常规中药和针灸作为艾司唑仑替代治疗手段失眠的随机对照研究
摘要
研究背景：失眠是临床上常见的一个症状,可以导致许多问题并影响到人们的生活。目前,临床内科医生和患者都在寻求一种有效果方法,特别是中药和针灸,治疗失眠以降低西药带来的副作用。
研究设计：研究分为两部分。第一部分是一个横断面研究,在113个失眠患者中调查失眠严重程度指数量表(中文版)的信度和效度。第二部分是一个临床随机对照试验,符合纳入和排除标准的60名失眠患者被随机分为两个组,一组的治疗方案是“针灸加口服艾司唑仑”,另一组的治疗方案是“中药加医生管理下的口服艾司唑仑”,治疗失眠3周后,我们比较作为艾司唑仑的替代治疗手段的两种中医治疗方案的有效性,应用失眠严重程度指数量表(ISI)的变化作为衡量有效率的指标,它们包括：入睡时间,日常功能障碍,睡眠中干扰,睡眠持续时间,夜间做梦,口服艾司唑仑的剂量,停止治疗1个月后的复发率。
研究结论：横断面研究中,在量表的信度分析方面,试验组、对照组及全体患者中文版失眠严重程度指数量表(C-ISI)的克朗巴赫α系数分别为0.72,0.75和0.91。重测信度中,前后两次的C-ISI的条目得分和总分有着显著的相关性。试验组的C-ISI条目得分和总分的平均秩比对照组的显著增高,在试验组中呈现出低睡眠质量。在量表的效度分析方面,中文版失眠严重程度指数量表(C-ISI)和中文版匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(C-PSQI)在相关条目和总分上存在着显著的相关性。在临床试验部分,我们发现治疗后“中药加医生管理下的口服艾司唑仑”组和“针灸加口服艾司唑仑”组在治疗效果(P>0.05),失眠严重程度指数量表(ISI)的改变(P>0.05),睡眠持续时间的变化(P>0.05),睡眠中干扰的变化(P>0.05),入睡时间的变化(P>0.05),日常功能障碍(P>0..05)等方面均无显著性差异,然而,“中药加医生管理下的口服艾司唑仑”组在夜间做梦的变化(P<0.05),口服艾司唑仑的剂量(P<0.05)及停止治疗1个月后的复发率(P<0.001)方面呈现显著的疗效。此外,“针灸加口服艾司唑仑”组的失眠严重程度指数比“中药加医生管理下的口服艾司唑仑”组在治疗1周后的下降程度要快。
结论：“中药加医生管理下的口服艾司唑仑”,和“针灸加口服艾司唑仑”两组并无显著的差异,但是在“降低夜间做梦”,“减少口服艾司唑仑剂量”及“降低复发率”方面中药加艾司唑仑组比针灸加艾司唑仑组更具有治疗效果。
Background:Insomnia, either as a symptom or as a disorder is a common complaints in clinic, and can cause many problems that affects on people's life. These days, there is an increasing trend in patients and physicians to treat it by complementary medicine, especially Chinese herbs and acupuncture to reduce the dosage and side effects of western medicine drugs.
Study design:This study consists of two parts. One is a cross sectional study in which we briefly investigate the reliability and validity of Chinese version of insomnia severity index scale in 113 patients with insomnia. In the second part of this study which is a randomized clinical trial in 60 patients with insomnia who had our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we compared the efficacy of two different Chinese medicine methods as the complementary medicine with estazolam including "Acupuncture plus oral estazolam" and "Chinese herb with administration of oral estazolam" in the treatment of insomnia for 3 weeks.we compared the effective rate.lSI change, changing in sleep parameters after 3 weeks treatment course, including:sleep latency, Day dysfunction, sleep disturbance, sleep duration, night dream, usage of estazolamm, and relapse rate after one month stopping the treatment.
Results:in the cross sectional study, Cronbach-a coefficient of C-ISI (Chinese version of Insomnia severity Index) for the clinical group, control group and both of them was 0.72,0.75 and 0.91 respectively. The C-ISI component and total scores in test were significantly correlated with their related components and total scores in re-test (P<0.05). Mean Ranks for All C-ISI components, total score were significantly higher in clinical group than control group that presents low sleep quality in clinical group. There are Significant correlations between C-ISI component and total scores and C-PSQI components and Total scores in related Items.
In the clinical trial part, we found "Chinese herb with administration of oral estazolam" and "Acupuncture plus estazolam" had no significant difference in Treatment effect (P value>0.05), ISI change (P value>0.05), sleep duration change (P value>0.05), sleep disturbance change (P value>0.05), sleep latency change (P value>0.05), day dysfunction (P value>0.05) after treatment. While "Chinese herb with administration of oral estazolam" was significantly more effective in night dream change (P value<0.05), using of estazolam (P value<0.05), relapse rate after one month (P value<0.001).in using "Acupuncture plus estazolam" severity of insomnia index has decreased quicker than" Chinese herb with administration of oral estazolam" after Ithweek treatment.
Conclusion:Although there is no significant difference between" Chinese herb with administration of oral estazolam" and "Acupuncture plus estazolam", using herb plus estazolam is more effective than applying acupuncture plus estazolam in "decreasing of night dream"," reducing the usage of estazolam" and "relapse rate"
研究设计：研究分为两部分。第一部分是一个横断面研究,在113个失眠患者中调查失眠严重程度指数量表(中文版)的信度和效度。第二部分是一个临床随机对照试验,符合纳入和排除标准的60名失眠患者被随机分为两个组,一组的治疗方案是“针灸加口服艾司唑仑”,另一组的治疗方案是“中药加医生管理下的口服艾司唑仑”,治疗失眠3周后,我们比较作为艾司唑仑的替代治疗手段的两种中医治疗方案的有效性,应用失眠严重程度指数量表(ISI)的变化作为衡量有效率的指标,它们包括：入睡时间,日常功能障碍,睡眠中干扰,睡眠持续时间,夜间做梦,口服艾司唑仑的剂量,停止治疗1个月后的复发率。
研究结论：横断面研究中,在量表的信度分析方面,试验组、对照组及全体患者中文版失眠严重程度指数量表(C-ISI)的克朗巴赫α系数分别为0.72,0.75和0.91。重测信度中,前后两次的C-ISI的条目得分和总分有着显著的相关性。试验组的C-ISI条目得分和总分的平均秩比对照组的显著增高,在试验组中呈现出低睡眠质量。在量表的效度分析方面,中文版失眠严重程度指数量表(C-ISI)和中文版匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(C-PSQI)在相关条目和总分上存在着显著的相关性。在临床试验部分,我们发现治疗后“中药加医生管理下的口服艾司唑仑”组和“针灸加口服艾司唑仑”组在治疗效果(P>0.05),失眠严重程度指数量表(ISI)的改变(P>0.05),睡眠持续时间的变化(P>0.05),睡眠中干扰的变化(P>0.05),入睡时间的变化(P>0.05),日常功能障碍(P>0..05)等方面均无显著性差异,然而,“中药加医生管理下的口服艾司唑仑”组在夜间做梦的变化(P<0.05),口服艾司唑仑的剂量(P<0.05)及停止治疗1个月后的复发率(P<0.001)方面呈现显著的疗效。此外,“针灸加口服艾司唑仑”组的失眠严重程度指数比“中药加医生管理下的口服艾司唑仑”组在治疗1周后的下降程度要快。
结论：“中药加医生管理下的口服艾司唑仑”,和“针灸加口服艾司唑仑”两组并无显著的差异,但是在“降低夜间做梦”,“减少口服艾司唑仑剂量”及“降低复发率”方面中药加艾司唑仑组比针灸加艾司唑仑组更具有治疗效果。
Background:Insomnia, either as a symptom or as a disorder is a common complaints in clinic, and can cause many problems that affects on people's life. These days, there is an increasing trend in patients and physicians to treat it by complementary medicine, especially Chinese herbs and acupuncture to reduce the dosage and side effects of western medicine drugs.
Study design:This study consists of two parts. One is a cross sectional study in which we briefly investigate the reliability and validity of Chinese version of insomnia severity index scale in 113 patients with insomnia. In the second part of this study which is a randomized clinical trial in 60 patients with insomnia who had our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we compared the efficacy of two different Chinese medicine methods as the complementary medicine with estazolam including "Acupuncture plus oral estazolam" and "Chinese herb with administration of oral estazolam" in the treatment of insomnia for 3 weeks.we compared the effective rate.lSI change, changing in sleep parameters after 3 weeks treatment course, including:sleep latency, Day dysfunction, sleep disturbance, sleep duration, night dream, usage of estazolamm, and relapse rate after one month stopping the treatment.
Results:in the cross sectional study, Cronbach-a coefficient of C-ISI (Chinese version of Insomnia severity Index) for the clinical group, control group and both of them was 0.72,0.75 and 0.91 respectively. The C-ISI component and total scores in test were significantly correlated with their related components and total scores in re-test (P<0.05). Mean Ranks for All C-ISI components, total score were significantly higher in clinical group than control group that presents low sleep quality in clinical group. There are Significant correlations between C-ISI component and total scores and C-PSQI components and Total scores in related Items.
In the clinical trial part, we found "Chinese herb with administration of oral estazolam" and "Acupuncture plus estazolam" had no significant difference in Treatment effect (P value>0.05), ISI change (P value>0.05), sleep duration change (P value>0.05), sleep disturbance change (P value>0.05), sleep latency change (P value>0.05), day dysfunction (P value>0.05) after treatment. While "Chinese herb with administration of oral estazolam" was significantly more effective in night dream change (P value<0.05), using of estazolam (P value<0.05), relapse rate after one month (P value<0.001).in using "Acupuncture plus estazolam" severity of insomnia index has decreased quicker than" Chinese herb with administration of oral estazolam" after Ithweek treatment.
Conclusion:Although there is no significant difference between" Chinese herb with administration of oral estazolam" and "Acupuncture plus estazolam", using herb plus estazolam is more effective than applying acupuncture plus estazolam in "decreasing of night dream"," reducing the usage of estazolam" and "relapse rate"
引文
106常规中药和针灸作为艾司唑仑替代治疗手段治疗失眠的随机对照研究
References：
1. Cai Jlngfeng et al. Advanced textbook on Traditional Chinese medicine and
Pharmacology,vol.1.1st ed.Beijing:New World Press; 1995:184-86,
2. Giovannni Maciocia.Diagnosis of Chinese Medicine.1st ed.London:
Churchill Livingstone：2004：33-4,347-49,807-9
3. An shenshi.Internal Medicine.1st ed. California:Publishing Group.2003:55-61
4. Wang xin Yue.Internal Medicine of traditional Chinese medicine.1st
ed.Beijing:Higher Education press.2007:567-74
5. Cai Jlngfeng et al. Advanced textbook on Traditional Chinese medicine and
Pharmacology, vol.4.1st ed.Beijing:New World Press; 1997:219-20
6. Cai Jlngfeng et al. Advanced textbook on Traditional Chinese medicine and
Pharmacology, vol.2.1st ed.Beijing:New World Press; 1995:120-25
7. Bai X, Huang Z, Mo Z, Pan H, Ding H. Effects of total saponins of semen
ziziphi Spinosae on brain damage and brain biochemical parameters in
cerebral ischemia of rats. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1996; 21:110-2.
8. Wu SX, Zhang JX, Xu T, Li LF, Zhao SY, Lan MY. Effects of seeds, leaves
and fruits of Ziziphus spinosa and jujuboside an on central nervous system
function. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1993; 18:685-7,703-4.
9. Saito K, Umeda S, Kawashima K, Kano Y. Pharmacological properties of
traditional medicines. ⅩⅩⅥ:Effects of Sansohnin-to on pentobarbital sleep in
stressed mice.Bi0
Pharm Bull 2000; 23:76-9.
10. Zhang Z. The lecture notes of the synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden
Chamber.1st ed. Hong Kong:Yi Yao Wei Sheng Chu Ban She; 1967.
11. Liao JF, Jan YM, Huang SY, Wang HH, Yu LL, Chen CF.Evaluation with
receptor binding assay on the water extracts of ten CNS-active Chinese herbal
drugs. Proc Natl Sci Counc Rep China B 1995; 19:151-8.
12. Yang J, Xu J, Zhou L, et al. Sedative-hypnotic effect of caulis Polygoni
multiflori decoction [in Chinese]. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 1990;
21：175-7.
13. Liu XC, Yang J. The external use of Cinnabaris in children in the treatment
of night terror and sleeping difficulties [in Chinese]. China's Naturopathy 2000;
8：21.
14. Chen Q. The Clinical and pharmacology of the Chinese patent medicine.
1st ed. Beijing:Ran Min Weir Min Chu Ban She; 1998:342-59.
15. Wang B. Miraculous pivot [in Chinese]. Shanghai:Zhonghua Shu Ju; 1936.
16.Chan K. Progress in traditional Chinese medicine. Trends Pharmacol Sci
1995：16：182-7.
17.Shen xue yong.Acupuncture and Moxabustion.2TH Ed.Beijing:people"s
Medical Publishing House.2007:481-2
18. David Twicken-Taoist Time Acupuncture-2009 Lulu publication
19. Piao Lian-you et al. Time method acupuncture. People Medical Publishing
House-2006-PP 31-350
20. Dan BANsky and Randall Barolet.Chinese herbal medicine formula and
strategies.1st Ed.USA：Eastland press.1990：147-8
21. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep
disorders,2nd ed.:diagnostic and coding manual. Westchester, IL:American
Academy of Sleep Medicine,2005.
22. Littner M, Hirshkowitz M, Kramer M; Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for using polysomnography to evaluate insomnia:an update for 2002. Sleep 2003; 26:754-60.
23. Littner M, Kushida C, Wise M, et al. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency tests and the maintenance of wakefulness test. Sleep 2005; 28:113-21.
24. Chesson AL Jr, Anderson WM, Littner M, et al. Practice parameters for the nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep 1999;22:1128-33.
25. Morgenthaler T, Kramer M, Alessi C, et al. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia:an update. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep 2006; 29:1415-9.
26. Morgenthaler T, Alessi C, Friedman L, et al. Practice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the assessment of sleep and sleep disorders:an update for 2007. Sleep 2007; 30:519-29.
27. Sackett DL. Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations for the management of patients. Can J Cardiol 1993; 9:487-9.
28. Johnson E. Epidemiology of insomnia:from adolescence to old age. Sleep Med Clin 2006; 1:305-17.
29. Kryger M. The burden of chronic insomnia on society:awakening insomnia management. Presented at:20th Anniversary Meeting of APSS,2006, Salt Lake City, UT
30. Ancoli-lsrael S, Roth T. Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. Sleep 1999; 22:S347-53.
31. Taylor D, Mallory LJ, Lichstein KL, et al. Co morbidity of Chronic insomnia with medical problems. Sleep 2007; 30:213-8.
32. Benca R, Ancoli-lsrael S, Moldofsky H. Special considerations in insomnia diagnosis and management:depressed, elderly, and chronic pain populations. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:S26-S35.
33. Ohayon M. Epidemiology of insomnia:what we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Med Rev 2002; 6:97-111.
34. Morin C, LeBlanc M, Daley M, Gregoire JP, Merette C. Epidemiology of insomnia:prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors. Sleep Med2006; 7:123-30.
35. Perlis M, Smith MT, Pigeon WR. Etiology and pathophysiology of insomnia. In:Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and practice of sleep medicine,4th ed. Philadelphia:Elsevier Saunders,2005:714-25.
36. Perlis M, Giles DE, Mendelson WB, Bootzin RR, Wyatt JK.Psychophysiological insomnia:the behavioral model and a neurocognitive perspective. J Sleep Res 1997; 6:179-88.
37. Spielman A, Caruso L, Glovinsky P. A behavioral perspective on insomnia treatment. Psychiatr Clinic North Am 1987; 10:541-53.
38. Harvey A. A cognitive model of insomnia. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40:869-93.
39. Lichstein K, Durrence HH, Taylor DJ, et al. Quantitative criteria for insomnia. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41:427-45.
40. Edinger J, Bonnet MH, Bootzin RR, et al. Derivation of research diagnostic criteria for insomnia:Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Work Group. Sleep 2004; 27:1567-96.
41. Sateia M, Doghramji K, Hauri PJ, et al. Evaluation of chronic insomnia. Sleep 2000; 23:243-308.
42. Spielman A, Yang CM, Glovinsky PG. Assessment techniques for insomnia. In:Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and practice of sleep medicine,4th ed. Philadelphia:Elsevier Saunders,2005.
43. Todd Arnedt J, Conroy D, Aloia M. Evaluation of insomnia patients.Sleep Med Clin 2006; 1:319-32.
44. Hauri PJ. Consulting about insomnia:a method and some preliminary data. Sleep 1993; 16:344-50.
45. Leger D, Guilleminault C, Bader G, Levy E, Paillard, M.Medical and socio-professional impact of insomnia. Sleep 2002; 25:625-9.
46. Leger D, Massuel MA, Metlaine A; SISYPHE Study Group. Professional correlates of insomnia [see comment]. Sleep 2006;29:171-8.
47. Taylor D, Lichstein KL, Durrence HH. Insomnia as a health risk factor. Behav Sleep Med 2003;1:227-47.
48. National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Health State of the Science Conference statement on Manifestations and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults, June 13-15,2005. Sleep 2005; 28:1049-57.
49. Lichstein KL, Wilson NM, Johnson CT. Psychological treatment of secondary insomnia. Psychol Aging 2000; 15:232-40.
50. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Certified behavioral sleep medicine specialists. http://www.aasmnet.org/BSMSpecialists.aspx.2007.
51. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Centers for Sleep Medicine.http://www.sleepcenters.org/.2007.
52. Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, Cheng C, King D. Metaanalysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia.CMAJ 2000;162:225-33.
53. Holbrook A, Crowther R, Lotter A, Endeshaw Y The role of benzodiazepines in the treatment of insomnia:meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001:49:824-6.
54. Nowell P, Mazumdar S, Buysse DJ, et al. Benzodiazepines and zolpidem for chronic insomnia:A meta-analysis of treatment efficacy.JAMA 1997:278:2170-7.
55. Erman M, Seiden D, Zammit G, Sainati S, Zhang J. An efficacy, safety, and dose-response study of Ramelteon in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med 2006; 7:17-24.
56. Roth T, Stubbs C, Walsh JK, et al. Ramelteon (TAK-375), a selective MT1/MT2-receptor agonist, reduces latency to persistent sleep in a model of transient insomnia related to a novel sleep environment. Sleep 2005; 28:303-7.
57. Barbera J, Shapiro C. Benefit-risk assessment of zaleplon in the treatment of insomnia. Drug Saf 2005;28:301-18.
58. Hajak G, Rodenbeck A, Voderholzer U, et al. Uoxepin in tne treatment ot primary insomnia:a placebo-controlled, aouDie-biina.poiysomnograpnic siuay. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:453-63.
59. Riemann D, Voderholzer, U, Cohrs S, et al. Trimipramine in primary insomnia:results of a polysomnographic double-blind controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002; 35:165-74.
60. Mendelson W. A review of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of trazodone in insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:469-76.
61. Walsh J, Erman M, Erwin CW, et al. Subjective hypnotic efficacy of trazodone and zolpidem in DSMIII-R primary insomnia. Hum Psychopharmacol 1998; 13:191-8.
62. Winokur A, DeMartinis NA 3rd, McNally DP, Gary EM, Cormier JL, Gary KA. Comparative effects of mirtazapine and fluoxetine on sleep physiology measures with major depression and insomnia.J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:1224-9.
63. Morin CM, Koetter U, Bastien C, Ware JC, Wooten V. Valerian-hops combination and diphenhydramine for treating insomnia:a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sleep 2005;28:1465-71.
64. Bent S, Padula A, Moore D, et al. Valerian for sleep:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2006;119:1005-12?
65. Brzezinski A, Vangel MG, Wurtman RJ, et al. Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep:a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 6:41-50.
66. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, et al. The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders:a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2005; 20:1151-8.
67. Wheatley D. Kava and valerian in the treatment of stress-induced insomnia. Phytother Res 2001; 15:549-51.
68. Meoli A, Rosen C, Kristo D, et al. Oral nonprescription treatment for insomnia:an evaluation of products with limited evidence. J Clin Sleep Med 2005; 1:173-87.
69. Perlis ML, McCall WV, Krystal AD, Walsh JK. Long-term, nonnightly administration of zolpidem in the treatment of patients with primary insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:1128-37.
70. Hajak G, Cluydts R, Declerck A, et al. Continuous versus nonnightly use of zolpidem in chronic insomnia:results of a largescale.double-blind, randomized, outpatient study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17:9-17.
71. Walsh J, Roth T, Randazzo A, et al. Eight weeks of non-nightly use of zolpidem for primary insomnia. Sleep 2000; 28:1087-96.
72. Krystal A, Walsh JK, Laska E et al. Sustained efficacy of eszopiclone over 6 months of nightly treatment:results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep 2003; 26:793-9.
73. Roth T, Walsh JK, Krystal A, Wessel T, Roehrs TA. An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of eszopiclone over 12 months in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med 2005;6:487-95.
74. Ancoli-lsrael S, Richardson GS, Mangano RM, Jenkins L, Hall P.Jones WS. Long-term use of sedative hypnotics in older patients with insomnia. Sleep Med 2005;6:107-13.
75. Ohayon M, Caulet M, Arbus L, et al. Are prescribed medicationseffective in the treatment of insomnia complaints? J Psychosom Res 1999;47:359-68.
76. Merlotti L, Roehrs T, Zorick F, Roth T. Rebound insomnia:duration of use and individual differences. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:368-73.
77. Roehrs T, Merlotti L, Zorick F, Roth T. Rebound insomnia in normals and patients with insomnia after abrupt and tapered discontinuation.Psychopharmacology 1992;108:67-71.
78. Morgan K, Dixon S, Mathers N, Thompson J, Tomeny M. Psychological treatment for insomnia in the management of longterm hypnotic drug use:a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.Br J Gen Pract 2003;53:923-8.
79. Morin CM, Bastien C, Guay B, Radouco-Thomas M, Leblanc J,Vallieres A. Randomized clinical trial of supervised tapering and cognitive behavior therapy to facilitate benzodiazepine discontinuation in older adults with chronic insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:332-42.
80. Allain H, Bentue-Ferrer D, Polard E, Akwa Y, Patat A. Postural instability and consequent falls and hip fractures associated with use of hypnotics in the elderly:a comparative review. Drugs Aging 2005;22:749-65.
81. Glass J, Lanctot KL, Herrmann N, et al. Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia:meta-analysis of risks and benefits.BMJ 2005;331:1169.
82. Avidan AY, Fries BE, James ML, Szafara KL, Wright GT, Chervin RD. Insomnia and hypnotic use, recorded in the minimum data set, as predictors of falls and hip fractures in Michigan nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:955-62.
83. Fava, M, McCall, WV, Krystal A, et al. Eszopiclone co-administered with fluoxetine in patients with insomnia coexisitng with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:1052-60.
84. Nierenberg A, Adler LA, Peselow E, et al. Trazodone for antidepressant-associated insomnia Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1069-72.
85. Jacobs GD, Pace-Schott, EF, Stickgold, R, Otto MW. Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia:a randomized controlled trial and direct comparison. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1888-96.
86. Morin CM, Colecchi C, Stone J, Sood R, Brink D. Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia:a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999,281:991-9.
87. Morin C, Bootzin R, Buysse D, Edinger J, Espie C, Lichstein K.Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia:update of the recent evidence (1998-2004). Sleep 2006;29:1398-414.
88. Hajak G, Bandelow B, Zulley J, Pittrow D. "As needed" pharmacotherapy combined with stimulus control treatment in chronic insomnia--assessment of a novel intervention strategy in a primary care setting. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2002; 14:1-7.
89. Hauri PJ. Can we mix behavioral therapy with hypnotics when treating insomniacs? Sleep 1997;20:1111-8.
90. Morin CM, Hauri PJ, Espie CA, Spielman AJ, Buysse DJ, Bootzin RR. Nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 1999;22:1134-56.
91. Sun HS,Yan JL Investigation on the title of bu mei (sleepless)Zhonghua YiShi Za Zhi.2005 Jan;35(1):214-7.
92. Wong AH, Smith M, Boon HS. Herbal remedies in psychiatric practice. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:1033-44
93. Ernst E. Herbal medications for common ailments in the elderly. Drugs Aging 1999;15:423-8.
94. Linde K, Ramirez G, Mulrow CD, Pauls A, Weidenhammer W, Melchart D. St John's wort for depression--an overview and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1996; 313:253-8.
95. Sharpley AL, McGavin CL, Whale R, Cowen PJ.Antidepressant-like effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) on the sleep polysomnogram. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998; 139:286-7.
96. Schulz H, Jobert M. Effects of hypericum extract on the sleep EEG in older volunteers. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1994;7 (Suppl 1):39S-43S.
97. Nathan PJ. Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort):a nonselective reuptake inhibitor? A review of the recent advances in its pharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2001; 15:47-54.
98. Woelk H. Comparison of St John's wort and imipramine for treating depression:randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2000; 321:536-9.
99. Suzuki 0, Katsumata Y, Oya M, Bladt S, Wagner H. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by hypericin. Planta Med 1984;50:272-4.
100. Wong AH, Smith M, Boon HS. Herbal remedies in psychiatric practice. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:1033-44.
101. Leuschner J, Muller J, Rudmann M. Characterisation of the central nervous depressant activity of a commercially available valerian root extract. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:638-41.
102. Sakamoto T, Mitani Y, Nakajima K. Psychotropic effects of Japanese valerian root extract. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1992; 40:758-61
103. Donath F, Quispe S, Diefenbach K, Maurer A, Fietze I, Roots I. Critical evaluation of the effect of valerian extract on sleep structure and sleep quality. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000;33:47-53.
104. Schulz H, Stolz C, Muller J. The effect of valerian extract on sleep polygraphy in poor sleepers:a pilot study. Pharmacopsychiatry 1994;27:147-51.
105. Leuschner J, Muller J, Rudmann M. Characterisation of the central nervous depressant activity of a commercially available valerian root extract. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:638-41.
106. Attele AS, Xie JT, Yuan CS. Treatment of insomnia:an alternative approach. Altern Med Rev 2000;5:249-59.
107. Garges HP, Varia I, Doraiswamy PM. Cardiac complications and delirium associated with valerian root withdrawal. JAMA 1998;280:1566-7.
108. Qian XZ. The colour pictorial handbook of the Chinese herbal. The common Chinese herbal medicine vol 1 [in Chinese].1sted. Beijing:Ren Min Wei Sheng Chu Ban She; 1996.
109. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal medicines:a guide for health care professionals. London:Pharmaceutical Press; 1996.
110. Perharic L, Shaw D, Colbridge M, House I, Leon C, Murray V. Toxicological problems resulting from exposure to traditional remedies and food supplements. Drug Saf 1994; 11:284-94.
111. Hansel R, Wohlfart R, Coper H. Sedative-hypnotic compounds in the exhalation of hops, II [in German]. Z Naturforsch [C] 1980;35:1096-7.
112. Schmitz M, Jackel M. Comparative study for assessing quality of life of patients with exogenous sleep disorders (temporary sleep onset and sleep interruption disorders) treated with a hopsvalerian preparation and a benzodiazepine drug [in German].Wien Med Wochenschr 1998;148:291-8.
113.People's republic Health organization, New Chinese herb treat insomnia research,1th editon,1993,61
114.Xiao Xian Xiang.Hu Xiao mei.treat insomnia by Chinese herb base on time method.Modern integrated Medicine Journal 2000;9:1417-18
115. Dowson-Sanders B.,Trapp R.G.Basic and Clinical Biostatics.Lang publisher,1994
116.Khedmat H.Navidi A A et al.Research Methods in medical sciences.Teimurzade publisher,2th edi,108-18
117.Chehrei A.Biat A,Moghimi A.Basic principal of Medical Scientific Notation. Pejvak publisher,1th edi,79-83
118. Saku M. The current clinical practice of herbal medicine in psychiatry in mainland China:a review of literature.Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol.1991 Dec;45(4):825-32
119. LI YI XU BY.XIAO F.Effect of modified xiaoyao powder for improving sleep in patients with psychological stress insomnia The analysis of treatment of neurasthenia in different combinations of Suanzaoren Tang in 33 patients.ZHONG GUO zhong xi yi zazhi 2009 Mar;29(3):208-11.
120. YI PL.LIN CP.TSAI CH.LIN JG.CHANG FC, The involvement of serotonin receptors in suanzaorentang-induced sleep alteration J Biomed SCI.2007 Nov;14(6):829-40.
121. CHEN GUO FANG et al. the EFFECT of anshen bu nao tang plus ear acupuncture in 64 patients with insomnia.JPMT.2007 Aug;14(22):3008
122. Gao Hong Si.Treatment of Insomnia by renshen yang rong Decoction.Shanxi J of TCM.2003 Dec 12(19):10
123.55. Saito K, Umeda S, Kawashima K, Kano Y. Pharmacological properties of traditional medicines. XXVI. Effects of Sansohnin-to on pentobarbital sleep in stressed mice. BioPharm Bull 2000;23:76-9
124. Yu CZ. The analysis of treatment of neurasthenia in different combinations of Suanzaoren Tang in 209 patients.Shan Dong Yi Kan 1965;9:27.
125. Zhang H, Cao XL, Sun XQ, et al. The treatment of insomnia of Anshen pill in 151 patients [in Chinese]. JTCM 2000;41:418-9
126. Luo L, Nong Wang J, Kong LD, Jiang QG, Tan RX. Antidepressant effects of Banxia Houpu decoction, a traditional Chinese medicinal empirical formula. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;73:277-81.
127. Zhou MY. The traditional Chinese medicine treatment of neurosis in 75 patients [in Chinese]. Shang Hai Zhong Yi Yao Za Zhi 1989;7:5.128.
128. Tian YL, Qin CR. The treatment of chronic fatigue with Xiao Yao Wan in 30 patients [in Chinese]. China's Naturopathy 2000;8:37.
129. Jiang JG, Huang XJ.Chen J.Lin QS.natural product Res,2007 Apr;21(4):310-20.
130. Huang F.Xiong Y,Xul,Ma S.Dou C. Sedative and hypnotic activities of the ethanol fraction from Fructus Schisandrae in mice and rats.J Ethnopharmacol 2007 Apr 4;110(3):471-5
131. Chen LC, chen IC.Wang BR.SHao CH. Drug-use pattern of Chinese herbal medicines in insomnia:a 4-year survey in Taiwan. J clinical pharmaco therapy.2009 Oct;34(5):555-60.
132. Fang XSh, Hao JF, Zhou HY, Zhu LX, Wang JH, Song FQ. Pharmacological studies on the sedative-hypnotic effect of Semen Ziziphi spinosae (Suanzaoren) and Radix et Rhizoma Salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen) extracts and the synergistic effect of their combinations.Phytomedicine.2010 Jan;17(1):75-80.
133. LI H, Gao Y.Liu P.Effect of Tianwang Buxin decoction or Tianwang Buxin without Radix platycodi decoction on brain neurotransmitter of rats hyposomnia model.zhongguo zhong yao za zhi.2009 Jan;34(2):217-23
134. Shinomiya K.Fujimura K.kimY Effects of valerian extract on the sleep-wake cycle in sleep-disturbed rats. Acta med okayama.2005 Jun;59(3):89-92.
135. Wheatley D. Kava and valerian in the treatment of stress-induced insomnia. Phytother Res.2001 Sep;15(6):549-51
136. Li ZW. The study of hypnotic effect of Cinnabaris and Zhu Sha An Shen Wan [in Chinese]. Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 1993; 18:436.
137. YU HAITING.FU HUIPENG.LIU NA.controlled study of Chinese herb vs alperzolam in the treatment of insomnia.j clin psychosom disease 2004;10:94.,
138. Xlang YZ.Shang HC.Gao XM.Zhang BL A comparison of the ancient use of ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine with modern pharmacological experiments and clinical trials.Phytother Res.2008 Jul;22(7):851-8.
139. Cai sheng jun.Treatment of 48 patients with insomnia with gou zao long mu tang.guiding j of TCM.2008 MAR;14(3):46-7
140. xiao xian xiang.hu xiao mei.Treatment of insomnia with herbs base on the time method.modern integrative Chinese and western medicine j.2009Aug;15(9):1417-8
141. han zu liang.Treatment of 83 patients with insomnia with integrative Chinese and western medicine.journal of zhejiang cllege of TCM.2001APRIL;25(4):31-2
142. jia he li.hao fen Ian.Treatment of 84 patients with insomnia with wend an tang.journal of shan xi Chinese medicine.2008APRIL;29(8)1018-19
143. xu yan laili fu yu.Treatment of 64 patients with insomnia with yang zang an shen tang.Prac J Med and Pharm.2004 may;21(3)250
144. ma xiu ping.zhao man hong.Treatment of 68 patients with insomnia with yang xue shu gan tang.Shan xi Chinese J Med and Pharm.2008 may;29(1)59
145. zhao hu cheng.yang wei bin. Treatment of 68 patients with insomnia with Chinese herbs. J of Practical TCM.2007 Feb;23(2)86-7
146. chen li ying.xu de cheng.treatment of insomnia by FuFang Suanzaoren tang.Lioning journal of Traditional Chinese medicine.2002 Nov:29(11)669-70
147.Xing Jia.Guo Rong Juan.Wang Jia lin. Factors of TCM syndrome differentiation in patients with insomnia.j of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.2009 May,16 (3):5-7
148. HU Guang qin.LU Xiaozuo.CHEN Li geng.L I Changsheng.L IU Qiang.LU Pei, L I Qiaofen.ZHOU Bing.L I Zuo wei. Clinical Observa tion of Notoginseng and"Zhenq ingM ianan Decoction"in Treating In somnia of L iver Qi stagnation and Blood stasis. SHanghai. J. TCM Apr.,2009; 4(43):20-23
149. Du cai et al.Global traditional Chinese Medicine.2009 May,3(2):209-10
150. Qi LZ.Ma XP.Yang L.. Observation on the therapeutic effect of neck clustered needling on insomnia.zhongguo zhen jiu 2008 Dec;28(12):861-4
151. Wang XY.Yuan SH.Yang HY.Sun YM. Abdominal acupuncture for insomnia in women:a randomized controlled clinical trial acupuncture electrother Res 2008;33(1-2):33-41.
152. Yueng BF.ZHANG SP.Yap TG. Electroacupuncture for primary insomnia: a randomized controlled trial.Sleep 2009 Aug 1;32(8):1039-47
153. Zhong ZG.Cai H,Li XL,Lu D. Effect of acupuncture combined with massage of sole on sleeping quality of the patient with insomnia Zhongguo zhen jiu.2008 Jun;28(6):411-3
154. LU M.Liu X. Insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen treated by acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese tuina.j Tradit Chin MED 2008 Mar;28(1):10-2.
155. Xuan YB.Guo J.Wang LP,Wu X. Randomized and controlled study on effect of acupuncture on sleep quality in the patient of primary insomnia.Zhong guo zhen jiu 2007 Dec;27(12):886-8
156. Ling L,Jiang XM,Xue JW. Clinical study on the visceral differentiation-based acupuncture therapy for insomnia.J Tradit Chin Med2008 Dec;28(4):270-3.
157. Wei yi Clinical observation on acupoint catgut embedding at head-acupoint combined with massage of sole for treatment of refractory insomnia.zhong guo zhen jiu.2010 Feb;30(2):117-20.
158. Yan XXK.Zhang Y,Yu L,YUE GL.Effect on tranquilizing and allaying excitement needling method on brain blood flow in the patients of insomnia of heart and spleen deficiency.zhongguozhen jiu.2010 Feb;30(2):113-6.
159. Zhou ZL.Shi X,Li SD.Guan L. Scalp penetration acupuncture for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial.Zhong Xi Yi Jie HE XueBao.2010 Feb;8(2):126-30.
160. Ruan JW.Wang CH.Liao XX,Yan YS. Electroacupuncture treatment of chronic insomniacs.Chin Med J.2009 Dec5;122(23):2869-73.
161. Gong YL,Zhang YB.Han C.Clinical observation on therapeutic effect of the pressing plantar reflex area with wooden needle for treatment of patients with insomnia.zhongguo Zhen Jiu.2009 Nov;29(11):935-7.
162. Hughes CM.Mccullough CA.Bradbury I.Acupuncture and reflexology for insomnia:a feasibility study.Acupunct M.2009 Dec;27(4):163-8.
163. Cao H.Pan X,LI H.Liu J. Acupuncture for treatment of insomnia:a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.J altern complement med.2009 Nov;15(11):1171-86.
164. Lee SY.Beak YH.Park SU.Intradermal acupuncture on shen-men and nei-kuan acupoints improves insomnia in stroke patients by reducing the sympathetic nervous activity:a randomized clinical trial. Am J Chin Med.2009;37(6):1013-21
165. Chang Y,Liu YP.Liu CF. The effect on serotonin and MDA levels in depressed patients with insomnia when far-infrared rays are applied to acupoints Am J Chin Med.2009;37(5):837-42.
166. Ju YL,Chi X.Liu Jx. Forty cases of insomnia treated by suspended moxibustion at Baihui (GV 20).J Tradit Chin Med.2009 Jun;29(2):95-6.
167. Huang LS,Wang DL,Wang Cw The needle-rolling therapy for treatment of non-organic chronic insomnia in 90 cases J tradit Chin Med.2009 Mar;29(1):19-23.
168. Ruan Jw.Clinical observation on acupuncture regulating "double vitality" for treatment of insomnia,Zhongguo Zhen jiu.2009 May;29(5):371-3.
169. Hu YP,Li H,Yin C,Wang YJ,Luo R. Observation on therapeutic effect of Chuzhen therapy on insomnia Zhongguo Zhen Jiu.2009 May;29(5):365-9.
170. Nordio M,Romanelli F. Efficacy of wrists overnight compression (HT 7 point) on insomniacs:possible role of melatonin.Minerva Med 2008 Dec;99(6):539-47.
171. Cerrone R,Giani L,Galbiati,Messina G Efficacy of HT 7 point acupressure stimulation in the treatment of insomnia in cancer patients and in patients suffering from disorders other than cancer.Minerva Med2008 Dec;99(6):535-7.
172. Xiao XI,Liu ZS. Comparison of therapeutic effects of electroacupuncture treatment of insomnia at different time.Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2008 Jun;33(3):201-4.
173. Sjoling M,Rolled M,England E. Auricular acupuncture versus sham acupuncture in the treatment of women who have insomnia.J ALtern Complement Med.2008 Jan-Feb;14(1):39-46
174. Dong JP,Wang S,SUN WY,Liu F. Randomized controlled observation on head point-through-point therapy for treatment of insomnia.Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2008 Mar;28(3):159-62.
175. Tang SC,Liu JM,Liu GL Clinical observation on effect of electric acupuncture at Sishencong in treating insomnia. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.2007 Nov;27(11):1030-2.
176. Gooneratne NS Complementary and alternative medicine for sleep disturbances in older adults.clin Geriatr Med.2008 Feb;24(1):121-38, ⅷ
177. Gao XY,Ma QL,Hu B. Effects of acupuncture at "Sishencong" (EX-HN 1) on physiological functions in the sleep disorder model mouseZhongguo Zhen Jiu.2007 Sep;27(9):681-3.
178. Gao XY,Wei YL,Shao SJ,Li XR,Zhang HJ,Wang J,Ma QL.Multiple central clinical studies on the needling method for regulating wei and strengthening brain for treatment of insomnia.Zhongguo Zhen jiu.2007 Aug;27(8):623-5.
179. Kim KB,Sok SR. Auricular acupuncture for insomnia:duration and effects in Korean older adults J Gerontol Nurs.2007 Aug;33(8):23-8; quiz 30-1 180. Cabrini L,Gioia L,Gemma M. Bispectral index evaluation of the sedative effect of acupuncture in healthy volunteers. J clin Monit Comput.2006 Oct;20(5):311-5. Epub 2006 Sep 19
181. Huang MI,Nir Y,Chen B,Schnyer R,Manber R.A randomized controlled pilot study of acupuncture for postmenopausal hot flashes:effect on nocturnal hot flashes and sleep quality.Fertil Steril 2006 fep;86(3):700-10.
182. Wang CW,Kang J,Zhou JW,Hu YP,Li N Effect of rolling needle therapy on quality of life in the patient of non-organic chronic insomnia:a randomized controlled trial.Zhongguo Zhen Jiu.2006 Jul;26(7):461-5.
183. Ruan JW,Hu YH,Rao ZD,Wen M,Zeng XX. Effects of the degrees of anxiety and depression on the therapeutic effect of acupuncture in the patient of insomnia.Zhongguo Zhen Jiu.2006 Mar;26(3):186-8.
184. Luo L,Hu YP,Yu SG,Li N Observation on therapeutic effect of rolling needle therapy on insomnia Zhongguo Zhen Jiu2006 Mar;26(3):183-5.
185. Wang SG Clinical observation on acupuncture at Zhaohai (KI 6) and Shenmai (BL 62) for treatment of insomnia Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2005 Nov;25(11):771-2
186. Lin TY.Observation on therapeutic effect of acupuncture at points Daling (PC 7) and "Shimian" in 48 cases of refractory insomnia.Zhongguo Zhen Jiu.2005 May;25(5):331-2.
187. Da Siliva JB,Nakamura MU,Cordeiro JA,Kulay LJ Acupuncture for insomnia in pregnancy--a prospective, quasi-randomised, controlled study.Acupunct med.2005 Jun;23(2):47-51
188. Kim Ys,Lee SH,Jung WS,Park SU,Moon SK,Ko CN,Chao KH,Bao HS. Intradermal acupuncture on shen-men and nei-kuan acupoints in patients with insomnia after stroke.Am J Chin Med 2004;32(5):771-8.
189. Tsay SL,Cho YC,Chen ML. Acupressure and Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation in improving fatigue, sleep quality and depression in hemodialysis patients. Am J Chin Med.2004;32(3):407-16
190. Spence DW,Kayumov L,Chen A,Lowe A,Jain U,Katzman MA. Acupuncture increases nocturnal melatonin secretion and reduces insomnia and anxiety:a preliminary report. J Neuropsychiatery Clin Neurosci.2004 Winter; 16(1):19-28.
191. Montakab H. Acupuncture and insomnia.Forsch Komplementaned.1999 Feb;6 Suppl 1:29-31
192. Becker-carus C,Heyden T,Kelle A Effectiveness of acupuncture and attitude-relaxation training in the treatment of primary sleep disorders.Z Klin Psychol Psychopathol Psychother.1985;33(2):161-72.
193. Scharf MB,Roth PB,Dominquez RA. Estazolam and flurazepam:a multicenter, placebo-controlled comparative study in outpatients with insomnia.J clin Pharmacol.1990 May;30(5):461-7.
194. Ringdahl EN, Pereira SL, Delzell JE Jr. Treatment of primary insomnia.J Am Board Fam Pract.2004 May-Jun;17(3):212-9
195. Roehrs T,Zorick F,Lord N,Koshorek GL,Roth T. Dose-related effects of estazolam on sleep of patients with insomnia.J Clin Psychopharmacol.1983 Jun;3(3):152-6.
196. Piierce MW,Shu VS. Efficacy of estazolam. The United States clinical experience.Am J Med.1990 Mar 2;88(3A):6S-11S.
197. Dominquez RA,Goldstein BJ,Jacobson AF,Steinbook RM Comparative efficacy of estazolam, flurazepam, and placebo in outpatients with insomnia.J Clin Psychiatry.1986 Jul;47(7):362-5.
198. Lamphere,Roehrs t,Zorick F,Koshorek G,Roth T. Chronic hypnotic efficacy of estazolam. Drug Exp Clin Res.1986;12(8):687-91.
199.Belanger L,Morin CM,Bastein C,Ladouceur R. Self-efficacy and compliance with benzodiazepine taper in older adults with chronic insomnia. Health Psychol.2005 May;24(3):281-7
200. O'Connor K et al.Cognitive-behavioural, pharmacological and psychosocial predictors of outcome during tapered discontinuation of benzodiazepine. Clin Psychol Psychother.2008 Jan;15(1):1-14.
201. Belleville G,Guay B,Morin CM. Hypnotic taper with or without self-help treatment of insomnia:a randomized clinical trial.J Consult Clin Psychol.2007 Apr;75(2):325-35.
202. Morin CM,Belanger L,Bastien C,Vallieres A. Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia:a survival analysis of relapse.Behav Res Ther,2005 Jan;43(1):1-14.
203.Morin CM. Belanger L,Bastein C,vallieres A. Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia:a survival analysis of relapse. Behav Res Ther.2005 Jan;43(1):1-14
204. Bastien CH, vallieres A, Morin CM:Validation of the insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep med 2:297-307, 2001
205. Savard MH,Savard J,Simard S,et al:Empirical validation of the Insomnia Severity Index in cancer patients.Psychooncology 14:429-41,2005
206. Belanger L, Morin CM.Langlois F,et al:lnsomnia and generalized anxiety disorder:effects of cognitive behavior therapy for GAD on insomnia symptoms.J Anxiety Disorder 18:561-571,2004
207. Savard J, Simard S, ivers h, et al:Randomized study on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia secondary to breast cancer, part 1: sleep and psychological effects.J Clin Oncol 23:6083-6096,2005.
208.3. Bastien CH, vallieres A, Morin CM:Validation of the insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep med 2:297-307, 2001
References：
1. Cai Jlngfeng et al. Advanced textbook on Traditional Chinese medicine and
Pharmacology,vol.1.1st ed.Beijing:New World Press; 1995:184-86,
2. Giovannni Maciocia.Diagnosis of Chinese Medicine.1st ed.London:
Churchill Livingstone：2004：33-4,347-49,807-9
3. An shenshi.Internal Medicine.1st ed. California:Publishing Group.2003:55-61
4. Wang xin Yue.Internal Medicine of traditional Chinese medicine.1st
ed.Beijing:Higher Education press.2007:567-74
5. Cai Jlngfeng et al. Advanced textbook on Traditional Chinese medicine and
Pharmacology, vol.4.1st ed.Beijing:New World Press; 1997:219-20
6. Cai Jlngfeng et al. Advanced textbook on Traditional Chinese medicine and
Pharmacology, vol.2.1st ed.Beijing:New World Press; 1995:120-25
7. Bai X, Huang Z, Mo Z, Pan H, Ding H. Effects of total saponins of semen
ziziphi Spinosae on brain damage and brain biochemical parameters in
cerebral ischemia of rats. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1996; 21:110-2.
8. Wu SX, Zhang JX, Xu T, Li LF, Zhao SY, Lan MY. Effects of seeds, leaves
and fruits of Ziziphus spinosa and jujuboside an on central nervous system
function. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1993; 18:685-7,703-4.
9. Saito K, Umeda S, Kawashima K, Kano Y. Pharmacological properties of
traditional medicines. ⅩⅩⅥ:Effects of Sansohnin-to on pentobarbital sleep in
stressed mice.Bi0
Pharm Bull 2000; 23:76-9.
10. Zhang Z. The lecture notes of the synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden
Chamber.1st ed. Hong Kong:Yi Yao Wei Sheng Chu Ban She; 1967.
11. Liao JF, Jan YM, Huang SY, Wang HH, Yu LL, Chen CF.Evaluation with
receptor binding assay on the water extracts of ten CNS-active Chinese herbal
drugs. Proc Natl Sci Counc Rep China B 1995; 19:151-8.
12. Yang J, Xu J, Zhou L, et al. Sedative-hypnotic effect of caulis Polygoni
multiflori decoction [in Chinese]. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 1990;
21：175-7.
13. Liu XC, Yang J. The external use of Cinnabaris in children in the treatment
of night terror and sleeping difficulties [in Chinese]. China's Naturopathy 2000;
8：21.
14. Chen Q. The Clinical and pharmacology of the Chinese patent medicine.
1st ed. Beijing:Ran Min Weir Min Chu Ban She; 1998:342-59.
15. Wang B. Miraculous pivot [in Chinese]. Shanghai:Zhonghua Shu Ju; 1936.
16.Chan K. Progress in traditional Chinese medicine. Trends Pharmacol Sci
1995：16：182-7.
17.Shen xue yong.Acupuncture and Moxabustion.2TH Ed.Beijing:people"s
Medical Publishing House.2007:481-2
18. David Twicken-Taoist Time Acupuncture-2009 Lulu publication
19. Piao Lian-you et al. Time method acupuncture. People Medical Publishing
House-2006-PP 31-350
20. Dan BANsky and Randall Barolet.Chinese herbal medicine formula and
strategies.1st Ed.USA：Eastland press.1990：147-8
21. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep
disorders,2nd ed.:diagnostic and coding manual. Westchester, IL:American
Academy of Sleep Medicine,2005.
22. Littner M, Hirshkowitz M, Kramer M; Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for using polysomnography to evaluate insomnia:an update for 2002. Sleep 2003; 26:754-60.
23. Littner M, Kushida C, Wise M, et al. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency tests and the maintenance of wakefulness test. Sleep 2005; 28:113-21.
24. Chesson AL Jr, Anderson WM, Littner M, et al. Practice parameters for the nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep 1999;22:1128-33.
25. Morgenthaler T, Kramer M, Alessi C, et al. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia:an update. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep 2006; 29:1415-9.
26. Morgenthaler T, Alessi C, Friedman L, et al. Practice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the assessment of sleep and sleep disorders:an update for 2007. Sleep 2007; 30:519-29.
27. Sackett DL. Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations for the management of patients. Can J Cardiol 1993; 9:487-9.
28. Johnson E. Epidemiology of insomnia:from adolescence to old age. Sleep Med Clin 2006; 1:305-17.
29. Kryger M. The burden of chronic insomnia on society:awakening insomnia management. Presented at:20th Anniversary Meeting of APSS,2006, Salt Lake City, UT
30. Ancoli-lsrael S, Roth T. Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. Sleep 1999; 22:S347-53.
31. Taylor D, Mallory LJ, Lichstein KL, et al. Co morbidity of Chronic insomnia with medical problems. Sleep 2007; 30:213-8.
32. Benca R, Ancoli-lsrael S, Moldofsky H. Special considerations in insomnia diagnosis and management:depressed, elderly, and chronic pain populations. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:S26-S35.
33. Ohayon M. Epidemiology of insomnia:what we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Med Rev 2002; 6:97-111.
34. Morin C, LeBlanc M, Daley M, Gregoire JP, Merette C. Epidemiology of insomnia:prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors. Sleep Med2006; 7:123-30.
35. Perlis M, Smith MT, Pigeon WR. Etiology and pathophysiology of insomnia. In:Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and practice of sleep medicine,4th ed. Philadelphia:Elsevier Saunders,2005:714-25.
36. Perlis M, Giles DE, Mendelson WB, Bootzin RR, Wyatt JK.Psychophysiological insomnia:the behavioral model and a neurocognitive perspective. J Sleep Res 1997; 6:179-88.
37. Spielman A, Caruso L, Glovinsky P. A behavioral perspective on insomnia treatment. Psychiatr Clinic North Am 1987; 10:541-53.
38. Harvey A. A cognitive model of insomnia. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40:869-93.
39. Lichstein K, Durrence HH, Taylor DJ, et al. Quantitative criteria for insomnia. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41:427-45.
40. Edinger J, Bonnet MH, Bootzin RR, et al. Derivation of research diagnostic criteria for insomnia:Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Work Group. Sleep 2004; 27:1567-96.
41. Sateia M, Doghramji K, Hauri PJ, et al. Evaluation of chronic insomnia. Sleep 2000; 23:243-308.
42. Spielman A, Yang CM, Glovinsky PG. Assessment techniques for insomnia. In:Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and practice of sleep medicine,4th ed. Philadelphia:Elsevier Saunders,2005.
43. Todd Arnedt J, Conroy D, Aloia M. Evaluation of insomnia patients.Sleep Med Clin 2006; 1:319-32.
44. Hauri PJ. Consulting about insomnia:a method and some preliminary data. Sleep 1993; 16:344-50.
45. Leger D, Guilleminault C, Bader G, Levy E, Paillard, M.Medical and socio-professional impact of insomnia. Sleep 2002; 25:625-9.
46. Leger D, Massuel MA, Metlaine A; SISYPHE Study Group. Professional correlates of insomnia [see comment]. Sleep 2006;29:171-8.
47. Taylor D, Lichstein KL, Durrence HH. Insomnia as a health risk factor. Behav Sleep Med 2003;1:227-47.
48. National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Health State of the Science Conference statement on Manifestations and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults, June 13-15,2005. Sleep 2005; 28:1049-57.
49. Lichstein KL, Wilson NM, Johnson CT. Psychological treatment of secondary insomnia. Psychol Aging 2000; 15:232-40.
50. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Certified behavioral sleep medicine specialists. http://www.aasmnet.org/BSMSpecialists.aspx.2007.
51. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Centers for Sleep Medicine.http://www.sleepcenters.org/.2007.
52. Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, Cheng C, King D. Metaanalysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia.CMAJ 2000;162:225-33.
53. Holbrook A, Crowther R, Lotter A, Endeshaw Y The role of benzodiazepines in the treatment of insomnia:meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001:49:824-6.
54. Nowell P, Mazumdar S, Buysse DJ, et al. Benzodiazepines and zolpidem for chronic insomnia:A meta-analysis of treatment efficacy.JAMA 1997:278:2170-7.
55. Erman M, Seiden D, Zammit G, Sainati S, Zhang J. An efficacy, safety, and dose-response study of Ramelteon in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med 2006; 7:17-24.
56. Roth T, Stubbs C, Walsh JK, et al. Ramelteon (TAK-375), a selective MT1/MT2-receptor agonist, reduces latency to persistent sleep in a model of transient insomnia related to a novel sleep environment. Sleep 2005; 28:303-7.
57. Barbera J, Shapiro C. Benefit-risk assessment of zaleplon in the treatment of insomnia. Drug Saf 2005;28:301-18.
58. Hajak G, Rodenbeck A, Voderholzer U, et al. Uoxepin in tne treatment ot primary insomnia:a placebo-controlled, aouDie-biina.poiysomnograpnic siuay. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:453-63.
59. Riemann D, Voderholzer, U, Cohrs S, et al. Trimipramine in primary insomnia:results of a polysomnographic double-blind controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002; 35:165-74.
60. Mendelson W. A review of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of trazodone in insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:469-76.
61. Walsh J, Erman M, Erwin CW, et al. Subjective hypnotic efficacy of trazodone and zolpidem in DSMIII-R primary insomnia. Hum Psychopharmacol 1998; 13:191-8.
62. Winokur A, DeMartinis NA 3rd, McNally DP, Gary EM, Cormier JL, Gary KA. Comparative effects of mirtazapine and fluoxetine on sleep physiology measures with major depression and insomnia.J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:1224-9.
63. Morin CM, Koetter U, Bastien C, Ware JC, Wooten V. Valerian-hops combination and diphenhydramine for treating insomnia:a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sleep 2005;28:1465-71.
64. Bent S, Padula A, Moore D, et al. Valerian for sleep:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2006;119:1005-12?
65. Brzezinski A, Vangel MG, Wurtman RJ, et al. Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep:a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 6:41-50.
66. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, et al. The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders:a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2005; 20:1151-8.
67. Wheatley D. Kava and valerian in the treatment of stress-induced insomnia. Phytother Res 2001; 15:549-51.
68. Meoli A, Rosen C, Kristo D, et al. Oral nonprescription treatment for insomnia:an evaluation of products with limited evidence. J Clin Sleep Med 2005; 1:173-87.
69. Perlis ML, McCall WV, Krystal AD, Walsh JK. Long-term, nonnightly administration of zolpidem in the treatment of patients with primary insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:1128-37.
70. Hajak G, Cluydts R, Declerck A, et al. Continuous versus nonnightly use of zolpidem in chronic insomnia:results of a largescale.double-blind, randomized, outpatient study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17:9-17.
71. Walsh J, Roth T, Randazzo A, et al. Eight weeks of non-nightly use of zolpidem for primary insomnia. Sleep 2000; 28:1087-96.
72. Krystal A, Walsh JK, Laska E et al. Sustained efficacy of eszopiclone over 6 months of nightly treatment:results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep 2003; 26:793-9.
73. Roth T, Walsh JK, Krystal A, Wessel T, Roehrs TA. An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of eszopiclone over 12 months in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med 2005;6:487-95.
74. Ancoli-lsrael S, Richardson GS, Mangano RM, Jenkins L, Hall P.Jones WS. Long-term use of sedative hypnotics in older patients with insomnia. Sleep Med 2005;6:107-13.
75. Ohayon M, Caulet M, Arbus L, et al. Are prescribed medicationseffective in the treatment of insomnia complaints? J Psychosom Res 1999;47:359-68.
76. Merlotti L, Roehrs T, Zorick F, Roth T. Rebound insomnia:duration of use and individual differences. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:368-73.
77. Roehrs T, Merlotti L, Zorick F, Roth T. Rebound insomnia in normals and patients with insomnia after abrupt and tapered discontinuation.Psychopharmacology 1992;108:67-71.
78. Morgan K, Dixon S, Mathers N, Thompson J, Tomeny M. Psychological treatment for insomnia in the management of longterm hypnotic drug use:a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.Br J Gen Pract 2003;53:923-8.
79. Morin CM, Bastien C, Guay B, Radouco-Thomas M, Leblanc J,Vallieres A. Randomized clinical trial of supervised tapering and cognitive behavior therapy to facilitate benzodiazepine discontinuation in older adults with chronic insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:332-42.
80. Allain H, Bentue-Ferrer D, Polard E, Akwa Y, Patat A. Postural instability and consequent falls and hip fractures associated with use of hypnotics in the elderly:a comparative review. Drugs Aging 2005;22:749-65.
81. Glass J, Lanctot KL, Herrmann N, et al. Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia:meta-analysis of risks and benefits.BMJ 2005;331:1169.
82. Avidan AY, Fries BE, James ML, Szafara KL, Wright GT, Chervin RD. Insomnia and hypnotic use, recorded in the minimum data set, as predictors of falls and hip fractures in Michigan nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:955-62.
83. Fava, M, McCall, WV, Krystal A, et al. Eszopiclone co-administered with fluoxetine in patients with insomnia coexisitng with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:1052-60.
84. Nierenberg A, Adler LA, Peselow E, et al. Trazodone for antidepressant-associated insomnia Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1069-72.
85. Jacobs GD, Pace-Schott, EF, Stickgold, R, Otto MW. Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia:a randomized controlled trial and direct comparison. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1888-96.
86. Morin CM, Colecchi C, Stone J, Sood R, Brink D. Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia:a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999,281:991-9.
87. Morin C, Bootzin R, Buysse D, Edinger J, Espie C, Lichstein K.Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia:update of the recent evidence (1998-2004). Sleep 2006;29:1398-414.
88. Hajak G, Bandelow B, Zulley J, Pittrow D. "As needed" pharmacotherapy combined with stimulus control treatment in chronic insomnia--assessment of a novel intervention strategy in a primary care setting. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2002; 14:1-7.
89. Hauri PJ. Can we mix behavioral therapy with hypnotics when treating insomniacs? Sleep 1997;20:1111-8.
90. Morin CM, Hauri PJ, Espie CA, Spielman AJ, Buysse DJ, Bootzin RR. Nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 1999;22:1134-56.
91. Sun HS,Yan JL Investigation on the title of bu mei (sleepless)Zhonghua YiShi Za Zhi.2005 Jan;35(1):214-7.
92. Wong AH, Smith M, Boon HS. Herbal remedies in psychiatric practice. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:1033-44
93. Ernst E. Herbal medications for common ailments in the elderly. Drugs Aging 1999;15:423-8.
94. Linde K, Ramirez G, Mulrow CD, Pauls A, Weidenhammer W, Melchart D. St John's wort for depression--an overview and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1996; 313:253-8.
95. Sharpley AL, McGavin CL, Whale R, Cowen PJ.Antidepressant-like effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) on the sleep polysomnogram. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998; 139:286-7.
96. Schulz H, Jobert M. Effects of hypericum extract on the sleep EEG in older volunteers. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1994;7 (Suppl 1):39S-43S.
97. Nathan PJ. Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort):a nonselective reuptake inhibitor? A review of the recent advances in its pharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2001; 15:47-54.
98. Woelk H. Comparison of St John's wort and imipramine for treating depression:randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2000; 321:536-9.
99. Suzuki 0, Katsumata Y, Oya M, Bladt S, Wagner H. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by hypericin. Planta Med 1984;50:272-4.
100. Wong AH, Smith M, Boon HS. Herbal remedies in psychiatric practice. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:1033-44.
101. Leuschner J, Muller J, Rudmann M. Characterisation of the central nervous depressant activity of a commercially available valerian root extract. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:638-41.
102. Sakamoto T, Mitani Y, Nakajima K. Psychotropic effects of Japanese valerian root extract. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1992; 40:758-61
103. Donath F, Quispe S, Diefenbach K, Maurer A, Fietze I, Roots I. Critical evaluation of the effect of valerian extract on sleep structure and sleep quality. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000;33:47-53.
104. Schulz H, Stolz C, Muller J. The effect of valerian extract on sleep polygraphy in poor sleepers:a pilot study. Pharmacopsychiatry 1994;27:147-51.
105. Leuschner J, Muller J, Rudmann M. Characterisation of the central nervous depressant activity of a commercially available valerian root extract. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:638-41.
106. Attele AS, Xie JT, Yuan CS. Treatment of insomnia:an alternative approach. Altern Med Rev 2000;5:249-59.
107. Garges HP, Varia I, Doraiswamy PM. Cardiac complications and delirium associated with valerian root withdrawal. JAMA 1998;280:1566-7.
108. Qian XZ. The colour pictorial handbook of the Chinese herbal. The common Chinese herbal medicine vol 1 [in Chinese].1sted. Beijing:Ren Min Wei Sheng Chu Ban She; 1996.
109. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal medicines:a guide for health care professionals. London:Pharmaceutical Press; 1996.
110. Perharic L, Shaw D, Colbridge M, House I, Leon C, Murray V. Toxicological problems resulting from exposure to traditional remedies and food supplements. Drug Saf 1994; 11:284-94.
111. Hansel R, Wohlfart R, Coper H. Sedative-hypnotic compounds in the exhalation of hops, II [in German]. Z Naturforsch [C] 1980;35:1096-7.
112. Schmitz M, Jackel M. Comparative study for assessing quality of life of patients with exogenous sleep disorders (temporary sleep onset and sleep interruption disorders) treated with a hopsvalerian preparation and a benzodiazepine drug [in German].Wien Med Wochenschr 1998;148:291-8.
113.People's republic Health organization, New Chinese herb treat insomnia research,1th editon,1993,61
114.Xiao Xian Xiang.Hu Xiao mei.treat insomnia by Chinese herb base on time method.Modern integrated Medicine Journal 2000;9:1417-18
115. Dowson-Sanders B.,Trapp R.G.Basic and Clinical Biostatics.Lang publisher,1994
116.Khedmat H.Navidi A A et al.Research Methods in medical sciences.Teimurzade publisher,2th edi,108-18
117.Chehrei A.Biat A,Moghimi A.Basic principal of Medical Scientific Notation. Pejvak publisher,1th edi,79-83
118. Saku M. The current clinical practice of herbal medicine in psychiatry in mainland China:a review of literature.Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol.1991 Dec;45(4):825-32
119. LI YI XU BY.XIAO F.Effect of modified xiaoyao powder for improving sleep in patients with psychological stress insomnia The analysis of treatment of neurasthenia in different combinations of Suanzaoren Tang in 33 patients.ZHONG GUO zhong xi yi zazhi 2009 Mar;29(3):208-11.
120. YI PL.LIN CP.TSAI CH.LIN JG.CHANG FC, The involvement of serotonin receptors in suanzaorentang-induced sleep alteration J Biomed SCI.2007 Nov;14(6):829-40.
121. CHEN GUO FANG et al. the EFFECT of anshen bu nao tang plus ear acupuncture in 64 patients with insomnia.JPMT.2007 Aug;14(22):3008
122. Gao Hong Si.Treatment of Insomnia by renshen yang rong Decoction.Shanxi J of TCM.2003 Dec 12(19):10
123.55. Saito K, Umeda S, Kawashima K, Kano Y. Pharmacological properties of traditional medicines. XXVI. Effects of Sansohnin-to on pentobarbital sleep in stressed mice. BioPharm Bull 2000;23:76-9
124. Yu CZ. The analysis of treatment of neurasthenia in different combinations of Suanzaoren Tang in 209 patients.Shan Dong Yi Kan 1965;9:27.
125. Zhang H, Cao XL, Sun XQ, et al. The treatment of insomnia of Anshen pill in 151 patients [in Chinese]. JTCM 2000;41:418-9
126. Luo L, Nong Wang J, Kong LD, Jiang QG, Tan RX. Antidepressant effects of Banxia Houpu decoction, a traditional Chinese medicinal empirical formula. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;73:277-81.
127. Zhou MY. The traditional Chinese medicine treatment of neurosis in 75 patients [in Chinese]. Shang Hai Zhong Yi Yao Za Zhi 1989;7:5.128.
128. Tian YL, Qin CR. The treatment of chronic fatigue with Xiao Yao Wan in 30 patients [in Chinese]. China's Naturopathy 2000;8:37.
129. Jiang JG, Huang XJ.Chen J.Lin QS.natural product Res,2007 Apr;21(4):310-20.
130. Huang F.Xiong Y,Xul,Ma S.Dou C. Sedative and hypnotic activities of the ethanol fraction from Fructus Schisandrae in mice and rats.J Ethnopharmacol 2007 Apr 4;110(3):471-5
131. Chen LC, chen IC.Wang BR.SHao CH. Drug-use pattern of Chinese herbal medicines in insomnia:a 4-year survey in Taiwan. J clinical pharmaco therapy.2009 Oct;34(5):555-60.
132. Fang XSh, Hao JF, Zhou HY, Zhu LX, Wang JH, Song FQ. Pharmacological studies on the sedative-hypnotic effect of Semen Ziziphi spinosae (Suanzaoren) and Radix et Rhizoma Salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen) extracts and the synergistic effect of their combinations.Phytomedicine.2010 Jan;17(1):75-80.
133. LI H, Gao Y.Liu P.Effect of Tianwang Buxin decoction or Tianwang Buxin without Radix platycodi decoction on brain neurotransmitter of rats hyposomnia model.zhongguo zhong yao za zhi.2009 Jan;34(2):217-23
134. Shinomiya K.Fujimura K.kimY Effects of valerian extract on the sleep-wake cycle in sleep-disturbed rats. Acta med okayama.2005 Jun;59(3):89-92.
135. Wheatley D. Kava and valerian in the treatment of stress-induced insomnia. Phytother Res.2001 Sep;15(6):549-51
136. Li ZW. The study of hypnotic effect of Cinnabaris and Zhu Sha An Shen Wan [in Chinese]. Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 1993; 18:436.
137. YU HAITING.FU HUIPENG.LIU NA.controlled study of Chinese herb vs alperzolam in the treatment of insomnia.j clin psychosom disease 2004;10:94.,
138. Xlang YZ.Shang HC.Gao XM.Zhang BL A comparison of the ancient use of ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine with modern pharmacological experiments and clinical trials.Phytother Res.2008 Jul;22(7):851-8.
139. Cai sheng jun.Treatment of 48 patients with insomnia with gou zao long mu tang.guiding j of TCM.2008 MAR;14(3):46-7
140. xiao xian xiang.hu xiao mei.Treatment of insomnia with herbs base on the time method.modern integrative Chinese and western medicine j.2009Aug;15(9):1417-8
141. han zu liang.Treatment of 83 patients with insomnia with integrative Chinese and western medicine.journal of zhejiang cllege of TCM.2001APRIL;25(4):31-2
142. jia he li.hao fen Ian.Treatment of 84 patients with insomnia with wend an tang.journal of shan xi Chinese medicine.2008APRIL;29(8)1018-19
143. xu yan laili fu yu.Treatment of 64 patients with insomnia with yang zang an shen tang.Prac J Med and Pharm.2004 may;21(3)250
144. ma xiu ping.zhao man hong.Treatment of 68 patients with insomnia with yang xue shu gan tang.Shan xi Chinese J Med and Pharm.2008 may;29(1)59
145. zhao hu cheng.yang wei bin. Treatment of 68 patients with insomnia with Chinese herbs. J of Practical TCM.2007 Feb;23(2)86-7
146. chen li ying.xu de cheng.treatment of insomnia by FuFang Suanzaoren tang.Lioning journal of Traditional Chinese medicine.2002 Nov:29(11)669-70
147.Xing Jia.Guo Rong Juan.Wang Jia lin. Factors of TCM syndrome differentiation in patients with insomnia.j of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.2009 May,16 (3):5-7
148. HU Guang qin.LU Xiaozuo.CHEN Li geng.L I Changsheng.L IU Qiang.LU Pei, L I Qiaofen.ZHOU Bing.L I Zuo wei. Clinical Observa tion of Notoginseng and"Zhenq ingM ianan Decoction"in Treating In somnia of L iver Qi stagnation and Blood stasis. SHanghai. J. TCM Apr.,2009; 4(43):20-23
149. Du cai et al.Global traditional Chinese Medicine.2009 May,3(2):209-10
150. Qi LZ.Ma XP.Yang L.. Observation on the therapeutic effect of neck clustered needling on insomnia.zhongguo zhen jiu 2008 Dec;28(12):861-4
151. Wang XY.Yuan SH.Yang HY.Sun YM. Abdominal acupuncture for insomnia in women:a randomized controlled clinical trial acupuncture electrother Res 2008;33(1-2):33-41.
152. Yueng BF.ZHANG SP.Yap TG. Electroacupuncture for primary insomnia: a randomized controlled trial.Sleep 2009 Aug 1;32(8):1039-47
153. Zhong ZG.Cai H,Li XL,Lu D. Effect of acupuncture combined with massage of sole on sleeping quality of the patient with insomnia Zhongguo zhen jiu.2008 Jun;28(6):411-3
154. LU M.Liu X. Insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen treated by acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese tuina.j Tradit Chin MED 2008 Mar;28(1):10-2.
155. Xuan YB.Guo J.Wang LP,Wu X. Randomized and controlled study on effect of acupuncture on sleep quality in the patient of primary insomnia.Zhong guo zhen jiu 2007 Dec;27(12):886-8
156. Ling L,Jiang XM,Xue JW. Clinical study on the visceral differentiation-based acupuncture therapy for insomnia.J Tradit Chin Med2008 Dec;28(4):270-3.
157. Wei yi Clinical observation on acupoint catgut embedding at head-acupoint combined with massage of sole for treatment of refractory insomnia.zhong guo zhen jiu.2010 Feb;30(2):117-20.
158. Yan XXK.Zhang Y,Yu L,YUE GL.Effect on tranquilizing and allaying excitement needling method on brain blood flow in the patients of insomnia of heart and spleen deficiency.zhongguozhen jiu.2010 Feb;30(2):113-6.
159. Zhou ZL.Shi X,Li SD.Guan L. Scalp penetration acupuncture for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial.Zhong Xi Yi Jie HE XueBao.2010 Feb;8(2):126-30.
160. Ruan JW.Wang CH.Liao XX,Yan YS. Electroacupuncture treatment of chronic insomniacs.Chin Med J.2009 Dec5;122(23):2869-73.
161. Gong YL,Zhang YB.Han C.Clinical observation on therapeutic effect of the pressing plantar reflex area with wooden needle for treatment of patients with insomnia.zhongguo Zhen Jiu.2009 Nov;29(11):935-7.
162. Hughes CM.Mccullough CA.Bradbury I.Acupuncture and reflexology for insomnia:a feasibility study.Acupunct M.2009 Dec;27(4):163-8.
163. Cao H.Pan X,LI H.Liu J. Acupuncture for treatment of insomnia:a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.J altern complement med.2009 Nov;15(11):1171-86.
164. Lee SY.Beak YH.Park SU.Intradermal acupuncture on shen-men and nei-kuan acupoints improves insomnia in stroke patients by reducing the sympathetic nervous activity:a randomized clinical trial. Am J Chin Med.2009;37(6):1013-21
165. Chang Y,Liu YP.Liu CF. The effect on serotonin and MDA levels in depressed patients with insomnia when far-infrared rays are applied to acupoints Am J Chin Med.2009;37(5):837-42.
166. Ju YL,Chi X.Liu Jx. Forty cases of insomnia treated by suspended moxibustion at Baihui (GV 20).J Tradit Chin Med.2009 Jun;29(2):95-6.
167. Huang LS,Wang DL,Wang Cw The needle-rolling therapy for treatment of non-organic chronic insomnia in 90 cases J tradit Chin Med.2009 Mar;29(1):19-23.
168. Ruan Jw.Clinical observation on acupuncture regulating "double vitality" for treatment of insomnia,Zhongguo Zhen jiu.2009 May;29(5):371-3.
169. Hu YP,Li H,Yin C,Wang YJ,Luo R. Observation on therapeutic effect of Chuzhen therapy on insomnia Zhongguo Zhen Jiu.2009 May;29(5):365-9.
170. Nordio M,Romanelli F. Efficacy of wrists overnight compression (HT 7 point) on insomniacs:possible role of melatonin.Minerva Med 2008 Dec;99(6):539-47.
171. Cerrone R,Giani L,Galbiati,Messina G Efficacy of HT 7 point acupressure stimulation in the treatment of insomnia in cancer patients and in patients suffering from disorders other than cancer.Minerva Med2008 Dec;99(6):535-7.
172. Xiao XI,Liu ZS. Comparison of therapeutic effects of electroacupuncture treatment of insomnia at different time.Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2008 Jun;33(3):201-4.
173. Sjoling M,Rolled M,England E. Auricular acupuncture versus sham acupuncture in the treatment of women who have insomnia.J ALtern Complement Med.2008 Jan-Feb;14(1):39-46
174. Dong JP,Wang S,SUN WY,Liu F. Randomized controlled observation on head point-through-point therapy for treatment of insomnia.Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2008 Mar;28(3):159-62.
175. Tang SC,Liu JM,Liu GL Clinical observation on effect of electric acupuncture at Sishencong in treating insomnia. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.2007 Nov;27(11):1030-2.
176. Gooneratne NS Complementary and alternative medicine for sleep disturbances in older adults.clin Geriatr Med.2008 Feb;24(1):121-38, ⅷ
177. Gao XY,Ma QL,Hu B. Effects of acupuncture at "Sishencong" (EX-HN 1) on physiological functions in the sleep disorder model mouseZhongguo Zhen Jiu.2007 Sep;27(9):681-3.
178. Gao XY,Wei YL,Shao SJ,Li XR,Zhang HJ,Wang J,Ma QL.Multiple central clinical studies on the needling method for regulating wei and strengthening brain for treatment of insomnia.Zhongguo Zhen jiu.2007 Aug;27(8):623-5.
179. Kim KB,Sok SR. Auricular acupuncture for insomnia:duration and effects in Korean older adults J Gerontol Nurs.2007 Aug;33(8):23-8; quiz 30-1 180. Cabrini L,Gioia L,Gemma M. Bispectral index evaluation of the sedative effect of acupuncture in healthy volunteers. J clin Monit Comput.2006 Oct;20(5):311-5. Epub 2006 Sep 19
181. Huang MI,Nir Y,Chen B,Schnyer R,Manber R.A randomized controlled pilot study of acupuncture for postmenopausal hot flashes:effect on nocturnal hot flashes and sleep quality.Fertil Steril 2006 fep;86(3):700-10.
182. Wang CW,Kang J,Zhou JW,Hu YP,Li N Effect of rolling needle therapy on quality of life in the patient of non-organic chronic insomnia:a randomized controlled trial.Zhongguo Zhen Jiu.2006 Jul;26(7):461-5.
183. Ruan JW,Hu YH,Rao ZD,Wen M,Zeng XX. Effects of the degrees of anxiety and depression on the therapeutic effect of acupuncture in the patient of insomnia.Zhongguo Zhen Jiu.2006 Mar;26(3):186-8.
184. Luo L,Hu YP,Yu SG,Li N Observation on therapeutic effect of rolling needle therapy on insomnia Zhongguo Zhen Jiu2006 Mar;26(3):183-5.
185. Wang SG Clinical observation on acupuncture at Zhaohai (KI 6) and Shenmai (BL 62) for treatment of insomnia Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2005 Nov;25(11):771-2
186. Lin TY.Observation on therapeutic effect of acupuncture at points Daling (PC 7) and "Shimian" in 48 cases of refractory insomnia.Zhongguo Zhen Jiu.2005 May;25(5):331-2.
187. Da Siliva JB,Nakamura MU,Cordeiro JA,Kulay LJ Acupuncture for insomnia in pregnancy--a prospective, quasi-randomised, controlled study.Acupunct med.2005 Jun;23(2):47-51
188. Kim Ys,Lee SH,Jung WS,Park SU,Moon SK,Ko CN,Chao KH,Bao HS. Intradermal acupuncture on shen-men and nei-kuan acupoints in patients with insomnia after stroke.Am J Chin Med 2004;32(5):771-8.
189. Tsay SL,Cho YC,Chen ML. Acupressure and Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation in improving fatigue, sleep quality and depression in hemodialysis patients. Am J Chin Med.2004;32(3):407-16
190. Spence DW,Kayumov L,Chen A,Lowe A,Jain U,Katzman MA. Acupuncture increases nocturnal melatonin secretion and reduces insomnia and anxiety:a preliminary report. J Neuropsychiatery Clin Neurosci.2004 Winter; 16(1):19-28.
191. Montakab H. Acupuncture and insomnia.Forsch Komplementaned.1999 Feb;6 Suppl 1:29-31
192. Becker-carus C,Heyden T,Kelle A Effectiveness of acupuncture and attitude-relaxation training in the treatment of primary sleep disorders.Z Klin Psychol Psychopathol Psychother.1985;33(2):161-72.
193. Scharf MB,Roth PB,Dominquez RA. Estazolam and flurazepam:a multicenter, placebo-controlled comparative study in outpatients with insomnia.J clin Pharmacol.1990 May;30(5):461-7.
194. Ringdahl EN, Pereira SL, Delzell JE Jr. Treatment of primary insomnia.J Am Board Fam Pract.2004 May-Jun;17(3):212-9
195. Roehrs T,Zorick F,Lord N,Koshorek GL,Roth T. Dose-related effects of estazolam on sleep of patients with insomnia.J Clin Psychopharmacol.1983 Jun;3(3):152-6.
196. Piierce MW,Shu VS. Efficacy of estazolam. The United States clinical experience.Am J Med.1990 Mar 2;88(3A):6S-11S.
197. Dominquez RA,Goldstein BJ,Jacobson AF,Steinbook RM Comparative efficacy of estazolam, flurazepam, and placebo in outpatients with insomnia.J Clin Psychiatry.1986 Jul;47(7):362-5.
198. Lamphere,Roehrs t,Zorick F,Koshorek G,Roth T. Chronic hypnotic efficacy of estazolam. Drug Exp Clin Res.1986;12(8):687-91.
199.Belanger L,Morin CM,Bastein C,Ladouceur R. Self-efficacy and compliance with benzodiazepine taper in older adults with chronic insomnia. Health Psychol.2005 May;24(3):281-7
200. O'Connor K et al.Cognitive-behavioural, pharmacological and psychosocial predictors of outcome during tapered discontinuation of benzodiazepine. Clin Psychol Psychother.2008 Jan;15(1):1-14.
201. Belleville G,Guay B,Morin CM. Hypnotic taper with or without self-help treatment of insomnia:a randomized clinical trial.J Consult Clin Psychol.2007 Apr;75(2):325-35.
202. Morin CM,Belanger L,Bastien C,Vallieres A. Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia:a survival analysis of relapse.Behav Res Ther,2005 Jan;43(1):1-14.
203.Morin CM. Belanger L,Bastein C,vallieres A. Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia:a survival analysis of relapse. Behav Res Ther.2005 Jan;43(1):1-14
204. Bastien CH, vallieres A, Morin CM:Validation of the insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep med 2:297-307, 2001
205. Savard MH,Savard J,Simard S,et al:Empirical validation of the Insomnia Severity Index in cancer patients.Psychooncology 14:429-41,2005
206. Belanger L, Morin CM.Langlois F,et al:lnsomnia and generalized anxiety disorder:effects of cognitive behavior therapy for GAD on insomnia symptoms.J Anxiety Disorder 18:561-571,2004
207. Savard J, Simard S, ivers h, et al:Randomized study on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia secondary to breast cancer, part 1: sleep and psychological effects.J Clin Oncol 23:6083-6096,2005.
208.3. Bastien CH, vallieres A, Morin CM:Validation of the insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep med 2:297-307, 2001