性别文化及身势语行为研究
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摘要
人际间的交流分为言语交流和非言语交流,非语言交际中的性别差异研究是跨文化交际中的微观领域。同时,身势语作为非言语交际活动的一个重要方面,也存在着性差原则,正确理解性别差异,才能很好地进行人际间的交往。
学者们普遍认同身势语的性别差异涉及五个方面,第一,姿势语,包括站姿、坐姿和走姿的差别;第二,手势语的差别;第三,面部表情的差异;第四,眼神的差异;最后是触摸行为上的差别。
作为社会语言学的一个领域,交际中的性别差异研究得到了学者们的关注,同时也并引起了很多相关领域的研究,如心理学,社会学和语言学等。然而,目前有关身势语行为的研究,大多数只是对于其定义和分类的阐述,或是阐述言语交际中的性别差异,而对于男女身势语行为进行具体的比较分析的研究并不多。
本文试图从非语言交际的视角来解释和分析男女性别之间在身势语行为方面存在的差异,以解决性别文化差异给跨文化交际所带来的矛盾和困惑。在研究方法上,本文进行了观察性研究和问卷调查,并对收回的数据进行了论述和分析。
最后,本文根据霍夫斯泰德有关文化价值观提出的社会的男性化和女性化的理论,指出在中国这个相对社会男性化的国家,男女价值观体系中存在较大差异,并通过身势语行为表现出来。同时,本文试图对所出现的这些差异给予合理的解释,并指出正确理解和运用身势语行为有助于成功地进行跨文化交际。
Verbal communication and non-verbal communication are the two forms of interpersonal communication. The first category of nonverbal communication is body language, and the research of kinesics is an important part of non-verbal communication. There are some significant gender differences in kinesics and they have important implications in intercultural communication.
Gender differences of kinesics include five aspects: Firstly, gender differences in postures; Secondly, gesture differences between men and women; Thirdly, males and females are differed in facial expressions, Fourthly, they are different in eye contact, and finally tactile communication differences are also distinguished between males and females.
As a subfield in sociolinguistics, gender differences in communication have aroused great attention. The study of gender-related differences in communication is one of the most important research subjects of sociolinguistics. And many related researches have been developed, such as psychology, sociology and linguistics. However, the researches concerned with kinesics are mostly referred to the definitions and classifications. A specific study of the gender differences in kinesics was seldom made.
The thesis studies the gender differences and kinesics in the background of nonverbal communication. A comparison is attempted in the kinesics between males and females. Furthermore, as for the research methods concerned, the study focuses on the observation and questionnaire to find the useful data.
In addition, according to Hofstede's Masculinity and Femininity, China is a much masculinity displayed country and the differences of kinesics between women and men are obvious. Finally, the study aims to explain the kinesics differences between men and women and as expected, the results may offer much contribution to the intercultural communication.
学者们普遍认同身势语的性别差异涉及五个方面,第一,姿势语,包括站姿、坐姿和走姿的差别;第二,手势语的差别;第三,面部表情的差异;第四,眼神的差异;最后是触摸行为上的差别。
作为社会语言学的一个领域,交际中的性别差异研究得到了学者们的关注,同时也并引起了很多相关领域的研究,如心理学,社会学和语言学等。然而,目前有关身势语行为的研究,大多数只是对于其定义和分类的阐述,或是阐述言语交际中的性别差异,而对于男女身势语行为进行具体的比较分析的研究并不多。
本文试图从非语言交际的视角来解释和分析男女性别之间在身势语行为方面存在的差异,以解决性别文化差异给跨文化交际所带来的矛盾和困惑。在研究方法上,本文进行了观察性研究和问卷调查,并对收回的数据进行了论述和分析。
最后,本文根据霍夫斯泰德有关文化价值观提出的社会的男性化和女性化的理论,指出在中国这个相对社会男性化的国家,男女价值观体系中存在较大差异,并通过身势语行为表现出来。同时,本文试图对所出现的这些差异给予合理的解释,并指出正确理解和运用身势语行为有助于成功地进行跨文化交际。
Verbal communication and non-verbal communication are the two forms of interpersonal communication. The first category of nonverbal communication is body language, and the research of kinesics is an important part of non-verbal communication. There are some significant gender differences in kinesics and they have important implications in intercultural communication.
Gender differences of kinesics include five aspects: Firstly, gender differences in postures; Secondly, gesture differences between men and women; Thirdly, males and females are differed in facial expressions, Fourthly, they are different in eye contact, and finally tactile communication differences are also distinguished between males and females.
As a subfield in sociolinguistics, gender differences in communication have aroused great attention. The study of gender-related differences in communication is one of the most important research subjects of sociolinguistics. And many related researches have been developed, such as psychology, sociology and linguistics. However, the researches concerned with kinesics are mostly referred to the definitions and classifications. A specific study of the gender differences in kinesics was seldom made.
The thesis studies the gender differences and kinesics in the background of nonverbal communication. A comparison is attempted in the kinesics between males and females. Furthermore, as for the research methods concerned, the study focuses on the observation and questionnaire to find the useful data.
In addition, according to Hofstede's Masculinity and Femininity, China is a much masculinity displayed country and the differences of kinesics between women and men are obvious. Finally, the study aims to explain the kinesics differences between men and women and as expected, the results may offer much contribution to the intercultural communication.
引文
[1] Barbara Eakins, Gene Eakins. Sex Differences in Human Communication[M]. Belmont:.CA, Wadsworth,1978: 299-307
[2] Birdwhistell, Ray L.. Masculinity and Femininity Display in Kinetics and Context[M]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970
[3] Brenda, Major. Gender Patterns in Touching Behavior[A]. In Claria Mayo, Nancy M., Henley. Gender and Nonverbal Behavior[C]. New York: Heidelberg Berlin, 1981: 15-37.
[4] Broverman I. K., Vogel S. R., Broverman D. M.., et al. Sex Role Stereotypes: A Current Appraisal [J]. Journal of Social Issues, 1972, V28:59-78.
[5] Bugental D. E., Love L. R., Gianetto R. M.. Verbal-Nonverbal Conflict in Parental Messages to Normal and Disturbed Children[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1971, V17:314-318.
[6] Burgoon J. D., Buller D.B., Woodall W.G.. Nonverbal Communication: The Unspoken Dialogue [M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 1996
[7] Burgoon J.K.. The Unspoken Dialogue: An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication [M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1978
[8] Cashdan E.. Smiles, Speech, and Body posture: How Women and Men Display Sociometric Status and Power[J]. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 1998, V22: 209-228.
[9] Dierks, Steward K.. Sex Differences in Nonverbal Communication: An Alternative Perspective In Communication, Language and Sex[M]. Massachusetts: Newberry House Publisher, Inc. 1979:112-121
[10] Ellsworth, Phoebe, Ludwig, et al. Visual Behavior in Social Interaction[J]. Journal of Communication, 1972, V22:375-403.
[11] Gibson J.. Observations on Active Touch[J]. Psychological Review, 1962, V69:477-91.
[12] Gibson, James, Hanna, et al. Introduction to Human Communication[M]. Wm.C.Brown Publishers, 1992
[13] Graddol D., Swann, J.. Gender Voices[M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994:8
[14] Hall J. A.. Nonverbal Sex Differences: Communication Accuracy and Expressive Style [M]. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984: 3
[15] Hall J. A., Carter J. D., Horgan T. G.. Status Roles and Recall of Nonverbal Cues[J]. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 2001, V25:79-100
[16] Heller M.. Posture as an Interface Between Biology and Culture[A]. In Segerstrale U., Molnar P.. Nonverbal Communication: Where Nature Meets Culture[C]. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997: 229-243
[17] Henley, Nancy M.. Body Politics: Power, Sex, and Nonverbal Communication[M]. Englewood Cliffs. N.J. Prentice Hall, 1977:150
[18] Hofstede. Culture's Consequence: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations [M]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2001
[19] Ivy D. K., Backlund P.. Exploring Gender speak[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 1994
[20] Knapp M. L., Hall, J. A.. Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction[M]. London: Thomson Learning, 2002:251-253
[21] La France, Matianne&Mayo, Clara. A Review of Nonverbal Behaviors of Women and Men[J]. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 1979, V43:96-107.
[22] Lau, Sing. The Effect of Smiling on Person Perception [J]. The Journal of Social Psycholoy, 1982, V117:63-67.
[23] Leathers. Sociolinguistic Patterns[M]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania,1986:137,236
[24] Linell Davis. Cross-cultural Communication in Action[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001:273,274
[25] Loretta A., Malando, Larry L., et al. Nonverbal Communication[M]. 1983:108,109
[26] Maier P.. Gender specific aspects of body language[M]. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992: 9-67
[27] Mehrabian A., Ferris S.. Inference of Attitudes From Nonverbal Communication in Two Channels [J]. Journal of Consulting Psychology ,1967:V31:248- 252.
[28] Mehrabian, Albert. Nonverbal Communication[M]. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton, 1972
[29] Parlee, Mary, Nancy. Women Smile Less for Success[N]. Psychology Today, 1979:12,16
[30] Pearson J.C.. Gender and Communication: Sex is More Than a Three-letter Word[M]. Belmont, C A: Wadsworth, 1985: 154,254, 267,270,271
[31]Pearson J.C.,Nelson P.E..Understanding and Sharing:An Introduction to Speech Communication[M].Iowa:William C.Brown Company,1994:192
[32]Pearson J.C.,Turner L.H.,William T.M..Gender and Communication[M].Wm.C.Brown Publishers,1991:135,150
[33]Peterson P..An Investigation of Sex Differences in Regard to Non-Verbal Body Gestures[R].Proceedings of the Speech Communication Association Summer Conference,Austin,1975:150
[34]Poling,Tommy.Sex Differences,Dominance,and Physical Attractiveness in the Use of Nonverbal Emblems[R].Psychological Reports,1978:43.
[35]Russo,Nancy Felipe.Eye contact,Interpersonal Distance,and the Equilibrium Theory [J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1975,V31:497-502.
[36]Samovar,Porter.Communication Between Cultures[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000:66,149,152,155,177
[37]Shuter,Robert.Study of Nonverbal Communication Among Jews and Protestants[J].The Journal of Social Psychology,1979,V109:31-41.
[38]Weinstein,Henry.Body Language[J].Saturday Review of Education,1973:V 1:77-78
[39]Wood,J.T..Gendered Lives:Communication,Gender,and Culture[M].Belmont,CA:Wadsworth,1994:157
[40]奥德瑞等著.蒋育红译.不言不语—两性之间的非语言交流[M].北京:民主与建设出版社,2005
[41]陈春卿.性别差异与非语言交际[D].江西:江西师范大学,2005
[42]常宗林.英语语言文化学[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2004
[43]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1989
[44]法斯特著,孟小平译.体态与交际[M].北京:北京语言学院出版社,1988
[45]范蕴华,李杰群.实用体态语[M].北京:北京出版社,1991
[46]胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999
[47]胡文仲,毕继万.跨文化非语言交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版,1999
[48]耿二岭.体态语概说[M].北京:北京语言学院出版社,1988
[49]顾嘉祖.跨文化交际-外国语言文学中的隐蔽文化[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社.
[50]关世杰.跨文化交流学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995
[51]贾玉新.跨文化交际学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997:448
[52]莱杰·布罗斯纳安著,毕继万译.中国和英语国家非语言交际对比[M].北京:北京语言学院出版社,1991
[53]李杰群.非语言交际概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002:10
[54]马兰德罗等著,孟小平译.非言语交流[M].北京:北京语言学院出版社,1991
[55]王德春.社会心理语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1995
[56]王福祥.文化与语言[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1998
[57]王西巧.对体语学的探讨与外语教学[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000,5:32
[2] Birdwhistell, Ray L.. Masculinity and Femininity Display in Kinetics and Context[M]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970
[3] Brenda, Major. Gender Patterns in Touching Behavior[A]. In Claria Mayo, Nancy M., Henley. Gender and Nonverbal Behavior[C]. New York: Heidelberg Berlin, 1981: 15-37.
[4] Broverman I. K., Vogel S. R., Broverman D. M.., et al. Sex Role Stereotypes: A Current Appraisal [J]. Journal of Social Issues, 1972, V28:59-78.
[5] Bugental D. E., Love L. R., Gianetto R. M.. Verbal-Nonverbal Conflict in Parental Messages to Normal and Disturbed Children[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1971, V17:314-318.
[6] Burgoon J. D., Buller D.B., Woodall W.G.. Nonverbal Communication: The Unspoken Dialogue [M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 1996
[7] Burgoon J.K.. The Unspoken Dialogue: An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication [M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1978
[8] Cashdan E.. Smiles, Speech, and Body posture: How Women and Men Display Sociometric Status and Power[J]. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 1998, V22: 209-228.
[9] Dierks, Steward K.. Sex Differences in Nonverbal Communication: An Alternative Perspective In Communication, Language and Sex[M]. Massachusetts: Newberry House Publisher, Inc. 1979:112-121
[10] Ellsworth, Phoebe, Ludwig, et al. Visual Behavior in Social Interaction[J]. Journal of Communication, 1972, V22:375-403.
[11] Gibson J.. Observations on Active Touch[J]. Psychological Review, 1962, V69:477-91.
[12] Gibson, James, Hanna, et al. Introduction to Human Communication[M]. Wm.C.Brown Publishers, 1992
[13] Graddol D., Swann, J.. Gender Voices[M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994:8
[14] Hall J. A.. Nonverbal Sex Differences: Communication Accuracy and Expressive Style [M]. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984: 3
[15] Hall J. A., Carter J. D., Horgan T. G.. Status Roles and Recall of Nonverbal Cues[J]. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 2001, V25:79-100
[16] Heller M.. Posture as an Interface Between Biology and Culture[A]. In Segerstrale U., Molnar P.. Nonverbal Communication: Where Nature Meets Culture[C]. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997: 229-243
[17] Henley, Nancy M.. Body Politics: Power, Sex, and Nonverbal Communication[M]. Englewood Cliffs. N.J. Prentice Hall, 1977:150
[18] Hofstede. Culture's Consequence: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations [M]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2001
[19] Ivy D. K., Backlund P.. Exploring Gender speak[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 1994
[20] Knapp M. L., Hall, J. A.. Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction[M]. London: Thomson Learning, 2002:251-253
[21] La France, Matianne&Mayo, Clara. A Review of Nonverbal Behaviors of Women and Men[J]. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 1979, V43:96-107.
[22] Lau, Sing. The Effect of Smiling on Person Perception [J]. The Journal of Social Psycholoy, 1982, V117:63-67.
[23] Leathers. Sociolinguistic Patterns[M]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania,1986:137,236
[24] Linell Davis. Cross-cultural Communication in Action[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001:273,274
[25] Loretta A., Malando, Larry L., et al. Nonverbal Communication[M]. 1983:108,109
[26] Maier P.. Gender specific aspects of body language[M]. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992: 9-67
[27] Mehrabian A., Ferris S.. Inference of Attitudes From Nonverbal Communication in Two Channels [J]. Journal of Consulting Psychology ,1967:V31:248- 252.
[28] Mehrabian, Albert. Nonverbal Communication[M]. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton, 1972
[29] Parlee, Mary, Nancy. Women Smile Less for Success[N]. Psychology Today, 1979:12,16
[30] Pearson J.C.. Gender and Communication: Sex is More Than a Three-letter Word[M]. Belmont, C A: Wadsworth, 1985: 154,254, 267,270,271
[31]Pearson J.C.,Nelson P.E..Understanding and Sharing:An Introduction to Speech Communication[M].Iowa:William C.Brown Company,1994:192
[32]Pearson J.C.,Turner L.H.,William T.M..Gender and Communication[M].Wm.C.Brown Publishers,1991:135,150
[33]Peterson P..An Investigation of Sex Differences in Regard to Non-Verbal Body Gestures[R].Proceedings of the Speech Communication Association Summer Conference,Austin,1975:150
[34]Poling,Tommy.Sex Differences,Dominance,and Physical Attractiveness in the Use of Nonverbal Emblems[R].Psychological Reports,1978:43.
[35]Russo,Nancy Felipe.Eye contact,Interpersonal Distance,and the Equilibrium Theory [J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1975,V31:497-502.
[36]Samovar,Porter.Communication Between Cultures[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000:66,149,152,155,177
[37]Shuter,Robert.Study of Nonverbal Communication Among Jews and Protestants[J].The Journal of Social Psychology,1979,V109:31-41.
[38]Weinstein,Henry.Body Language[J].Saturday Review of Education,1973:V 1:77-78
[39]Wood,J.T..Gendered Lives:Communication,Gender,and Culture[M].Belmont,CA:Wadsworth,1994:157
[40]奥德瑞等著.蒋育红译.不言不语—两性之间的非语言交流[M].北京:民主与建设出版社,2005
[41]陈春卿.性别差异与非语言交际[D].江西:江西师范大学,2005
[42]常宗林.英语语言文化学[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2004
[43]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1989
[44]法斯特著,孟小平译.体态与交际[M].北京:北京语言学院出版社,1988
[45]范蕴华,李杰群.实用体态语[M].北京:北京出版社,1991
[46]胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999
[47]胡文仲,毕继万.跨文化非语言交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版,1999
[48]耿二岭.体态语概说[M].北京:北京语言学院出版社,1988
[49]顾嘉祖.跨文化交际-外国语言文学中的隐蔽文化[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社.
[50]关世杰.跨文化交流学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995
[51]贾玉新.跨文化交际学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997:448
[52]莱杰·布罗斯纳安著,毕继万译.中国和英语国家非语言交际对比[M].北京:北京语言学院出版社,1991
[53]李杰群.非语言交际概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002:10
[54]马兰德罗等著,孟小平译.非言语交流[M].北京:北京语言学院出版社,1991
[55]王德春.社会心理语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1995
[56]王福祥.文化与语言[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1998
[57]王西巧.对体语学的探讨与外语教学[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000,5:32