9． Y.P.Tsai,C.F.Quyang,W.L.Chiang and M.Y.Wu,Construction of an On-line Fuzzy Controller for the Dynamic Activated Sludge Process,Wat.Res.,1994,28(4) : 913-921
10． G.A.Ekama,Gv.RMarais.,A.R.Pitman,GF.P.Keay,L.Buchan,A.Gerben and M.Smollen,Theory Design and Operation of Nutrient Removal Activated Sludge Process.,South African Water Research Commission,Pretoria,South African,1984
11． G.A.Ekama,P.L.Dolt and G.v.R.Marais,Procedures for Determining Influent COD Fraction and the Maximum Specific Growth Rate of Heterotrophs in Activated Sludge System,Wat.Sci.Tech.,1986,18: 91-114
12． L.Ljung and T.Soderstrom,Theory and Practice of Recursive Identification,MIT Press,Cambridge,Mass,1987
13． J.C.Kabouris and A.P.Georgakakos,Parameter and State Estimation of the Activated Sludge Process-Ⅰ .Model Development,Wat.Res.,1996,30(12) : 2853-2865
14． J.C.Kabouris and A.P.Georgakakos,Parameter and State Estimation of the Activated Sludge Process-Ⅱ.Applications,Wat.Res.,1996,30(12) : 2867-2882
15． J.C.Kabouris and A.P.Georgakakos,Parameter and State Estimation of the Activated Sludge Process: On-line Algorithm,Wat.Res.,1996,30(12) : 3115-3129
16． S.H.ChO,H.N.Chang and C.Prost,Steady State Analysis of the Coupling Aerator and Secondary Settling Tank in Activated Sludge Process,Wat.Res.,1996,30(11) .-2601-2608
17． D.Stefan and U.Jeppsson ,A Model of Settler Coupled To The Biological Reactor,Wat.Res.,1998,32(2) : 331-342
18． G.L.Kynch,A Theory of Sedimentation.Trans.Faraday Soc.,1952,48: 166-176
19． S.Joaquin,I.Irizar,X.Ostoaza,E.Ayesa,Dissolved Oxygen Control and
Simultaneous Estimation of Oxygen Uptake Rate in Activated-Sludge Plants,Wat.Environment Res.,1998,70(3) : 316-322
20． J.F.Andrews,Dynamic Models and Control Strategies for Wastewater Treatment Process,Wat.Res.,1974,8: 261-289
21． J.C.Kabouris and A.P.Georgakakos,Optimal Control of the Activated Sludge Process,Wat.Res.,1990,24(10) : 1197-1208
22． J.C.Kabouris and A.P.Georgakakos,Optimal Control of the Activated Sludge Process: Effect of Sludge Storage,Wat.Res.,1992,26(4) : 507-517
23． D.Sincic and J.E.Bailey,Optimal Periodic Control of an Activated Sludge Process-Ⅰ.Result for the Base Case with Monod /Decay Kinetics,Wat.Res.,1978,12: 47-53
24． S.Y.S.Yeung,D.Sincic and J.E.Bailey,Optimal Periodic Control of an Activated Sludge Process-Ⅱ .Comparison with Conventional Control for Structured Sludge Kinetics,Wat.Res.,1980,14: 77-83
25． C.L.Spencer and Waston,Optimize Wastewater Operations,Hydrocarbon Processing,1997,76(6) : 77-80
26． S.R.Ahmad and D.M.Reynolds,Monitoring of Water Quality Using Fluorescence Technique: Prospect of On-line Process Control,Wat.Res.,1999,33(9) : 2069-2074
27． G.Olsson and J.F.Andrews,The Dissolved Oxygen Profile---A Valuable Tool for Control of the Activated Sludge Process,Wat.Res.,1979,12: 985-1004
28． U.Sollfrank and W.Gujer,Simultaneous Determination of Oxygen Uptake Rate and Oxygen Transfer Coefficient in Activated Sludge Systems by an On-line Method,Wat Res.,1990,24(6) : 725-732
29． H.Spanjers and G Olsson,Modeling of the Dissolved Oxygen Probe Response in the Improvement of the Performance of a Continuous Respiration Meter,Wat.Res.,1992,26(7) : 945-954
30． S.Sozen,E.Ubay Cokgor,D.Orhon and M.Henze,Respirometer Analysis of Activated Sludge Behaviour-Ⅱ.Heterotrophic Growth under Aerobic and Anoxic Conditions,Wat.Res.,1998,32(2) : 476-488
31． A.Holmberg,Modeling of the Activated Sludge Process for Microprocessor-Based State Estimation and Control,Wat.Res.,1982,16: 1233-1246
32． W.N.Sung,J.M.Nam and S.L.Kwang,On-line Integrated Control System for an Industrial Activated Sludge Process,Wat.Environment Res.,1996,68(1) : 70-75
33． D.Couillard and S.C.Zhu,Control Strategy for the Activated Sludge Process under Shock Loading,Wat.Res.,1992,26(5) : 649-655
34． C.Aubrun,D.Theilliol,J.Harmand and J.P.Steyer,Software Sensor Design for COD Estimation in an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor,Wat.Sci.Tech.,2001,43(7) : 115-120
35． A.Charef,A.Ghauch,P.Baussand and M.B.Michel,Water Quality Monitoring Using a Smart Sensing System,Measurement,2000,28: 219-224
36． 张勇,污水分析软件测量方法及应用研究,浙江大学硕士论文,2001
37． S.L.Dae and M.P.Jong,Neural Network Modeling for On-line Estimation of Nutrient Dynamics in a Sequentially-Operated Batch Reactor ,Jouranl of Biotechnology,1999,75: 229-239
38． 孙增圻等编著,智能控制理论与技术,清华大学出版社、广西科学技术出版社，1997
39． I.S.Pantelakis,T.D.Lekkas and P.A.Paraskevas,An Advanced Integrated Expert System for Wastewater Treatment Plants Control,Knowledge-Based Systems,1999,12: 355-361
40． J.A.Baeza,E.C.Ferreira and J.Lafuente,Knowledge-based Supervision and Control of Wastewater Treatment Plant: a Real-time Implementation,Wat.Sci.Tech.,2000,41(12) : 123-137
41 .J.Baeza,D.Gabriel and J.Lafuente,An Expert Supervisory System for a Pilot WWTP,Environmental Modeling &Software,1999,14: 383-390
42． J.Rammacher and J.Hansen,Control of Nutrient Removal Based on Simple Measurement Values,Wat.Sci.Tech.,2000,41(1) : 29-32
43． A.Punal,J.Rodriguez ,E.F.Carrasco,E.Roca and J.M.Lema,Advanced Monitoring and Control of Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Plants: Software Sensors and Controller for Anaerobic Digester,Wat.Sci.Tech.,2001,43(7) : 191-198
44． J.T.Vincent,W.David and O.J.Karl,Dissolved Oxygen Control Strategy Comparison for an Activated Sludge ,UKACC International Conference on Control'98,1-4 September 1998 Conference Publication 455,1998,1102-1105
45． P.Samuelesson,M.Ekman and B.Carlsson,A JAVA Based Simulator of Activated Sludge Processes,Mathematics and Computers in Simulation,2001 ,56: 333-346
46． P.Reichert,R.V.Schulthess and D.Wild,The Use of AQUASIM Estimating
Parameters of Activated Sludge Models, Wat.Sci.Tech., 1995, 31(2) : 135-147
47． G.G.Party and I.Takacs, Modular Multi-Purpose Modelling System for the Simulation and Control of Wastewater Treatment Plants: An Innovative Approach, Adv.Wat.Pollut.Control, 1991, 10: 385-392
48． P.Krebs, Success and Shortcomings of Clarifier Modelling, Wat.Sci.Tech., 1995, 31(2) : 181-191
2． M.Henze et al,A General Model for Single-Sludge Wastewater Treatment Systems,Wat.Res.,1987,21: 505-515
3． J.Monod,The Growth of Bacterial Cultures,Annual Review of Microbiology,1949,3: 371-377
4． D.Herbert,In Recent Progress in Microbiology,Ⅶ International Congress for Microbiology,ed.by G Tunevall,Almquist and Wiksell,Stockholm,1958,381
5． A.W.Lawrence and P.L.McCarty,Unified Basis for Biological Treatment Design and Operation,Janural of Sanitary Engineering Division,ASCE 96 SA3,1970,757
6． M.Henze et al,Activated Sludge Model No 2,IAWQ Scientific and Technical.
Report No.3,IAWQ,London,1995
7． W.C.Chang,C.F.Quyang,W.L.Chiang and C.W.Hou,Sludge Pre-cycle Control of Dynamic Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal System: an Application of On-line Fuzzy Controller,Wat.Res.,1998,32(3) : 727-736
8． Y.P.Tsai,C.F.Ouyang,M.Y.Wu and W.L.Chiang,Effluent Suspended Solid Control of Activated Sludge Process by Fuzzy Control Approach,Wat.Environment Res.,1996,68(6) : 1045-1053
9． Y.P.Tsai,C.F.Quyang,W.L.Chiang and M.Y.Wu,Construction of an On-line Fuzzy Controller for the Dynamic Activated Sludge Process,Wat.Res.,1994,28(4) : 913-921
10． G.A.Ekama,Gv.RMarais.,A.R.Pitman,GF.P.Keay,L.Buchan,A.Gerben and M.Smollen,Theory Design and Operation of Nutrient Removal Activated Sludge Process.,South African Water Research Commission,Pretoria,South African,1984
11． G.A.Ekama,P.L.Dolt and G.v.R.Marais,Procedures for Determining Influent COD Fraction and the Maximum Specific Growth Rate of Heterotrophs in Activated Sludge System,Wat.Sci.Tech.,1986,18: 91-114
12． L.Ljung and T.Soderstrom,Theory and Practice of Recursive Identification,MIT Press,Cambridge,Mass,1987
13． J.C.Kabouris and A.P.Georgakakos,Parameter and State Estimation of the Activated Sludge Process-Ⅰ .Model Development,Wat.Res.,1996,30(12) : 2853-2865
14． J.C.Kabouris and A.P.Georgakakos,Parameter and State Estimation of the Activated Sludge Process-Ⅱ.Applications,Wat.Res.,1996,30(12) : 2867-2882
15． J.C.Kabouris and A.P.Georgakakos,Parameter and State Estimation of the Activated Sludge Process: On-line Algorithm,Wat.Res.,1996,30(12) : 3115-3129
16． S.H.ChO,H.N.Chang and C.Prost,Steady State Analysis of the Coupling Aerator and Secondary Settling Tank in Activated Sludge Process,Wat.Res.,1996,30(11) .-2601-2608
17． D.Stefan and U.Jeppsson ,A Model of Settler Coupled To The Biological Reactor,Wat.Res.,1998,32(2) : 331-342
18． G.L.Kynch,A Theory of Sedimentation.Trans.Faraday Soc.,1952,48: 166-176
19． S.Joaquin,I.Irizar,X.Ostoaza,E.Ayesa,Dissolved Oxygen Control and
Simultaneous Estimation of Oxygen Uptake Rate in Activated-Sludge Plants,Wat.Environment Res.,1998,70(3) : 316-322
20． J.F.Andrews,Dynamic Models and Control Strategies for Wastewater Treatment Process,Wat.Res.,1974,8: 261-289
21． J.C.Kabouris and A.P.Georgakakos,Optimal Control of the Activated Sludge Process,Wat.Res.,1990,24(10) : 1197-1208
22． J.C.Kabouris and A.P.Georgakakos,Optimal Control of the Activated Sludge Process: Effect of Sludge Storage,Wat.Res.,1992,26(4) : 507-517
23． D.Sincic and J.E.Bailey,Optimal Periodic Control of an Activated Sludge Process-Ⅰ.Result for the Base Case with Monod /Decay Kinetics,Wat.Res.,1978,12: 47-53
24． S.Y.S.Yeung,D.Sincic and J.E.Bailey,Optimal Periodic Control of an Activated Sludge Process-Ⅱ .Comparison with Conventional Control for Structured Sludge Kinetics,Wat.Res.,1980,14: 77-83
25． C.L.Spencer and Waston,Optimize Wastewater Operations,Hydrocarbon Processing,1997,76(6) : 77-80
26． S.R.Ahmad and D.M.Reynolds,Monitoring of Water Quality Using Fluorescence Technique: Prospect of On-line Process Control,Wat.Res.,1999,33(9) : 2069-2074
27． G.Olsson and J.F.Andrews,The Dissolved Oxygen Profile---A Valuable Tool for Control of the Activated Sludge Process,Wat.Res.,1979,12: 985-1004
28． U.Sollfrank and W.Gujer,Simultaneous Determination of Oxygen Uptake Rate and Oxygen Transfer Coefficient in Activated Sludge Systems by an On-line Method,Wat Res.,1990,24(6) : 725-732
29． H.Spanjers and G Olsson,Modeling of the Dissolved Oxygen Probe Response in the Improvement of the Performance of a Continuous Respiration Meter,Wat.Res.,1992,26(7) : 945-954
30． S.Sozen,E.Ubay Cokgor,D.Orhon and M.Henze,Respirometer Analysis of Activated Sludge Behaviour-Ⅱ.Heterotrophic Growth under Aerobic and Anoxic Conditions,Wat.Res.,1998,32(2) : 476-488
31． A.Holmberg,Modeling of the Activated Sludge Process for Microprocessor-Based State Estimation and Control,Wat.Res.,1982,16: 1233-1246
32． W.N.Sung,J.M.Nam and S.L.Kwang,On-line Integrated Control System for an Industrial Activated Sludge Process,Wat.Environment Res.,1996,68(1) : 70-75
33． D.Couillard and S.C.Zhu,Control Strategy for the Activated Sludge Process under Shock Loading,Wat.Res.,1992,26(5) : 649-655
34． C.Aubrun,D.Theilliol,J.Harmand and J.P.Steyer,Software Sensor Design for COD Estimation in an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor,Wat.Sci.Tech.,2001,43(7) : 115-120
35． A.Charef,A.Ghauch,P.Baussand and M.B.Michel,Water Quality Monitoring Using a Smart Sensing System,Measurement,2000,28: 219-224
36． 张勇,污水分析软件测量方法及应用研究,浙江大学硕士论文,2001
37． S.L.Dae and M.P.Jong,Neural Network Modeling for On-line Estimation of Nutrient Dynamics in a Sequentially-Operated Batch Reactor ,Jouranl of Biotechnology,1999,75: 229-239
38． 孙增圻等编著,智能控制理论与技术,清华大学出版社、广西科学技术出版社，1997
39． I.S.Pantelakis,T.D.Lekkas and P.A.Paraskevas,An Advanced Integrated Expert System for Wastewater Treatment Plants Control,Knowledge-Based Systems,1999,12: 355-361
40． J.A.Baeza,E.C.Ferreira and J.Lafuente,Knowledge-based Supervision and Control of Wastewater Treatment Plant: a Real-time Implementation,Wat.Sci.Tech.,2000,41(12) : 123-137
41 .J.Baeza,D.Gabriel and J.Lafuente,An Expert Supervisory System for a Pilot WWTP,Environmental Modeling &Software,1999,14: 383-390
42． J.Rammacher and J.Hansen,Control of Nutrient Removal Based on Simple Measurement Values,Wat.Sci.Tech.,2000,41(1) : 29-32
43． A.Punal,J.Rodriguez ,E.F.Carrasco,E.Roca and J.M.Lema,Advanced Monitoring and Control of Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Plants: Software Sensors and Controller for Anaerobic Digester,Wat.Sci.Tech.,2001,43(7) : 191-198
44． J.T.Vincent,W.David and O.J.Karl,Dissolved Oxygen Control Strategy Comparison for an Activated Sludge ,UKACC International Conference on Control'98,1-4 September 1998 Conference Publication 455,1998,1102-1105
45． P.Samuelesson,M.Ekman and B.Carlsson,A JAVA Based Simulator of Activated Sludge Processes,Mathematics and Computers in Simulation,2001 ,56: 333-346
46． P.Reichert,R.V.Schulthess and D.Wild,The Use of AQUASIM Estimating
Parameters of Activated Sludge Models, Wat.Sci.Tech., 1995, 31(2) : 135-147
47． G.G.Party and I.Takacs, Modular Multi-Purpose Modelling System for the Simulation and Control of Wastewater Treatment Plants: An Innovative Approach, Adv.Wat.Pollut.Control, 1991, 10: 385-392
48． P.Krebs, Success and Shortcomings of Clarifier Modelling, Wat.Sci.Tech., 1995, 31(2) : 181-191