土茯苓化学对照品及质量综合评价研究
|
摘要
土茯苓为百合科植物光叶菝葜(Smilax glabra Roxb.)的干燥根茎。有除湿,解毒,通利关节之功效。临床用于湿热淋浊,带下,痈肿,瘰疬,疥癣,梅毒及汞中毒所致的肢体拘挛,筋骨疼痛。本论文对其进行了化学成分、化学对照品、质量标准及药理作用四个方面的研究。
土茯苓药材化学成分研究。从土茯苓中分离得到20个化合物,经IR、UV、MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、HMBC、HSQC、DEPT等手段及化学方法鉴定出17个化合物。它们分别为槲皮素、落新妇苷、白藜芦醇、β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、(-)表儿茶素、柚皮素、莽草酸、琥珀酸、阿魏酸、胡萝卜苷、花旗松素、棕榈酸、5-O-咖啡酰莽草酸、5-羟甲基糠醛、木蜡酸、尼克酰胺,其中木蜡酸为首次从该植物中分离得到。采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对土茯苓挥发性成分进行分析,鉴定出21个化合物,主要为芳香族化合物。
土茯苓化学对照品研究。通过优化提取分离条件,建立了落新妇苷化学对照品的制备工艺,该工艺能大量、快速地获得落新妇苷,并且建立了该对照品的质量标准。共累积得到2 g(纯度≥98 %)以上的落新妇苷对照品。
土茯苓药材质量标准研究。以总黄酮含量为指标,采用正交试验设计,对乙醇浓度、溶剂用量、提取时间3因素进行优化,确定了土茯苓总黄酮提取工艺。建立了土茯苓中总黄酮的定量分析方法,证明了选择落新妇苷作为土茯苓总黄酮含量测定对照品的合理性和科学性。采用高效液相色谱法同时测定10批不同来源的土茯苓药材中落新妇苷和白藜芦醇的含量。对10批不同来源的土茯苓药材进行了HPLC指纹图谱分析,相似度结果较好(相似度大于0.900),确定了10个共有峰,并用HPLC-MS和HPLC-1H NMR法对部分特征峰进行指认。采用指纹图谱方法鉴别了土茯苓正品及其常见的3种混淆品。
对土茯苓4个提取部位以及化合物落新妇苷进行了抗菌、抗氧化、抗乙肝病毒、抗SIVmac251病毒和抗肿瘤的实验研究。结果表明,土茯苓乙酸乙酯部位对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、志贺氏痢疾杆菌均有抑制作用;土茯苓水煎液和落新妇苷对这5种菌均没有抑制作用。土茯苓各提取部位以及落新妇苷均有较好的抗自由基活性;对乙肝病毒以及HepG2细胞都没有抑制作用。此外,土茯苓乙醇提取物对Hela细胞表现出一定的抑制作用;土茯苓乙醇提取物以及正丁醇部位对SIVmac251病毒有一定的抑制作用。上述研究结果为土茯苓的质量评价提供了科学依据;为评价土茯苓整体功效与上述各药理指标之间的关联关系,应用贝叶斯网络对其清热解毒作用进行预测,进一步证实了土茯苓具有清热解毒的功效。
本论文围绕着国家“863”课题—土茯苓化学对照品的研究,对土茯苓进行化学成分研究,确定落新妇苷为土茯苓的指标性成分,建立落新妇苷化学对照品的制备工艺及其质量标准,在此基础上建立土茯苓药材的质量标准,并对其进行了药理活性初步研究,为土茯苓药材的进一步开发利用提供科学依据。
Smilax glabra Roxb. (Family Liliaceae) is the Chinese medicinal herb called tufuling. It has antipyretic, detoxifying, and diuretic actions. It may be beneficial in treatments for brucellosis, syphilis, furunculosis, eczema, dermatitis, nephritis, cystitis, mercury and silver poisoning. In this thesis, a relatively systematic study on chemical constituents, chemical reference, quality control method and biological activity of Smilax glabra Roxb. was performed.
Firstly, a study on chemical constituents of Smilax glabra Roxb. was carried out. 20 compounds were isolated and purified from the EtOH extracts of Smilax glabra Roxb., and 17 of them were identified on the basis of spectral data and physicochemical properties, the structures had been elucidated as follows: quercetin, resveratrol, daucosterol,β-sitosterol, astilbin, naringenin, succinic acid, shkimic acid, taxifoliol, ferulic acid, stigmasterol, (-)-epicatechin, palmitic acid, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, lignoceric acid, nicotinamide. Among the compounds, lignoceric acid was isolated from the plant for the first time. The composition of essential oil of Smilax glabra Roxb. was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). 21 compounds were identified, most of them were aromatics.
Secondly, it is for the first time that the preparation method and quality standard of the chemical reference of Smilax glabra Roxb.were investigated. The preparation method developed is simple, and the yield and purification of the chemical reference obtained are higher. The chemical reference of 2 g has been accumulated in the course of study.
Thirdly, a study on quality control method of Smilax glabra Roxb. was performed. Extraction methods were evaluated for the extraction efficiency of general flavonoids. In this experiment, three factors were studied by orthogonal design, including ethanol concentration, consumption of solvent, and time of extraction. Then, a method for determining general flavonoids in Smilax glabra Roxb. was developed, it is for the first time that we discovered that selection of astilbin as an index is more rational and scientific in the determination of general flavonoids in Smilax glabra Roxb.. Two bioactive constituents namely astilbin and resveratrol in 10 samples were determined with high performance liquid chromatography. The two constituents were completely separated in 20 min. The chromatographic peak areas presented a good linearity with the concentration for this two constituents. To study and develop the fingerprint of Smilax glabra Roxb. by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the fingerprints of the samples from 10 different sources were of high similarity with correlation coefficients above 0.9. Peaks existing in all 10 fingerprints were assigned as“common peaks”for Smilax glabra Roxb.. There are 10“common peaks”in the fingerprint. The components were identified by HPLC-MS and HPLC-1H NMR. By comparing the fingerprints, Smilax glabra Roxb. was well distinguished from the commercial adulterants including Heterosmilax japonica Kunth., Heterosmilax yunnanensis Gagnep. and Smilax China L.
Finally, the pharmacological activities of Smilax glabra Roxb. on antibiosis, antioxidation, anti-HBV, anti-SIVmac251 and antitumor were studied. The result showed that the EtOAc fraction had some antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudominas aeruginosa and Shigella dysenteriae; there was no significant effect in the water extraction and compound astilbin. In antioxidation study, compound astilbin and all the fractions extracted from Smilax glabra Roxb. showed different free radical scavenging activity. All the samples mentioned above had no effect on the hepatitis B virus and HepG2 cells. The study demonstrated that the EtOH extract inhibited proliferation of Hela cells. In anti-SIVmac251 study, the result showed that the EtOH extract and the n-BuOH fraction had inhibitory activities against SIVmac251. The research offered a scientific basis for quality control of Smilax glabra Roxb.. To evaluate the association between its Traditional Chinese Medicine effect and pharmacological activities, the effect of“Clearing heat and Resolving toxin”of Smilax glabra Roxb. was predicted by Bayesian belief network. Finally, the effect of“Clearing heat and Resolving toxin”of Smilax glabra Roxb. was further confirmed by this method.
In this thesis, the chemical constituents, chemical reference, quality control method and biological activity of Smilax glabra Roxb. were researched, which provide the scientific basis for the further development of Smilax glabra Roxb..
土茯苓药材化学成分研究。从土茯苓中分离得到20个化合物,经IR、UV、MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、HMBC、HSQC、DEPT等手段及化学方法鉴定出17个化合物。它们分别为槲皮素、落新妇苷、白藜芦醇、β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、(-)表儿茶素、柚皮素、莽草酸、琥珀酸、阿魏酸、胡萝卜苷、花旗松素、棕榈酸、5-O-咖啡酰莽草酸、5-羟甲基糠醛、木蜡酸、尼克酰胺,其中木蜡酸为首次从该植物中分离得到。采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对土茯苓挥发性成分进行分析,鉴定出21个化合物,主要为芳香族化合物。
土茯苓化学对照品研究。通过优化提取分离条件,建立了落新妇苷化学对照品的制备工艺,该工艺能大量、快速地获得落新妇苷,并且建立了该对照品的质量标准。共累积得到2 g(纯度≥98 %)以上的落新妇苷对照品。
土茯苓药材质量标准研究。以总黄酮含量为指标,采用正交试验设计,对乙醇浓度、溶剂用量、提取时间3因素进行优化,确定了土茯苓总黄酮提取工艺。建立了土茯苓中总黄酮的定量分析方法,证明了选择落新妇苷作为土茯苓总黄酮含量测定对照品的合理性和科学性。采用高效液相色谱法同时测定10批不同来源的土茯苓药材中落新妇苷和白藜芦醇的含量。对10批不同来源的土茯苓药材进行了HPLC指纹图谱分析,相似度结果较好(相似度大于0.900),确定了10个共有峰,并用HPLC-MS和HPLC-1H NMR法对部分特征峰进行指认。采用指纹图谱方法鉴别了土茯苓正品及其常见的3种混淆品。
对土茯苓4个提取部位以及化合物落新妇苷进行了抗菌、抗氧化、抗乙肝病毒、抗SIVmac251病毒和抗肿瘤的实验研究。结果表明,土茯苓乙酸乙酯部位对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、志贺氏痢疾杆菌均有抑制作用;土茯苓水煎液和落新妇苷对这5种菌均没有抑制作用。土茯苓各提取部位以及落新妇苷均有较好的抗自由基活性;对乙肝病毒以及HepG2细胞都没有抑制作用。此外,土茯苓乙醇提取物对Hela细胞表现出一定的抑制作用;土茯苓乙醇提取物以及正丁醇部位对SIVmac251病毒有一定的抑制作用。上述研究结果为土茯苓的质量评价提供了科学依据;为评价土茯苓整体功效与上述各药理指标之间的关联关系,应用贝叶斯网络对其清热解毒作用进行预测,进一步证实了土茯苓具有清热解毒的功效。
本论文围绕着国家“863”课题—土茯苓化学对照品的研究,对土茯苓进行化学成分研究,确定落新妇苷为土茯苓的指标性成分,建立落新妇苷化学对照品的制备工艺及其质量标准,在此基础上建立土茯苓药材的质量标准,并对其进行了药理活性初步研究,为土茯苓药材的进一步开发利用提供科学依据。
Smilax glabra Roxb. (Family Liliaceae) is the Chinese medicinal herb called tufuling. It has antipyretic, detoxifying, and diuretic actions. It may be beneficial in treatments for brucellosis, syphilis, furunculosis, eczema, dermatitis, nephritis, cystitis, mercury and silver poisoning. In this thesis, a relatively systematic study on chemical constituents, chemical reference, quality control method and biological activity of Smilax glabra Roxb. was performed.
Firstly, a study on chemical constituents of Smilax glabra Roxb. was carried out. 20 compounds were isolated and purified from the EtOH extracts of Smilax glabra Roxb., and 17 of them were identified on the basis of spectral data and physicochemical properties, the structures had been elucidated as follows: quercetin, resveratrol, daucosterol,β-sitosterol, astilbin, naringenin, succinic acid, shkimic acid, taxifoliol, ferulic acid, stigmasterol, (-)-epicatechin, palmitic acid, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, lignoceric acid, nicotinamide. Among the compounds, lignoceric acid was isolated from the plant for the first time. The composition of essential oil of Smilax glabra Roxb. was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). 21 compounds were identified, most of them were aromatics.
Secondly, it is for the first time that the preparation method and quality standard of the chemical reference of Smilax glabra Roxb.were investigated. The preparation method developed is simple, and the yield and purification of the chemical reference obtained are higher. The chemical reference of 2 g has been accumulated in the course of study.
Thirdly, a study on quality control method of Smilax glabra Roxb. was performed. Extraction methods were evaluated for the extraction efficiency of general flavonoids. In this experiment, three factors were studied by orthogonal design, including ethanol concentration, consumption of solvent, and time of extraction. Then, a method for determining general flavonoids in Smilax glabra Roxb. was developed, it is for the first time that we discovered that selection of astilbin as an index is more rational and scientific in the determination of general flavonoids in Smilax glabra Roxb.. Two bioactive constituents namely astilbin and resveratrol in 10 samples were determined with high performance liquid chromatography. The two constituents were completely separated in 20 min. The chromatographic peak areas presented a good linearity with the concentration for this two constituents. To study and develop the fingerprint of Smilax glabra Roxb. by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the fingerprints of the samples from 10 different sources were of high similarity with correlation coefficients above 0.9. Peaks existing in all 10 fingerprints were assigned as“common peaks”for Smilax glabra Roxb.. There are 10“common peaks”in the fingerprint. The components were identified by HPLC-MS and HPLC-1H NMR. By comparing the fingerprints, Smilax glabra Roxb. was well distinguished from the commercial adulterants including Heterosmilax japonica Kunth., Heterosmilax yunnanensis Gagnep. and Smilax China L.
Finally, the pharmacological activities of Smilax glabra Roxb. on antibiosis, antioxidation, anti-HBV, anti-SIVmac251 and antitumor were studied. The result showed that the EtOAc fraction had some antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudominas aeruginosa and Shigella dysenteriae; there was no significant effect in the water extraction and compound astilbin. In antioxidation study, compound astilbin and all the fractions extracted from Smilax glabra Roxb. showed different free radical scavenging activity. All the samples mentioned above had no effect on the hepatitis B virus and HepG2 cells. The study demonstrated that the EtOH extract inhibited proliferation of Hela cells. In anti-SIVmac251 study, the result showed that the EtOH extract and the n-BuOH fraction had inhibitory activities against SIVmac251. The research offered a scientific basis for quality control of Smilax glabra Roxb.. To evaluate the association between its Traditional Chinese Medicine effect and pharmacological activities, the effect of“Clearing heat and Resolving toxin”of Smilax glabra Roxb. was predicted by Bayesian belief network. Finally, the effect of“Clearing heat and Resolving toxin”of Smilax glabra Roxb. was further confirmed by this method.
In this thesis, the chemical constituents, chemical reference, quality control method and biological activity of Smilax glabra Roxb. were researched, which provide the scientific basis for the further development of Smilax glabra Roxb..
引文
1 国家药典委员会. 中华人民共和国药典(一部). 北京:化学工业出版社,2005:14~15.
2 李玉莲,李玉琪,曾平,等. 土茯苓植物资源调查. 中草药,2002,33(9):850~852.
3 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会. 中国植物志. 北京:科学出版社.1978,15:181.
4 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会. 中国植物志. 北京:科学出版社.1978,15:203.
5 Bernardo Robson Roney, Pinto Antonio Ventura. Steroidal saponins from Smilax officinalis. Phytochemistry, 1996, 43(2): 465~469.
6 Woo Mi Hee, Do Jae Chul, Son Ho Kun. Five new spirostanol glycosides from the subterranean parts of Smilax sieboldii. J Nat Prod, 1992, 55(8): 1129~1135.
7 贾忠建,巨勇. 粗糙菝葜中甾体皂甙. 高等学校化学学报,1992,13(1):68~69.
8 Zhong-Jian Jia, Yong Ju. Steroidal saponins from Smilax lebrunii. Phytochemistry, 1992,
31(9) : 3173~3175.
9 Yutaka Sashida, Satoshi Kubo,Yoshihiro Mimaki, et al. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31(7): 2439~2443.
10 巨勇,杜枚,贾忠建,等. 防已叶菝葜化学成分研究. 中国中药杂志,1993,18(10) :611~613.
11 孙学军,巨勇,杜枚等. 鞘柄菝葜化学成分研究. 中草药,1995,26 (8):395~396,399.
12 Yong Ju, Zhong-Jiao Jia. Steroidal saponins from rhizomes of Smilax menispermoidea. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31(4): 1349~1351.
13 巨勇,彭海岩,贾忠建,等. 黑叶菝葜中甾体皂甙成分研究. 兰州大学学报(自然科学 版),1994,30(1):64~67.
14 Yong Ju, Zhong-Jian Jia, Xue-Jun Sun. Steroidal saponins from Smilax menispermoidea and S. lebrunii. Phytochemistry, 1994, 37(5): 1433~1436.
15 巨勇,贾忠建. 防已叶菝葜中的一个新甾体皂甙. 高等学校化学学报,1990,11(12):1386~1387.
16 Yong Ju, Zhong-Jian Jia. Minor Steroidal glycosides from the roots of Smilax lebrunii. Phytochemistry, 1993, 33(5): 1193~1195.
17 巨勇,贾忠建. 黑叶菝葜中呋甾烷甙. 高等学校化学学报,1991,12(11):1488~1489.
18 刘俊彦,黄文华,傅建熙. 菝葜属植物化学成分研究进展. 陕西林业科技,1999,3:64~71.
19 曹正中,易以军,洪武奇,等. 土茯苓化学成分的研究(Ⅰ). 中草药,1993,24(5):234~235.
20 易以军,曹正中,杨大龙,等. 土茯苓化学成分研究(Ⅳ). 药学学报,1998,33(11):873~875.
21 李伊庆,易杨华,汤海峰,等. 异落新妇苷的结构研究. 药学学报,1996,31(10):761~763.
22 李伊庆,易杨华,汤海峰,等. 土茯苓化学成分研究. 中草药,1996,27(12):712~714.
23 陈广耀,沈连生,江佩芬. 土茯苓化学成分的研究. 北京中医药大学学报,1996,19(1):44.
24 张敏,李海棠,李苑,等. 土茯苓的化学成分研究(一). 中药材,1995,18(4):194~196.
25 程宇镳,张东明,庾石山,等. 穿鞘菝葜化学成分的研究. 中国中药杂志,2003,28(3):233~234.
26 冯锋,柳文媛,陈优生,等. 菝葜中黄酮和芪类成分的研究. 中国药科大学学报,2003,34(2):119~121.
27 李恩英,孟宪纾. 华东菝葜的化学成分研究. 中草药,1992,23(2):106.
28 Ting Chen, Jian-Xin Li, Qiang Xu. Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Smilax glabra. Phytochemistry, 2000, 53: 1051~1055.
29 袁久志,窦德强,陈英杰,等. 土茯苓化学成分的分离与鉴定. 中国药物化学杂志,2004,14(5):291~293.
30 袁久志,窦德强,陈英杰,等. 土茯苓酚苷类成分研究. 中国中药杂志,2004,35(9):967~969.
31 张克锦,周承明,艾尼瓦尔,等. 赤土茯苓醋酸乙酯提取物对儿茶酚胺作用的研究. 中草药,1991,22(10):460~462.
32 张克锦,邹玉玲,周承明,等. 赤土茯苓提取物对实验性鹌鹑脉粥样硬化的预防作用. 中草药,1991,22(9):411~412.
33 邵春红,新华,周承明,等. 赤土茯苓苷对大鼠心肌缺血的保护作用. 新疆医科大学学报,2000,23(3):205~207.
34 马世平,卫敏,郭健,等. 菝葜对小鼠血糖和肝糖元的影响. 中国现代应用药学杂志,1998,15(5):5~7.
35 吕永宁,陈东生,徐楚鸿,等. 菝葜活血化淤药理作用. 中国医院药学杂志,2002,22(9):538~540.
36 陈彦,袁艺. 粉菝葜皂苷的溶血作用研究. 生物学杂志,1997,14(1):26~28.
37 徐强,王蓉,徐丽华,等. 土茯苓对细胞免疫和体液免疫的影响. 中国免疫学杂志,1993,9(1):39~42.
38 杜鹏,薛洁,周承明,等. 赤土茯苓苷对实验性胃溃疡的保护作用. 中草药,2000,31(4):277~280.
39 吴丽明,张敏. 土茯苓中落新妇苷的利尿和镇痛作用. 中药材,1995,18(12):627~630.
40 陈东生,吕永宁,王杰,等. 菝葜的抗炎作用. 中国医院药学杂志,2000,20(9):544~545.
41 刘世旺,游必纲,徐艳霞,等. 菝葜乙醇提取物的抑菌作用. 资源开发与市场,2004,
20(5):328~329.
42 杜德极,石小枫,冉长清,等. 复方菝葜抗炎、抗肿瘤及毒性研究作用. 中成药,1989,
11(12):29~31.
43 辛淮生,付海珍,戚雪勇,等. 土茯苓对 TAA 中毒大鼠肝酶谱的影响. 镇江医学院学报,1998,8(2):165~166.
44 纪莉莲,范怡梅. 土茯苓体外抗菌活性实验. 中国生化药物杂志,2002,23(5):239~241.
45 王文华,俞家华,周志仁,等. 土茯苓对棉酚的解毒作用. 中药通报,1982,7(1):32.
46 宗锡祥. 土茯苓大黄汤治带状疱疹. 四川中医,1990,(2):41.
47 黄梅生. 土茯苓治疗寻常疣 33 例. 广西中医药,1990,13(3):20.
48 张兴祥. 银青三衣汤治疗湿疹 40 例疗效报告. 江西中医药,1983,(6):27.
49 姚志道,张育善. 复方土茯苓合剂的制备与临床应用. 中成药,1992,14(5):5.
50 王风岭. 土茯苓治疗牛皮癣 50 例临床观察. 黑龙江中医药,1988,(3):24.
51 刘翠娥,李彦坤,汪五清. 土茯苓妙用治疗皮肤病临证摄要. 中医药学刊,2003,21(4):551~552.
52 袁曙光. 高濯风重用土茯苓治疗顽固性头痛 45 例观察. 河北中医,1988,10(6):4.
53 张鸣钟. 土茯苓汤治疗尿路感染. 陕西中医,1984,(4):43.
54 马英生,姜存良,卢卜. 土茯苓合剂灌肠治疗慢性溃疡性结肠炎 50 例. 天津中医,1993,(1):36.
55 林树宗. 自拟土茯苓梅术汤治疗泄泻 193 例. 广西中医药,1984,(6):26.
56 吕振. 四妙勇安汤加味治疗慢性肝炎 33 例疗效观察. 江苏中医杂志,1983,(5):16.
57 刘启哲. 复方贯众注射液静脉点滴治疗乙型肝炎 90 例疗效报告. 新中医,1984,(1):34.
58 沈月英. 土茯苓临床新用. 上海中医药杂志,1995,29(6):44.
59 丁洄. 土茯苓解毒新识. 浙江中医杂志,1993,28(7):327.
60 阎崇文. 重用土茯苓治疗膝关节积液. 江苏中医杂志,1986,7(9):21.
61 王永茂. 菝葜的临床运用.四川中医,1991,2:18.
62 朱士伏. 大剂量对药挽治疑难杂症验案举隅.实用中医内科杂志,1997,11(1):48.
63 王文凡,傅敏.菝葜治愈直肠粘膜纤维增生1例.湖南中医杂志,1996,12(2):44.
64 周本杰,周兰珍.三金片治疗泌尿系感染的机理研究,北京中医,1997,16(3):61~63.
65 眭勋华,晆雨.菝葜止痛验案.吉林中医药,1996,3:34.
66 甘师俊,李振吉,邹健强,等. 中药现代化发展战略[M]. 北京:科学技术文献出版社,1998:14.
67 马双成,戴忠. 中药质量标准的研究进展. 中国药师,2006,9(1):29-32.
68 陈振德,许重远,谢立.酸枣仁及其混淆品蛋白质高效毛细管电泳法监测.中国药学杂志,2001,36(9):625~626.
69 侯连兵,陈振德. 三七及其混淆品蛋白多胜高效毛细管电泳法鉴别.中草药,2000,3 1(11):859~860.
70 郝红艳,郭济贤,顺庆生,等. HPLC 和 HPCE 法测定罂粟壳中 3 种生物活性生物碱. 药学学报,2000,35(4):289~293.
71 Cao YAU, Zhang XAU, et a1. Determination of the active ingredients in Gastrodia rhizoma by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Analyst, 2001, 126(9): 1524~1528.
72 朱丽玢,洪筱坤.云芝糖肽高效毛细管电泳分析.中药材,2000,23(4):227 ~ 229.
73 宋秀荣,杨更亮,赵敬湘,等.毛细管电泳分高雷公藤有效成分.河北大学学报 (自科版),2001,21(2):183~187.
74 张琦,赵因.高效毛细管电泳法测定脑得生胶囊中葛榻素含量.中国中药杂志,2002,27(2):110~113.
75 Chen YR, Wen KC, et a1. Analysis of coptisine, berberine and palmatine in adulterated Chinese medicine by capillary electrophoresis--electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A, 2000, 866(2): 273~280.
76 Ong ES, Woo SO. Determination of aristolochic acids in medicinal plants (Chinese) prepared medicine using capillary zone e1ectrophoresis. Electrophoresis, 2001, 22(11): 2236~2241.
77 刘国林,蔡金娜,李伟,等.近红外光谱技术在中药蛇床了分类中的应用.计算机与应用化学,2000,17(2):109～110.
78 Woo YA, Kim HJ, Cho J, et al. Discrimination of herbal medicines according to geographical origin with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and pattern recognition techniques. J Pharmaceut Biomed, 1999, 21(2): 407～413.
79 Woo YA, Kim HJ, Chung H. Claassification of cultivation area of ginseng radix with NIR and Raman spectroscopy. Analyst, 1999, 124: 1223～1226.
80 程存归,阮永明,李冰岚.傅哄叶变换红外光谱法应用于中药砂仁真伪鉴别的研究.光谱学与光谱分析,2004,24(11):1355～1358.
81 孙素琴,刘军,周群,等.傅立叶变换红外光谱和傅立叶变换拉曼光谱法无损鉴别药材的真伪.分析化学,2002,30(2):160.
82 赵武善,黄舜斌,陈哲,等.近红外透则技术分析人豆籽粒.光谱实验室,2004,21(6):1199～1202.
83 张启明,尹华,黄海伟,等.检查中药非法掺入枸椽酸西地那非的方法研究.药物分析杂志,2002,22(4):315.
84 郭继芬,钟大放,乔善义,等.液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用技术分析人参皂苷.质谱学报,2003,24(4):477~ 481.
85 曾令杰,林鸽,李萍. 伊贝母中活性生物碱的 HPLC-ELSD 分析.药物分析杂志,2003,23(4):274～276.
86 屠婕红,盛静,田秀兰,等. 不同厂家牛黄解毒片中冰片含量考察. 中国中药杂志,2006,31(24):3080~3081.
87 曲彩红,黄芳,黄亚非,等. 气-质联用法测定银杏叶片中α-亚麻酸的含量. 中国医院药学杂志,2006,26(9):1099~1101.
88 文瑞芝,谭英,黄娟娟,等. 大豆提取物中异黄酮苷的 NMR 指纹图谱分析. 光谱实验室,2006,23(3):450~453.
89 许桂花,王思宏. 甘草及复方甘草片核磁共振氢谱的研究. 长春师范学院学报(自然科学版),2005,24(2):49~51.
90 秦海林,王鹏,李志宏,等. 小果博落回对照物质及其核磁共振氢谱指纹图的创建. 分析化学,2004,32(9):1165~1170.
91 翁立明,吴云山,吕扬,等. 动物中药材全蝎的粉末X射线衍射Fourier图谱鉴定. 中国医学科学院学报,2006,28(5):700~702.
92 王树春,李兰燕,吴云山,等. 中药材川芎的 X 射线衍射 Fourier 谱鉴定. 中药材,2002,25(6):399~401.
93 陈海明,吴云山,郑启泰,等. 清开灵制剂的 X 射线衍射 Fourier 指纹图谱分析. 中国药科大学学报,2004,35(2):138~140.
94 张丽娟,龚宁波,郑笑为,等. 中药材甘草的X射线衍射Fourier指纹图谱鉴定研究. 中药材,2004, 27(5):332~335.
95 罗志勇,周钢,周肆清,等. AFLP法构建人参西洋参基因组DNA指纹图谱. 药学学报, 2000,35 (8):626~629.
96 马小军,汪小全,肖培根,等. 人参农家类型AFLP指纹研究. 中国中药杂志,2000,25 (12):707.
97 马小军,汪小全,邹喻苹,等. 人参RAPD指纹鉴定的毛细管PCR方法. 中草药,1998,29 (3):191~194.
98 王培训,黄丰,周联,等. 商品西洋参DNA指纹图谱鉴别. 中药新药与临床药理,1999,10(6):367～369.
99 马小军,汪小全,孙三省,等. 野生人参RAPD指纹的研究. 药学学报,1999,34(4):312～316.
100 王艇,苏应娟,朱建明,等. 中药材厚朴的DNA扩增产物指纹分析研究. 中药材,2001, 24(10):710～715.
101 杨美华,张大明,刘健全,等. 正品和伪品大黄的RAPD指纹图谱鉴定研究. 中草药,2003,34(6):557～560.
102 徐朝晖,杨松松,康廷国. 同种不同产地牛蒡子DNA指纹图谱特征研究. 中草药,2001, 32(6):541～542.
103 于燕莉,石俊英. RAPD技术在金银花品种鉴定中的应用. 中药材,2000,23(11):678～679.
104 张敏,李海棠,李苑,等. 土茯苓的化学成分研究(一). 中药材,1995,18(4):191.
105 姚建忠,梁华清,廖时萱. 陵水暗罗活性成分研究. 药学学报,1994,29(11):845~850.
106 康文艺,郝小红,李国红,等. 无柄新乌檀化学成分研究. 中药材,2002,25(12):875~877.
107 袁久志,窦德强,陈英杰,等. 土茯苓二氢黄酮醇类成分研究. 中国中药杂志,2004,29(9):867~870.
108 陈广耀,沈连生,江佩芬. 土茯苓化学成分的研究. 北京中医药大学学报,1996,19(1):44.
109 杨中林,韦英杰,叶文才. 异叶南星的化学成分研究. 中成药,2003,25(3):228~229.
110 谢家敏,陈于树,赵树年,等. 毒箭木化学成分的研究. 中国中药杂志,1989,14(5):292~294.
111 曹正中,易以军,曹园,等. 土茯苓化学成分研究(1). 中草药,1993,24:234~235.
112 刘明韬,韩志超,章漳,等. 龙胆的化学成分研究. 沈阳药科大学学报,2005,22(2):103~104.
113 王岩,周莉玲,李锐,等. 显齿蛇葡萄化学成分研究. 中药材,2004,25(4):254~256.
114 于德泉,杨峻山. 分析化学手册(第 7 分册)[M]. 第二版. 北京:化学工业出版社,1999:828.
115 Fool Y, Lv Y, Mcnabb WC, et al. Proanthocyanidins from Lotus pedunculatus. Phytochemi- stry, 1997, 45(8): 1689~1690.
116 汪琼,史云云,徐增菜,等. 青葙子化学成分研究. 药学服务与研究,2006,6(5):345~347.
117 Mineo Shimizu, Yutaka Zenko, Ryoichi Tanaka, et al. Studies on aldose reductase inhibitors from natural products. Ⅴ. Active components of Hachimi-jio-gan (Kampo Medicine). Chem Pharm Bull, 1993, 41(8): 1469~1471.
118 Berry Birdsall, James Feeney, Peter Partington. Ionisation, self association, and proton exchange studies of nicotinamide in aqueous solution using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . J C S Perkin Ⅱ, 1973, 2145~2151.
119 Paul H Chen. Mass spectra of some isomeric monosubstituted pyridines. Participation of the ring nitrogen in the framentation of the 2 isomers. J Org Chem, 1976, 41 (18): 1973~1976.
120 薛芊,郭美丽,张戈,等. 竹叶柴胡地上部分总黄酮含量测定. 中药材,2005,28(6):453~455.
121 李玉琪,李玉莲,张莉,等. 赤土茯苓中总黄酮的含量测定. 解放军药学学报,2000,16(4):211~213.
122 陈广耀,沈连生,江佩芬. 土茯苓中二氢黄酮醇甙的研究. 中国中药杂志,1996,21(6):355.
123 陈幸,李彬,黎万寿. HPLC 法测定土茯苓中落新妇苷的含量. 药物分析杂志,2004,24(4):437.
124 石明达,张朝晖,易以军. 土茯苓及其制剂中落新妇甙含量测定. 时珍国医国药,1999, 10(11):817~818.
125 张全斌,于鹏展,周革非,等. 海带褐藻多糖硫酸酯的抗氧化活性研究. 中草药,2003,34(9):824~826.
2 李玉莲,李玉琪,曾平,等. 土茯苓植物资源调查. 中草药,2002,33(9):850~852.
3 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会. 中国植物志. 北京:科学出版社.1978,15:181.
4 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会. 中国植物志. 北京:科学出版社.1978,15:203.
5 Bernardo Robson Roney, Pinto Antonio Ventura. Steroidal saponins from Smilax officinalis. Phytochemistry, 1996, 43(2): 465~469.
6 Woo Mi Hee, Do Jae Chul, Son Ho Kun. Five new spirostanol glycosides from the subterranean parts of Smilax sieboldii. J Nat Prod, 1992, 55(8): 1129~1135.
7 贾忠建,巨勇. 粗糙菝葜中甾体皂甙. 高等学校化学学报,1992,13(1):68~69.
8 Zhong-Jian Jia, Yong Ju. Steroidal saponins from Smilax lebrunii. Phytochemistry, 1992,
31(9) : 3173~3175.
9 Yutaka Sashida, Satoshi Kubo,Yoshihiro Mimaki, et al. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31(7): 2439~2443.
10 巨勇,杜枚,贾忠建,等. 防已叶菝葜化学成分研究. 中国中药杂志,1993,18(10) :611~613.
11 孙学军,巨勇,杜枚等. 鞘柄菝葜化学成分研究. 中草药,1995,26 (8):395~396,399.
12 Yong Ju, Zhong-Jiao Jia. Steroidal saponins from rhizomes of Smilax menispermoidea. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31(4): 1349~1351.
13 巨勇,彭海岩,贾忠建,等. 黑叶菝葜中甾体皂甙成分研究. 兰州大学学报(自然科学 版),1994,30(1):64~67.
14 Yong Ju, Zhong-Jian Jia, Xue-Jun Sun. Steroidal saponins from Smilax menispermoidea and S. lebrunii. Phytochemistry, 1994, 37(5): 1433~1436.
15 巨勇,贾忠建. 防已叶菝葜中的一个新甾体皂甙. 高等学校化学学报,1990,11(12):1386~1387.
16 Yong Ju, Zhong-Jian Jia. Minor Steroidal glycosides from the roots of Smilax lebrunii. Phytochemistry, 1993, 33(5): 1193~1195.
17 巨勇,贾忠建. 黑叶菝葜中呋甾烷甙. 高等学校化学学报,1991,12(11):1488~1489.
18 刘俊彦,黄文华,傅建熙. 菝葜属植物化学成分研究进展. 陕西林业科技,1999,3:64~71.
19 曹正中,易以军,洪武奇,等. 土茯苓化学成分的研究(Ⅰ). 中草药,1993,24(5):234~235.
20 易以军,曹正中,杨大龙,等. 土茯苓化学成分研究(Ⅳ). 药学学报,1998,33(11):873~875.
21 李伊庆,易杨华,汤海峰,等. 异落新妇苷的结构研究. 药学学报,1996,31(10):761~763.
22 李伊庆,易杨华,汤海峰,等. 土茯苓化学成分研究. 中草药,1996,27(12):712~714.
23 陈广耀,沈连生,江佩芬. 土茯苓化学成分的研究. 北京中医药大学学报,1996,19(1):44.
24 张敏,李海棠,李苑,等. 土茯苓的化学成分研究(一). 中药材,1995,18(4):194~196.
25 程宇镳,张东明,庾石山,等. 穿鞘菝葜化学成分的研究. 中国中药杂志,2003,28(3):233~234.
26 冯锋,柳文媛,陈优生,等. 菝葜中黄酮和芪类成分的研究. 中国药科大学学报,2003,34(2):119~121.
27 李恩英,孟宪纾. 华东菝葜的化学成分研究. 中草药,1992,23(2):106.
28 Ting Chen, Jian-Xin Li, Qiang Xu. Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Smilax glabra. Phytochemistry, 2000, 53: 1051~1055.
29 袁久志,窦德强,陈英杰,等. 土茯苓化学成分的分离与鉴定. 中国药物化学杂志,2004,14(5):291~293.
30 袁久志,窦德强,陈英杰,等. 土茯苓酚苷类成分研究. 中国中药杂志,2004,35(9):967~969.
31 张克锦,周承明,艾尼瓦尔,等. 赤土茯苓醋酸乙酯提取物对儿茶酚胺作用的研究. 中草药,1991,22(10):460~462.
32 张克锦,邹玉玲,周承明,等. 赤土茯苓提取物对实验性鹌鹑脉粥样硬化的预防作用. 中草药,1991,22(9):411~412.
33 邵春红,新华,周承明,等. 赤土茯苓苷对大鼠心肌缺血的保护作用. 新疆医科大学学报,2000,23(3):205~207.
34 马世平,卫敏,郭健,等. 菝葜对小鼠血糖和肝糖元的影响. 中国现代应用药学杂志,1998,15(5):5~7.
35 吕永宁,陈东生,徐楚鸿,等. 菝葜活血化淤药理作用. 中国医院药学杂志,2002,22(9):538~540.
36 陈彦,袁艺. 粉菝葜皂苷的溶血作用研究. 生物学杂志,1997,14(1):26~28.
37 徐强,王蓉,徐丽华,等. 土茯苓对细胞免疫和体液免疫的影响. 中国免疫学杂志,1993,9(1):39~42.
38 杜鹏,薛洁,周承明,等. 赤土茯苓苷对实验性胃溃疡的保护作用. 中草药,2000,31(4):277~280.
39 吴丽明,张敏. 土茯苓中落新妇苷的利尿和镇痛作用. 中药材,1995,18(12):627~630.
40 陈东生,吕永宁,王杰,等. 菝葜的抗炎作用. 中国医院药学杂志,2000,20(9):544~545.
41 刘世旺,游必纲,徐艳霞,等. 菝葜乙醇提取物的抑菌作用. 资源开发与市场,2004,
20(5):328~329.
42 杜德极,石小枫,冉长清,等. 复方菝葜抗炎、抗肿瘤及毒性研究作用. 中成药,1989,
11(12):29~31.
43 辛淮生,付海珍,戚雪勇,等. 土茯苓对 TAA 中毒大鼠肝酶谱的影响. 镇江医学院学报,1998,8(2):165~166.
44 纪莉莲,范怡梅. 土茯苓体外抗菌活性实验. 中国生化药物杂志,2002,23(5):239~241.
45 王文华,俞家华,周志仁,等. 土茯苓对棉酚的解毒作用. 中药通报,1982,7(1):32.
46 宗锡祥. 土茯苓大黄汤治带状疱疹. 四川中医,1990,(2):41.
47 黄梅生. 土茯苓治疗寻常疣 33 例. 广西中医药,1990,13(3):20.
48 张兴祥. 银青三衣汤治疗湿疹 40 例疗效报告. 江西中医药,1983,(6):27.
49 姚志道,张育善. 复方土茯苓合剂的制备与临床应用. 中成药,1992,14(5):5.
50 王风岭. 土茯苓治疗牛皮癣 50 例临床观察. 黑龙江中医药,1988,(3):24.
51 刘翠娥,李彦坤,汪五清. 土茯苓妙用治疗皮肤病临证摄要. 中医药学刊,2003,21(4):551~552.
52 袁曙光. 高濯风重用土茯苓治疗顽固性头痛 45 例观察. 河北中医,1988,10(6):4.
53 张鸣钟. 土茯苓汤治疗尿路感染. 陕西中医,1984,(4):43.
54 马英生,姜存良,卢卜. 土茯苓合剂灌肠治疗慢性溃疡性结肠炎 50 例. 天津中医,1993,(1):36.
55 林树宗. 自拟土茯苓梅术汤治疗泄泻 193 例. 广西中医药,1984,(6):26.
56 吕振. 四妙勇安汤加味治疗慢性肝炎 33 例疗效观察. 江苏中医杂志,1983,(5):16.
57 刘启哲. 复方贯众注射液静脉点滴治疗乙型肝炎 90 例疗效报告. 新中医,1984,(1):34.
58 沈月英. 土茯苓临床新用. 上海中医药杂志,1995,29(6):44.
59 丁洄. 土茯苓解毒新识. 浙江中医杂志,1993,28(7):327.
60 阎崇文. 重用土茯苓治疗膝关节积液. 江苏中医杂志,1986,7(9):21.
61 王永茂. 菝葜的临床运用.四川中医,1991,2:18.
62 朱士伏. 大剂量对药挽治疑难杂症验案举隅.实用中医内科杂志,1997,11(1):48.
63 王文凡,傅敏.菝葜治愈直肠粘膜纤维增生1例.湖南中医杂志,1996,12(2):44.
64 周本杰,周兰珍.三金片治疗泌尿系感染的机理研究,北京中医,1997,16(3):61~63.
65 眭勋华,晆雨.菝葜止痛验案.吉林中医药,1996,3:34.
66 甘师俊,李振吉,邹健强,等. 中药现代化发展战略[M]. 北京:科学技术文献出版社,1998:14.
67 马双成,戴忠. 中药质量标准的研究进展. 中国药师,2006,9(1):29-32.
68 陈振德,许重远,谢立.酸枣仁及其混淆品蛋白质高效毛细管电泳法监测.中国药学杂志,2001,36(9):625~626.
69 侯连兵,陈振德. 三七及其混淆品蛋白多胜高效毛细管电泳法鉴别.中草药,2000,3 1(11):859~860.
70 郝红艳,郭济贤,顺庆生,等. HPLC 和 HPCE 法测定罂粟壳中 3 种生物活性生物碱. 药学学报,2000,35(4):289~293.
71 Cao YAU, Zhang XAU, et a1. Determination of the active ingredients in Gastrodia rhizoma by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Analyst, 2001, 126(9): 1524~1528.
72 朱丽玢,洪筱坤.云芝糖肽高效毛细管电泳分析.中药材,2000,23(4):227 ~ 229.
73 宋秀荣,杨更亮,赵敬湘,等.毛细管电泳分高雷公藤有效成分.河北大学学报 (自科版),2001,21(2):183~187.
74 张琦,赵因.高效毛细管电泳法测定脑得生胶囊中葛榻素含量.中国中药杂志,2002,27(2):110~113.
75 Chen YR, Wen KC, et a1. Analysis of coptisine, berberine and palmatine in adulterated Chinese medicine by capillary electrophoresis--electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A, 2000, 866(2): 273~280.
76 Ong ES, Woo SO. Determination of aristolochic acids in medicinal plants (Chinese) prepared medicine using capillary zone e1ectrophoresis. Electrophoresis, 2001, 22(11): 2236~2241.
77 刘国林,蔡金娜,李伟,等.近红外光谱技术在中药蛇床了分类中的应用.计算机与应用化学,2000,17(2):109～110.
78 Woo YA, Kim HJ, Cho J, et al. Discrimination of herbal medicines according to geographical origin with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and pattern recognition techniques. J Pharmaceut Biomed, 1999, 21(2): 407～413.
79 Woo YA, Kim HJ, Chung H. Claassification of cultivation area of ginseng radix with NIR and Raman spectroscopy. Analyst, 1999, 124: 1223～1226.
80 程存归,阮永明,李冰岚.傅哄叶变换红外光谱法应用于中药砂仁真伪鉴别的研究.光谱学与光谱分析,2004,24(11):1355～1358.
81 孙素琴,刘军,周群,等.傅立叶变换红外光谱和傅立叶变换拉曼光谱法无损鉴别药材的真伪.分析化学,2002,30(2):160.
82 赵武善,黄舜斌,陈哲,等.近红外透则技术分析人豆籽粒.光谱实验室,2004,21(6):1199～1202.
83 张启明,尹华,黄海伟,等.检查中药非法掺入枸椽酸西地那非的方法研究.药物分析杂志,2002,22(4):315.
84 郭继芬,钟大放,乔善义,等.液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用技术分析人参皂苷.质谱学报,2003,24(4):477~ 481.
85 曾令杰,林鸽,李萍. 伊贝母中活性生物碱的 HPLC-ELSD 分析.药物分析杂志,2003,23(4):274～276.
86 屠婕红,盛静,田秀兰,等. 不同厂家牛黄解毒片中冰片含量考察. 中国中药杂志,2006,31(24):3080~3081.
87 曲彩红,黄芳,黄亚非,等. 气-质联用法测定银杏叶片中α-亚麻酸的含量. 中国医院药学杂志,2006,26(9):1099~1101.
88 文瑞芝,谭英,黄娟娟,等. 大豆提取物中异黄酮苷的 NMR 指纹图谱分析. 光谱实验室,2006,23(3):450~453.
89 许桂花,王思宏. 甘草及复方甘草片核磁共振氢谱的研究. 长春师范学院学报(自然科学版),2005,24(2):49~51.
90 秦海林,王鹏,李志宏,等. 小果博落回对照物质及其核磁共振氢谱指纹图的创建. 分析化学,2004,32(9):1165~1170.
91 翁立明,吴云山,吕扬,等. 动物中药材全蝎的粉末X射线衍射Fourier图谱鉴定. 中国医学科学院学报,2006,28(5):700~702.
92 王树春,李兰燕,吴云山,等. 中药材川芎的 X 射线衍射 Fourier 谱鉴定. 中药材,2002,25(6):399~401.
93 陈海明,吴云山,郑启泰,等. 清开灵制剂的 X 射线衍射 Fourier 指纹图谱分析. 中国药科大学学报,2004,35(2):138~140.
94 张丽娟,龚宁波,郑笑为,等. 中药材甘草的X射线衍射Fourier指纹图谱鉴定研究. 中药材,2004, 27(5):332~335.
95 罗志勇,周钢,周肆清,等. AFLP法构建人参西洋参基因组DNA指纹图谱. 药学学报, 2000,35 (8):626~629.
96 马小军,汪小全,肖培根,等. 人参农家类型AFLP指纹研究. 中国中药杂志,2000,25 (12):707.
97 马小军,汪小全,邹喻苹,等. 人参RAPD指纹鉴定的毛细管PCR方法. 中草药,1998,29 (3):191~194.
98 王培训,黄丰,周联,等. 商品西洋参DNA指纹图谱鉴别. 中药新药与临床药理,1999,10(6):367～369.
99 马小军,汪小全,孙三省,等. 野生人参RAPD指纹的研究. 药学学报,1999,34(4):312～316.
100 王艇,苏应娟,朱建明,等. 中药材厚朴的DNA扩增产物指纹分析研究. 中药材,2001, 24(10):710～715.
101 杨美华,张大明,刘健全,等. 正品和伪品大黄的RAPD指纹图谱鉴定研究. 中草药,2003,34(6):557～560.
102 徐朝晖,杨松松,康廷国. 同种不同产地牛蒡子DNA指纹图谱特征研究. 中草药,2001, 32(6):541～542.
103 于燕莉,石俊英. RAPD技术在金银花品种鉴定中的应用. 中药材,2000,23(11):678～679.
104 张敏,李海棠,李苑,等. 土茯苓的化学成分研究(一). 中药材,1995,18(4):191.
105 姚建忠,梁华清,廖时萱. 陵水暗罗活性成分研究. 药学学报,1994,29(11):845~850.
106 康文艺,郝小红,李国红,等. 无柄新乌檀化学成分研究. 中药材,2002,25(12):875~877.
107 袁久志,窦德强,陈英杰,等. 土茯苓二氢黄酮醇类成分研究. 中国中药杂志,2004,29(9):867~870.
108 陈广耀,沈连生,江佩芬. 土茯苓化学成分的研究. 北京中医药大学学报,1996,19(1):44.
109 杨中林,韦英杰,叶文才. 异叶南星的化学成分研究. 中成药,2003,25(3):228~229.
110 谢家敏,陈于树,赵树年,等. 毒箭木化学成分的研究. 中国中药杂志,1989,14(5):292~294.
111 曹正中,易以军,曹园,等. 土茯苓化学成分研究(1). 中草药,1993,24:234~235.
112 刘明韬,韩志超,章漳,等. 龙胆的化学成分研究. 沈阳药科大学学报,2005,22(2):103~104.
113 王岩,周莉玲,李锐,等. 显齿蛇葡萄化学成分研究. 中药材,2004,25(4):254~256.
114 于德泉,杨峻山. 分析化学手册(第 7 分册)[M]. 第二版. 北京:化学工业出版社,1999:828.
115 Fool Y, Lv Y, Mcnabb WC, et al. Proanthocyanidins from Lotus pedunculatus. Phytochemi- stry, 1997, 45(8): 1689~1690.
116 汪琼,史云云,徐增菜,等. 青葙子化学成分研究. 药学服务与研究,2006,6(5):345~347.
117 Mineo Shimizu, Yutaka Zenko, Ryoichi Tanaka, et al. Studies on aldose reductase inhibitors from natural products. Ⅴ. Active components of Hachimi-jio-gan (Kampo Medicine). Chem Pharm Bull, 1993, 41(8): 1469~1471.
118 Berry Birdsall, James Feeney, Peter Partington. Ionisation, self association, and proton exchange studies of nicotinamide in aqueous solution using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . J C S Perkin Ⅱ, 1973, 2145~2151.
119 Paul H Chen. Mass spectra of some isomeric monosubstituted pyridines. Participation of the ring nitrogen in the framentation of the 2 isomers. J Org Chem, 1976, 41 (18): 1973~1976.
120 薛芊,郭美丽,张戈,等. 竹叶柴胡地上部分总黄酮含量测定. 中药材,2005,28(6):453~455.
121 李玉琪,李玉莲,张莉,等. 赤土茯苓中总黄酮的含量测定. 解放军药学学报,2000,16(4):211~213.
122 陈广耀,沈连生,江佩芬. 土茯苓中二氢黄酮醇甙的研究. 中国中药杂志,1996,21(6):355.
123 陈幸,李彬,黎万寿. HPLC 法测定土茯苓中落新妇苷的含量. 药物分析杂志,2004,24(4):437.
124 石明达,张朝晖,易以军. 土茯苓及其制剂中落新妇甙含量测定. 时珍国医国药,1999, 10(11):817~818.
125 张全斌,于鹏展,周革非,等. 海带褐藻多糖硫酸酯的抗氧化活性研究. 中草药,2003,34(9):824~826.