巢湖流域新石器至汉代古聚落变更与环境变迁
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摘要
随着全球变化研究的不断深入，人类文明发展阶段的环境变迁正受到科学界越来越多的关注。将地理环境变迁看作是影响古代文化演变的重要因素，认为聚落位置以及位置的更移与环境变迁直接相关，这些对于复原历史环境，探求环境变迂信息，阐明当前地理环境的形成和特点，具有十分重要的意义。目前，利用自然地层与文化地层的整合研究来提高时间分辨率，使人类活动的结果纳入剑整个自然环境系统之中，尤其是在典型地区进行聚落遗址时空分布与自然环境演变关系的探讨已成为区域过去人地关系研究一个有特色的方法。
安徽巢湖流域是新石器中晚期以来人类活动与自然环境演变较为典型的地区，同时也是黄河流域与长江流域、东部沿海与中部腹地占代文化相瓦交流、相互碰撞的一个重要区域，自新石器时代以来拥有数量众多的古聚落遗址，区域占文化发达，是中华文明孕育和发展的重要地区之一。在利用巢湖湖泊沉积记录恢复重建流域全新世环境J芋列的基础上，将聚落遗址时空分布特征与区域自然环境演变序列有机结合，探讨古聚落变更对环境变迁的响应关系，这不仪有助于过去全球变化的区域差异研究，而且对揭示该区新石器中晚期以来人地关系系统演变的历史规律和内在机制、协调现今人地关系都具有十分重要的意义，同时对于进一步认识区域文化的发展、传播和变迁亦具有重要作用。
以GIS为手段，通过对巢湖流域新石器中晚期至汉代聚落遗址数量及时间分布、地域分布特征、遗址域面积及遗址域内遗址点密度、分布的海拔高程、堆积特征等时空分布要素的分析，探讨了巢湖流域新石器中晚期至汉代聚落遗址的时空分布特征；选择位于流域中心的巢湖为研究对象，利用AMsC测年手段建立了巢湖沉积岩芯全新世以来的时间序列，并对湖泊沉积物中的孢粉、TOC、TN、有机6℃和粒度等多项环境代用指标进行综合分析，重建了巢湖流域全新世环境变化的过程。在此基础上，将聚落遗址时空分布特征与区域自然环境演变序列有机结合．探讨流域内古聚落变更对环境变迁的响应关系。研究表明：
1)距今6000～200O年，巢湖流域气候总体上温暖较湿润，是全新世中气候最适宜时期：其中，距今600O～50OO年为最温暖湿润期，距今5000年以后整体上气温逐渐降低、湿度下降，气候向温和干燥发展；距今2000年左右出现一次明显的干旱事件，湖泊出现一次较大规模的收缩，湖盆的局部地区可能山露水面。距今2000~1000年进入气候转型时期，总体上转冷趋势明显，森林退缩，一直作为森林植被叶主要建群树种的青冈属及栎属急剧下降，早、中全新世以来形成的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林迅速演替成以禾木科、蒿属和蓼属等为主的草地。
2)巢湖流域新石器至汉代古聚落变更与环境变迁的关系非常密切。流域新石器中晚期至汉代古聚落变更的规律主要表现为，随着时代推进聚落遗址从高海拔逐渐向低海拔地区转移并向湖泊靠近，这种变更响应于中全新世以来流域气候由温暖湿润向温和干燥的发展，以及由此导致的巢湖湖泊收缩、水位持续下降和生活范围扩展，大面积的上地裸露出来，为早期耕作农业提供了良好的自然条件。新石器巾晚期和商周时期聚落遗址基本分布在现今10m等高线以上，而汉代由于湖泊大面积退缩，聚落遗址开始大量分布于现今l0m等高线以下的湖盆滩地。这种近湖而居的具有区域特色的活动方式，反映厂在气候变化的大背景下，地貌演化和水文条件的改变对古聚落变更的影啊；而各时期聚落遗址西多东少的分布格局，则与流域东部极易受河道摆动和洪涝灾害影响的地貌条件有关。
3)木区古聚落变更受气候条件影响较人。气候变化导致气温、降水和湖岸变迁等牛态环境的变迁，致使山人改变自己的地域活动范围，而新的地域活动范围又产牛聚落位置的更移和新的牛产牛活方式，由此引起古聚落的变更。因此，气候变化成为巢湖流域古聚落变更的重要激发因子，它对古聚落的分布、扩展、演变都有重要影响。
With further exploration of the research on Global changes.more and more groups have been focused on the study on environmental change in the development of human civilization by the scientific community Numerous studies confirmed that environmental change has great impact on the evolution of ancient culture．Studies onthe interactive influences between transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental change have great significance in the harmony of the human—Earth relationship,not only at present.but also in the future Moreover．it is beneficial for reconstructing the historical environment，and it clarifies the formation of current environmental features．Thus．we can directly combine human activities with natural environment conditions to carry on a comprehensive research Furthermore．research on the relationship between the temporal—spatial distribution of ancient settlement sites and the natural environmental evolution has become an effective wav to studvthe past human—Earth relationship in a typical area．
The Chaohu Lake Basin is not only a transitional zone ofphysical geography,but also an interaction area with different cultures in east China．It is one of the bi~hplaces of Chinese civilization with many ancient settlements in this area．Based on the temporal—spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from themiddle and late NeoIithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin ofAnhui Province．using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructedpaleOenVironme nI by the records of lake sediment since Holocene．the transmutationof ancient settlements with response tO environmental changes in this area has beendiscussed．
Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements fromthe middle and late Neolithic Age tO the Han dynasty was that the distribution ofsettlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approachingChaohu Lake with the passage of time These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middleHolocene，leading to lake level fluctuations．The large area of exposed land providedenough space for human activities．These indicate that the above changes ingeomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affectedthe transmutation of ancient settlements greatly．The distribution pattern of seRlementsites was SUch that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east．ThispaRem may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channelshifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimumTherefore，climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancientsettleanents in the Chaohu Lake Basin，which exerted great influence on thedistribution，expansion and development of the ancient settlements．
安徽巢湖流域是新石器中晚期以来人类活动与自然环境演变较为典型的地区，同时也是黄河流域与长江流域、东部沿海与中部腹地占代文化相瓦交流、相互碰撞的一个重要区域，自新石器时代以来拥有数量众多的古聚落遗址，区域占文化发达，是中华文明孕育和发展的重要地区之一。在利用巢湖湖泊沉积记录恢复重建流域全新世环境J芋列的基础上，将聚落遗址时空分布特征与区域自然环境演变序列有机结合，探讨古聚落变更对环境变迁的响应关系，这不仪有助于过去全球变化的区域差异研究，而且对揭示该区新石器中晚期以来人地关系系统演变的历史规律和内在机制、协调现今人地关系都具有十分重要的意义，同时对于进一步认识区域文化的发展、传播和变迁亦具有重要作用。
以GIS为手段，通过对巢湖流域新石器中晚期至汉代聚落遗址数量及时间分布、地域分布特征、遗址域面积及遗址域内遗址点密度、分布的海拔高程、堆积特征等时空分布要素的分析，探讨了巢湖流域新石器中晚期至汉代聚落遗址的时空分布特征；选择位于流域中心的巢湖为研究对象，利用AMsC测年手段建立了巢湖沉积岩芯全新世以来的时间序列，并对湖泊沉积物中的孢粉、TOC、TN、有机6℃和粒度等多项环境代用指标进行综合分析，重建了巢湖流域全新世环境变化的过程。在此基础上，将聚落遗址时空分布特征与区域自然环境演变序列有机结合．探讨流域内古聚落变更对环境变迁的响应关系。研究表明：
1)距今6000～200O年，巢湖流域气候总体上温暖较湿润，是全新世中气候最适宜时期：其中，距今600O～50OO年为最温暖湿润期，距今5000年以后整体上气温逐渐降低、湿度下降，气候向温和干燥发展；距今2000年左右出现一次明显的干旱事件，湖泊出现一次较大规模的收缩，湖盆的局部地区可能山露水面。距今2000~1000年进入气候转型时期，总体上转冷趋势明显，森林退缩，一直作为森林植被叶主要建群树种的青冈属及栎属急剧下降，早、中全新世以来形成的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林迅速演替成以禾木科、蒿属和蓼属等为主的草地。
2)巢湖流域新石器至汉代古聚落变更与环境变迁的关系非常密切。流域新石器中晚期至汉代古聚落变更的规律主要表现为，随着时代推进聚落遗址从高海拔逐渐向低海拔地区转移并向湖泊靠近，这种变更响应于中全新世以来流域气候由温暖湿润向温和干燥的发展，以及由此导致的巢湖湖泊收缩、水位持续下降和生活范围扩展，大面积的上地裸露出来，为早期耕作农业提供了良好的自然条件。新石器巾晚期和商周时期聚落遗址基本分布在现今10m等高线以上，而汉代由于湖泊大面积退缩，聚落遗址开始大量分布于现今l0m等高线以下的湖盆滩地。这种近湖而居的具有区域特色的活动方式，反映厂在气候变化的大背景下，地貌演化和水文条件的改变对古聚落变更的影啊；而各时期聚落遗址西多东少的分布格局，则与流域东部极易受河道摆动和洪涝灾害影响的地貌条件有关。
3)木区古聚落变更受气候条件影响较人。气候变化导致气温、降水和湖岸变迁等牛态环境的变迁，致使山人改变自己的地域活动范围，而新的地域活动范围又产牛聚落位置的更移和新的牛产牛活方式，由此引起古聚落的变更。因此，气候变化成为巢湖流域古聚落变更的重要激发因子，它对古聚落的分布、扩展、演变都有重要影响。
With further exploration of the research on Global changes.more and more groups have been focused on the study on environmental change in the development of human civilization by the scientific community Numerous studies confirmed that environmental change has great impact on the evolution of ancient culture．Studies onthe interactive influences between transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental change have great significance in the harmony of the human—Earth relationship,not only at present.but also in the future Moreover．it is beneficial for reconstructing the historical environment，and it clarifies the formation of current environmental features．Thus．we can directly combine human activities with natural environment conditions to carry on a comprehensive research Furthermore．research on the relationship between the temporal—spatial distribution of ancient settlement sites and the natural environmental evolution has become an effective wav to studvthe past human—Earth relationship in a typical area．
The Chaohu Lake Basin is not only a transitional zone ofphysical geography,but also an interaction area with different cultures in east China．It is one of the bi~hplaces of Chinese civilization with many ancient settlements in this area．Based on the temporal—spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from themiddle and late NeoIithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin ofAnhui Province．using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructedpaleOenVironme nI by the records of lake sediment since Holocene．the transmutationof ancient settlements with response tO environmental changes in this area has beendiscussed．
Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements fromthe middle and late Neolithic Age tO the Han dynasty was that the distribution ofsettlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approachingChaohu Lake with the passage of time These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middleHolocene，leading to lake level fluctuations．The large area of exposed land providedenough space for human activities．These indicate that the above changes ingeomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affectedthe transmutation of ancient settlements greatly．The distribution pattern of seRlementsites was SUch that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east．ThispaRem may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channelshifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimumTherefore，climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancientsettleanents in the Chaohu Lake Basin，which exerted great influence on thedistribution，expansion and development of the ancient settlements．
引文
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