主船体数字化设计与分段测量数据匹配方法研究
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摘要
船舶设计与建造的质量决定了船舶安全性、经济性和功能性等性能,船舶设计与建造的效率是影响船舶开发周期的关键。面对船舶的日趋多样化和复杂化,船东需求不断提高,企业竞争不断加剧,传统的船舶CAD/CAM技术已经不能完全满足先进设计制造与现代造船市场发展的要求,在国际造船市场竞争中,各船舶企业必须提高船舶开发效率,缩短开发周期,保证设计与建造的质量,降低成本以取得竞争优势。随着计算机技术的发展,数字化造船已经成为船舶工业的研究热点,为船舶设计制造领域带来了新的发展模式与技术支持,成为造船企业利用数字化技术支持和促进“设计、建造一体化”现代造船模式发展的数字化平台。数字化造船的实施,已成为造船企业提高核心竞争力的重要手段。应用数字化技术提高船舶设计效率和建造质量,缩短船舶开发周期,是本文研究的出发点。
数字化造船贯穿整个造船全生命周期,涉及范畴广泛,本文针对我国目前船舶行业的具体情况和发展需要,以实现船舶快速设计制造为目标,以减少工时、提高设备使用效率、增大经济效益为具体要求,重点研究主船体数字化设计与分段测量数据匹配方法。具体研究内容如下：
对于主船体数字化三维设计,船体曲面设计是基础。为使船型设计不再局限于母型的束缚,能够根据设计参数快速生成光顺的船体曲面,基于对船体曲线特征的分析,给出了船型具体的设计参数,提出了利用能量优化法,以船体曲线曲面的曲率平方和最小为目标函数,求解基于NURBS表达的船体曲面光顺设计方法。该方法可以在插值点、导矢、曲率、面积及形心等相关约束下,调整船体曲线的基本形状特征,保证船体曲面的光顺性,实现船体曲面的NURBS表达。建立的船体曲面可用于分舱和结构设计。
在船体曲面的基础上进行分舱设计,提出了一种自顶向下的船体参数化分舱方法,利用舱壁位置参数以及内壳的折点位置参数驱动生成分舱理论面,再用分舱理论面切割主船体,利用非流形造型技术及其集合运算生成舱室实体模型,再将分舱约束要求与舱室模型相链接,以约束知识指导分舱方案优化修正,进而获得满足全部约束的分舱方案并计算舱容要素。该方法降低了舱室定义阶段的复杂性,直观地体现出设计思想,能快速实现船舶分舱及舱容计算。
以建立的船体曲面及舱室模型为结构设计背景,提出了基于知识的船体结构快速设计方法,引入船体结构知识本体的概念,将知识工程原理和参数化技术相结合,建立了船体结构设计知识库,实现船体结构三维快速优化设计。设计中结构构件位置通过位置参数驱动生成,构件尺寸通过规范推理法和实例推理法获得,对主要结构采用量子行为遗传算法进行优化。该方法将设计知识嵌入到船体结构知识本体中,既有助于设计知识的保留和再利用,又能实现对设计结果的自动检查,进而快速获得合理的船体结构。建立的三维结构模型可作为面向全生命周期的船舶数字模型,精度造船阶段也可使用。
在船体数字模型的基础上,研究基于3D模型的数字化精度造船关键技术,主要研究了船体分段快速测量分析技术和快速模拟搭载技术。分段测量分析是精度造船的重要环节。使用全站仪可以快速、方便、准确地获得船体分段建造数据,在计算机3D可视化环境中将测量点集与3D模型的对应设计点集进行匹配对比,是数字化精度造船所采用的分段测量分析模式。本文利用主元分析(PCA)法对测量点集进行粗匹配,利用搜索最近点法确定对应点对,再利用欧拉理论对测量点集进行平移和旋转,使分段测量点集与设计点集匹配最优。该方法无需明确测量点与设计点的对应关系,能自动快速匹配二者,给出船体分段建造精度分析结果,为后续快速模拟搭载提供了依据。快速模拟搭载方面,提出了自动快速获得搭载分段最佳搭载定位位置的算法。该算法利用权值向量实现对不同方向上精度要求的误差分配,利用多目标优化法,把水平度、垂直度、平面度等相关搭载工程约束引入到优化目标函数中,然后求解非线性多目标优化模型进而得出分段最佳定位结果,给出最合理的搭载方案。该定位结果有助于搭载施工,缩短了搭载时间。
综上所述,本文以数字化造船中的主船体数字化设计与分段测量数据匹配方法为主要研究内容,给出了基于数字化技术的船型设计、分舱设计、结构设计、测量分析和模拟搭载的实现方法,期望该研究有助于数字化快速造船理论的研究进展,有助于缩短船舶开发周期,有助于提高造船生产质量与效率,有助于实际工程应用的进展。
The quality of ship design and construction determines ship's performance, such as safety, economy, functionality, etc. The efficiency of ship design and construction influences the ship development cycle. As the diversification and complication of ships, ship owner's high demands and fierce enterprise competition, Conventional ship CAD/CAM technologies can't meet the whole requirements of advanced design and construction and modern construction market. Ship enterprises have to take the competition advantage by improving design and construction efficiency, shortening development cycle, ensuring design and construction quality and reducing construction cost. With the development of computer technology, the digital shipbuilding becomes research hot point in ship industry, and it brings new development mode and technical supports to the ship design and manufacture, and it becomes the digital platform for ship enterprises to support and promote the development of the integration of design and construction of modern shipbuilding mode by digital technologies. The implement of digital shipbuilding has become an important approach for ship enterprises to improve core competence. The starting point of the paper is to improve the efficiency of ship design and the quality of ship construction, shorten ship development cycle by digital technologies.
Digital shipbuilding throughout the whole life cycle of shipbuilding, involves a wide range. According to the specific situation and development needs of China's shipbuilding industry, this paper aimes to achieve rapid ship design and manufacture. In order to reduce working hours, improve equipment efficiency and increase economic efficiency, main hull digital design and block measurement data registration algorithm are studied. The main study contents are as follows.
For digital3D main hull design, ship surface design is the base. In the study of hull surface, instead of depending on the conventional prototype, attentions are focus on extracting the design parameters which represent the characteristic of the hull. The energy optimization method is proposed to get the expression of the hull fairness surface with NURBS, using design parameters as the design variables and least sum of curvature square of hull curves and surface as the objective object. The basic shape feature of hull curves can be adjusted under the constraint related to interpolation points, derivative vectors, curvatures, areas and centroid points. In this way, fairness of hull surface is ensured. The hull surface is represented with NURBS, and it can be used in subdivision and structure design.
Based on the hull surface, the paper implements subdivision design, a new parametric subdivision of the top-down approach is proposed. The proposed method is based on space subdivision. For this, several parameters (bulkhead positions and folding point positions of the inner bottom) are established to generate the subdivision planes which are used to cut the ship hull. The non-manifold modeling containing set operations is applied to generate compartment solid model. Then link the constrains to the geometric model. Use the constrains to optimize subdivision and get the subdivision scheme which satisfy all constrains, and calculate the hold capacities. This method reduces the complexity of the compartment and intuitively reflects the design thought. The compartment and the calculation of hold capacities can be finished rapidly.
Use the hull surface and compartment model as structure design background. Knowledge-based engineering quick design method for hull structure is put forward, which combines with parametric technology. The concept of knowledge ontology for hull structure is introduced. And establishment of knowledge base for hull structure design is discussed to achieve3D quick optimizing design. During the design, positions of structural members are driven by position parameters. Scantlings of structural members are obtained by Rule-Based Reasoning and Case-Based Reasoning. Main structures are optimized by quantum-behaved genetic algorithm. This method achieves knowledge reuse and accumulation, provides design results inspection. So that reliable ship structure is quickly obtained. The created3D structure model can be used as the life-cycle digital model. It also can be used in the phase of accuracy construction.
Based on ship digital model, the paper studies on key technologies of digital accuracy shipbuilding, is focusing on quick measuring analysis technology for hull blocks and quick simulation erection technology. Quick measuring analysis for hull blocks is an important step in the accuracy shipbuilding. Hull block construction data can be rapidly and precisely measured by total station. Compared the measuring points with design points of3D model in3D visualization environment, it is a hull block measuring analysis mode adopted by digital accuracy shipbuilding. In the paper, rough matching adopts PCA algorithm and the pair-wise points are matched by searching minimum distance. Initialized by the former result based on rough matching, refined matching that adopts Euler theory leads to perfect matching by translating and rotating the measured points. The proposed algorithm can automatically match measurement data with CAD model without prior information on transformation, and evaluates construction precision of hull blocks accurately, and provides an instructive basis for subsequent simulation erection. In the study of quick simulation erection, an automatically rapid positioning method is proposed for erection block achieving reasonable position. The error distribution at different directions is determined by using weight vector. The best positioning result and reasonable scheme are achieved by adopting nonlinear multi-objective optimization by introducing the erection engineering constraints (e.g. levelness, verticality and flatness) into the objective function of the computing model. The scheme accords with the actual engineering and it's easy to realize thus shorts the erection time.
In conclusion, main hull digital design and block measurement data registration algorithm of digital shipbuilding are studied in this paper and corresponding methods are offered including rapid ship form design, compartment subdivision, structure design, measuring analysis and simulation erection, aiming at helping digital rapid shipbuilding theory development, shortening ship development cycle, improving quality and efficiency for shipbuilding and being helpful to practical engineering application.
数字化造船贯穿整个造船全生命周期,涉及范畴广泛,本文针对我国目前船舶行业的具体情况和发展需要,以实现船舶快速设计制造为目标,以减少工时、提高设备使用效率、增大经济效益为具体要求,重点研究主船体数字化设计与分段测量数据匹配方法。具体研究内容如下：
对于主船体数字化三维设计,船体曲面设计是基础。为使船型设计不再局限于母型的束缚,能够根据设计参数快速生成光顺的船体曲面,基于对船体曲线特征的分析,给出了船型具体的设计参数,提出了利用能量优化法,以船体曲线曲面的曲率平方和最小为目标函数,求解基于NURBS表达的船体曲面光顺设计方法。该方法可以在插值点、导矢、曲率、面积及形心等相关约束下,调整船体曲线的基本形状特征,保证船体曲面的光顺性,实现船体曲面的NURBS表达。建立的船体曲面可用于分舱和结构设计。
在船体曲面的基础上进行分舱设计,提出了一种自顶向下的船体参数化分舱方法,利用舱壁位置参数以及内壳的折点位置参数驱动生成分舱理论面,再用分舱理论面切割主船体,利用非流形造型技术及其集合运算生成舱室实体模型,再将分舱约束要求与舱室模型相链接,以约束知识指导分舱方案优化修正,进而获得满足全部约束的分舱方案并计算舱容要素。该方法降低了舱室定义阶段的复杂性,直观地体现出设计思想,能快速实现船舶分舱及舱容计算。
以建立的船体曲面及舱室模型为结构设计背景,提出了基于知识的船体结构快速设计方法,引入船体结构知识本体的概念,将知识工程原理和参数化技术相结合,建立了船体结构设计知识库,实现船体结构三维快速优化设计。设计中结构构件位置通过位置参数驱动生成,构件尺寸通过规范推理法和实例推理法获得,对主要结构采用量子行为遗传算法进行优化。该方法将设计知识嵌入到船体结构知识本体中,既有助于设计知识的保留和再利用,又能实现对设计结果的自动检查,进而快速获得合理的船体结构。建立的三维结构模型可作为面向全生命周期的船舶数字模型,精度造船阶段也可使用。
在船体数字模型的基础上,研究基于3D模型的数字化精度造船关键技术,主要研究了船体分段快速测量分析技术和快速模拟搭载技术。分段测量分析是精度造船的重要环节。使用全站仪可以快速、方便、准确地获得船体分段建造数据,在计算机3D可视化环境中将测量点集与3D模型的对应设计点集进行匹配对比,是数字化精度造船所采用的分段测量分析模式。本文利用主元分析(PCA)法对测量点集进行粗匹配,利用搜索最近点法确定对应点对,再利用欧拉理论对测量点集进行平移和旋转,使分段测量点集与设计点集匹配最优。该方法无需明确测量点与设计点的对应关系,能自动快速匹配二者,给出船体分段建造精度分析结果,为后续快速模拟搭载提供了依据。快速模拟搭载方面,提出了自动快速获得搭载分段最佳搭载定位位置的算法。该算法利用权值向量实现对不同方向上精度要求的误差分配,利用多目标优化法,把水平度、垂直度、平面度等相关搭载工程约束引入到优化目标函数中,然后求解非线性多目标优化模型进而得出分段最佳定位结果,给出最合理的搭载方案。该定位结果有助于搭载施工,缩短了搭载时间。
综上所述,本文以数字化造船中的主船体数字化设计与分段测量数据匹配方法为主要研究内容,给出了基于数字化技术的船型设计、分舱设计、结构设计、测量分析和模拟搭载的实现方法,期望该研究有助于数字化快速造船理论的研究进展,有助于缩短船舶开发周期,有助于提高造船生产质量与效率,有助于实际工程应用的进展。
The quality of ship design and construction determines ship's performance, such as safety, economy, functionality, etc. The efficiency of ship design and construction influences the ship development cycle. As the diversification and complication of ships, ship owner's high demands and fierce enterprise competition, Conventional ship CAD/CAM technologies can't meet the whole requirements of advanced design and construction and modern construction market. Ship enterprises have to take the competition advantage by improving design and construction efficiency, shortening development cycle, ensuring design and construction quality and reducing construction cost. With the development of computer technology, the digital shipbuilding becomes research hot point in ship industry, and it brings new development mode and technical supports to the ship design and manufacture, and it becomes the digital platform for ship enterprises to support and promote the development of the integration of design and construction of modern shipbuilding mode by digital technologies. The implement of digital shipbuilding has become an important approach for ship enterprises to improve core competence. The starting point of the paper is to improve the efficiency of ship design and the quality of ship construction, shorten ship development cycle by digital technologies.
Digital shipbuilding throughout the whole life cycle of shipbuilding, involves a wide range. According to the specific situation and development needs of China's shipbuilding industry, this paper aimes to achieve rapid ship design and manufacture. In order to reduce working hours, improve equipment efficiency and increase economic efficiency, main hull digital design and block measurement data registration algorithm are studied. The main study contents are as follows.
For digital3D main hull design, ship surface design is the base. In the study of hull surface, instead of depending on the conventional prototype, attentions are focus on extracting the design parameters which represent the characteristic of the hull. The energy optimization method is proposed to get the expression of the hull fairness surface with NURBS, using design parameters as the design variables and least sum of curvature square of hull curves and surface as the objective object. The basic shape feature of hull curves can be adjusted under the constraint related to interpolation points, derivative vectors, curvatures, areas and centroid points. In this way, fairness of hull surface is ensured. The hull surface is represented with NURBS, and it can be used in subdivision and structure design.
Based on the hull surface, the paper implements subdivision design, a new parametric subdivision of the top-down approach is proposed. The proposed method is based on space subdivision. For this, several parameters (bulkhead positions and folding point positions of the inner bottom) are established to generate the subdivision planes which are used to cut the ship hull. The non-manifold modeling containing set operations is applied to generate compartment solid model. Then link the constrains to the geometric model. Use the constrains to optimize subdivision and get the subdivision scheme which satisfy all constrains, and calculate the hold capacities. This method reduces the complexity of the compartment and intuitively reflects the design thought. The compartment and the calculation of hold capacities can be finished rapidly.
Use the hull surface and compartment model as structure design background. Knowledge-based engineering quick design method for hull structure is put forward, which combines with parametric technology. The concept of knowledge ontology for hull structure is introduced. And establishment of knowledge base for hull structure design is discussed to achieve3D quick optimizing design. During the design, positions of structural members are driven by position parameters. Scantlings of structural members are obtained by Rule-Based Reasoning and Case-Based Reasoning. Main structures are optimized by quantum-behaved genetic algorithm. This method achieves knowledge reuse and accumulation, provides design results inspection. So that reliable ship structure is quickly obtained. The created3D structure model can be used as the life-cycle digital model. It also can be used in the phase of accuracy construction.
Based on ship digital model, the paper studies on key technologies of digital accuracy shipbuilding, is focusing on quick measuring analysis technology for hull blocks and quick simulation erection technology. Quick measuring analysis for hull blocks is an important step in the accuracy shipbuilding. Hull block construction data can be rapidly and precisely measured by total station. Compared the measuring points with design points of3D model in3D visualization environment, it is a hull block measuring analysis mode adopted by digital accuracy shipbuilding. In the paper, rough matching adopts PCA algorithm and the pair-wise points are matched by searching minimum distance. Initialized by the former result based on rough matching, refined matching that adopts Euler theory leads to perfect matching by translating and rotating the measured points. The proposed algorithm can automatically match measurement data with CAD model without prior information on transformation, and evaluates construction precision of hull blocks accurately, and provides an instructive basis for subsequent simulation erection. In the study of quick simulation erection, an automatically rapid positioning method is proposed for erection block achieving reasonable position. The error distribution at different directions is determined by using weight vector. The best positioning result and reasonable scheme are achieved by adopting nonlinear multi-objective optimization by introducing the erection engineering constraints (e.g. levelness, verticality and flatness) into the objective function of the computing model. The scheme accords with the actual engineering and it's easy to realize thus shorts the erection time.
In conclusion, main hull digital design and block measurement data registration algorithm of digital shipbuilding are studied in this paper and corresponding methods are offered including rapid ship form design, compartment subdivision, structure design, measuring analysis and simulation erection, aiming at helping digital rapid shipbuilding theory development, shortening ship development cycle, improving quality and efficiency for shipbuilding and being helpful to practical engineering application.
引文
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