克隆植物芦苇AM真菌多样性及时空分布研究
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摘要
丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AMF)是一种植物营养根与土壤真菌形成的共生体，在自然界中分布广泛。AM真菌对植物生长有诸多有益的生理和生态效应，如提高植物的竞争力和成活率，稳定植物群落结构；菌根真菌与土壤微生物间存在有益的或拮抗的相互作用，并可以影响根际生物区系的组成和数量；菌根真菌通过对宿主植物的有益作用而影响植物的种间竞争。菌根真菌的种类和数量可以指示生态系统中自然的或人类活动引起的变化，并可以在生态系统的保护、恢复或重建过程中发挥重要作用。本研究选择河北安新县南刘庄、北刘庄和白洋淀等3个自然生境，系统开展克隆植物芦苇根际AM真菌多样性及其与土壤因子相关性的研究，以便为利用菌根技术进行湿地生态系统土壤与植被恢复和重建提供依据和技术支持，了解克隆植物的生长对土壤中AM真菌的活动和分布影响。取得的主要研究成果如下：
1本试验共分离出AM真菌共3属8种，其中球囊霉属(Glomus)5种，无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)2种，盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种。
2结果表明AM真菌多样性及空间分布受地理环境、土壤因子及宿主植物等条件的影响。球囊霉属占优势，其次是无梗囊霉属，盾巨孢囊霉属频率最低。
3本试验中，芦苇根际AM真菌的各项定殖率在时间分布上呈显著增高趋势。各个样地10月份芦苇根际AM真菌总定殖率均高达90％以上，孢子密度达651个／g土，表明芦苇与AM真菌的共生具有普遍性，且两者之间有着较强的亲和性。
4 5月份AM真菌各项定殖率和孢子密度在三个样地间均无显著差异，7月份芦苇根际AM真菌泡囊、菌丝、总定殖率和孢子密度峰值均在北刘庄出现而10月份上述各项峰值出现在南刘庄。
5本试验发现芦苇根际AM真菌分布和定殖有明显的空间异质性，不同样地和土壤深度对AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度有明显影响。芦苇根际AM真菌的空间分布和定殖的变化规律大致为：AM真菌泡囊、菌丝最大定殖率出现在10～20cm土层，丛枝最大定殖率出现在0～10cm土层，AM真菌总定殖率最大值出现在20～30cm土层，随土壤深度增加而变化趋势不一；最大孢子密度出现在O～10cm土层，随土壤深度而逐渐减少。
6 AM真菌分布和定殖与土壤因子密切相关，AM真菌菌丝定殖率和孢子密度与土壤pH呈显著负相关，总定殖率与土壤pH呈极显著负相关。孢子密度与土壤N呈极显著正相关，丛枝定殖率与土壤速效N呈极显著负相关。孢子密度与土壤有机质呈极显著负相关。AM真菌孢子密度与泡囊定殖率，菌丝定殖率和总定殖率呈极显著正相关，与丛枝定殖率呈极显著负相关。
7本试验结果表明克隆植物芦苇的生长对土壤中AM真菌的活动和分布有很大影响。芦苇入侵前后样地中AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度变化显著。
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) is a symbiont that formed with plant nutritive root and soil fungi,which distributes abroad in nature.A large number of experiments indicated that AMF can promote soil nutriment circulation and utilize,improve soil physics and chemistry nature,stabilize and improve the soil structure;There is beneficial orantagonistic interaction between AMF and soil microorganisms and AMF can affect the composition and quantity of plant rhizosphere.AMF influencesplant interspecific competition through the useful effect on one host.The species and quantity of AMF can indicate the change of nature or human activity in ecosystem.moreover,AMF has a very important effect on the protect,recover and reconstitution of ecosystem.In this research,we chose three natural environments,such as Nanliuzhuang,Beiliuzhuang,and Baiyangdian of Anxin in Hebei,andexhibited the research of the colonization and diversity of AMF from Phragmites communis with soil factors,in order to offer basis and technique support for recovering and reconstruction of soil and vegetation in the wet land,and understand the effect of clonal plant growth on the activity anddistribution of soil AMF.Main research results are as follows:1. The experiment separate 8 AMF species of 3 genera,5 belong to Glomus,2 belong to Acaulospora,l belongs to Scutellospora.2. Geographical environment, host plants and soil factors affect the diversity and spatialdistribution paterns of AMF. Glomus is a dominant genera, the next in order is Acaulospora, Scutellospora is lower.3. Following the prolong of time each rate of colonization increased significantly.The total colonization is up to above 90% of each plot in October,and the spore density amount to 651/100g soil,expressing that muti-symbiosis is very common between Phragmites communis and AMF,and both have grown stonger closely.4. In May, every rate of colonization and the spore density had no significant difference.In July,the peak of the fungi vesicle, hyphae,total rate of colonization and the spore density all toke place in the plot of Beiliuzhuang.But in october,the peak presented inthe Nanliuzhuang.
5. The detection of the experiment showed that the distribution and the colonization had obvious space heterogeneity, and different plot and soil depth had a evident effect on the rate of colonization and the spore density.The rules of varieties of the distribution and colonization were almost that the biggest rate of colonization of AMF vesicle and hyphae was in the 10-20cm section at the same time, and that of the arbuscule distribution was in the 0-10cm section;the biggest total distribution was in 20-30cm section, and the change of the distribution was not the same with the increase of soil depth.The biggest spore density was in 0-10cm layer, and it dropped off with the incr-ease of the soil depth.
6. The distribution and colonization were closely related with the soil factors.The hyphae distribution and the spore density had a negative correlation with pH of soil.And the total colonization had a very notable negative correlation with pH of soil.The spore density had a very positive correlation with the content of nitrogm, and the arbuscule colonization had a very notable negative correlation with the available nitrogen.The spore density soil organic matter had a very notable negative correlation with the soil organic matter.The spore density of AMF had a very positive correlation with vesicle colonization, hyphae colonization and the total colonization,but had a very negative correlation with hyphae colonizaion.
7. The results suggested that the growth of the colonal plant Phragmites communis has a great influnce on the avtivity and distribution of AMF.Before and after the intrusion of Phragmites communis, the rate of colonization and the spore density of AMF changed significantly in the sample area.
1本试验共分离出AM真菌共3属8种，其中球囊霉属(Glomus)5种，无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)2种，盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种。
2结果表明AM真菌多样性及空间分布受地理环境、土壤因子及宿主植物等条件的影响。球囊霉属占优势，其次是无梗囊霉属，盾巨孢囊霉属频率最低。
3本试验中，芦苇根际AM真菌的各项定殖率在时间分布上呈显著增高趋势。各个样地10月份芦苇根际AM真菌总定殖率均高达90％以上，孢子密度达651个／g土，表明芦苇与AM真菌的共生具有普遍性，且两者之间有着较强的亲和性。
4 5月份AM真菌各项定殖率和孢子密度在三个样地间均无显著差异，7月份芦苇根际AM真菌泡囊、菌丝、总定殖率和孢子密度峰值均在北刘庄出现而10月份上述各项峰值出现在南刘庄。
5本试验发现芦苇根际AM真菌分布和定殖有明显的空间异质性，不同样地和土壤深度对AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度有明显影响。芦苇根际AM真菌的空间分布和定殖的变化规律大致为：AM真菌泡囊、菌丝最大定殖率出现在10～20cm土层，丛枝最大定殖率出现在0～10cm土层，AM真菌总定殖率最大值出现在20～30cm土层，随土壤深度增加而变化趋势不一；最大孢子密度出现在O～10cm土层，随土壤深度而逐渐减少。
6 AM真菌分布和定殖与土壤因子密切相关，AM真菌菌丝定殖率和孢子密度与土壤pH呈显著负相关，总定殖率与土壤pH呈极显著负相关。孢子密度与土壤N呈极显著正相关，丛枝定殖率与土壤速效N呈极显著负相关。孢子密度与土壤有机质呈极显著负相关。AM真菌孢子密度与泡囊定殖率，菌丝定殖率和总定殖率呈极显著正相关，与丛枝定殖率呈极显著负相关。
7本试验结果表明克隆植物芦苇的生长对土壤中AM真菌的活动和分布有很大影响。芦苇入侵前后样地中AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度变化显著。
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) is a symbiont that formed with plant nutritive root and soil fungi,which distributes abroad in nature.A large number of experiments indicated that AMF can promote soil nutriment circulation and utilize,improve soil physics and chemistry nature,stabilize and improve the soil structure;There is beneficial orantagonistic interaction between AMF and soil microorganisms and AMF can affect the composition and quantity of plant rhizosphere.AMF influencesplant interspecific competition through the useful effect on one host.The species and quantity of AMF can indicate the change of nature or human activity in ecosystem.moreover,AMF has a very important effect on the protect,recover and reconstitution of ecosystem.In this research,we chose three natural environments,such as Nanliuzhuang,Beiliuzhuang,and Baiyangdian of Anxin in Hebei,andexhibited the research of the colonization and diversity of AMF from Phragmites communis with soil factors,in order to offer basis and technique support for recovering and reconstruction of soil and vegetation in the wet land,and understand the effect of clonal plant growth on the activity anddistribution of soil AMF.Main research results are as follows:1. The experiment separate 8 AMF species of 3 genera,5 belong to Glomus,2 belong to Acaulospora,l belongs to Scutellospora.2. Geographical environment, host plants and soil factors affect the diversity and spatialdistribution paterns of AMF. Glomus is a dominant genera, the next in order is Acaulospora, Scutellospora is lower.3. Following the prolong of time each rate of colonization increased significantly.The total colonization is up to above 90% of each plot in October,and the spore density amount to 651/100g soil,expressing that muti-symbiosis is very common between Phragmites communis and AMF,and both have grown stonger closely.4. In May, every rate of colonization and the spore density had no significant difference.In July,the peak of the fungi vesicle, hyphae,total rate of colonization and the spore density all toke place in the plot of Beiliuzhuang.But in october,the peak presented inthe Nanliuzhuang.
5. The detection of the experiment showed that the distribution and the colonization had obvious space heterogeneity, and different plot and soil depth had a evident effect on the rate of colonization and the spore density.The rules of varieties of the distribution and colonization were almost that the biggest rate of colonization of AMF vesicle and hyphae was in the 10-20cm section at the same time, and that of the arbuscule distribution was in the 0-10cm section;the biggest total distribution was in 20-30cm section, and the change of the distribution was not the same with the increase of soil depth.The biggest spore density was in 0-10cm layer, and it dropped off with the incr-ease of the soil depth.
6. The distribution and colonization were closely related with the soil factors.The hyphae distribution and the spore density had a negative correlation with pH of soil.And the total colonization had a very notable negative correlation with pH of soil.The spore density had a very positive correlation with the content of nitrogm, and the arbuscule colonization had a very notable negative correlation with the available nitrogen.The spore density soil organic matter had a very notable negative correlation with the soil organic matter.The spore density of AMF had a very positive correlation with vesicle colonization, hyphae colonization and the total colonization,but had a very negative correlation with hyphae colonizaion.
7. The results suggested that the growth of the colonal plant Phragmites communis has a great influnce on the avtivity and distribution of AMF.Before and after the intrusion of Phragmites communis, the rate of colonization and the spore density of AMF changed significantly in the sample area.
引文
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