毛细管电泳化学发光均相免疫分析和药物分析研究
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摘要
均相免疫分析(Homogenous Immunoassay)是在免疫反应后,不需将标记的游离抗原(或抗体)与标记的免疫复合物分离,直接在溶液中对抗原或抗体进行测定。其特点是操作简便,省时。将具有高效分离性能的毛细管电泳(Capillary Electrophoresis,CE)技术用于免疫分析,可有效消除干扰,结合高灵敏度的化学发光检测方法,可大大提高测定的灵敏度。这样,一直困扰着均相免疫分析的选择性和灵敏度问题在毛细管电泳技术利化学发光检测联用后,都得到了较好的解决,使之成为一种取样少,灵敏度高,重现性好,容易实现自动化分析的均相免疫分析方法,具有较大的发展潜力。
在药物分析方面,毛细管电泳以其优良的分离性能,加之与各种检测方法的联用技术迅速发展起来,在体内药物代谢、药代动力学研究和药物质量控制,基于药物靶点的研究,特别在处理纳升级样品和单细胞分析等方面正在成为一种重要的工具。对了解药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢、转化,减少药物的毒副作用,改造药物分子结构以及提高疗效都具有十分重要的意义。
化学发光分析具有很高的灵敏度,非常适合作为高效液相色谱和毛细管电泳分析的检测器,主要缺点是由于存在柱后反应,通常检测池的死体积也比较大,会造成峰变宽,从而影响分离度。这也是至今为止仍然没有开发出实用于毛细管电泳分析的商品化的化学发光检测器的主要原因之一。在本研究中,设计了一种很简单的微型反应器,在反应器中化学发光反应一经进行就能立刻被窗口检测到,且无任何死体积和稀释效应存在。应用这一新的设计组合而成的毛细管电泳—化学发光分析的仪器,成功地实现了纳升级人血样本中促黄体生成激素、促卵泡生成素及乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体的测定,拓宽了均相免疫分析领域。本论文还发展了毛细管电泳的化学发光检测新技术,建立了测定人血中左旋多巴及其代谢物,尿样中的氟喹诺酮类药物,猪尿中的沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚及人血清中氯丙嗪和异丙嗪的毛细管电泳化学发光分析新方法。
1.毛细管电泳化学发光免疫分析
本论文的第一部分主要基于辣根过氧化物酶对鲁米诺—过氧化氢发光底物溶液的催化作用,利用不同的免疫分析模式,和不同的发光增敏剂,对病毒和激素类物质进行了定量的测定。主要有三个内容:一是同时应用竞争和非竞争免疫分析法测定了人体血清中乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体;二是用非竞争免疫分析法测定了人体血清中的促黄体生成激素;三是用竞争性免疫分析法测定了促卵泡生成素。
(1)毛细管电泳化学发光免疫分析人血清中的乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体
本文提出一个毛细管电泳(CE)化学发光(CL)检测的高灵敏的均相免疫方法测定了人体血清中的乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体。以辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)作为酶标物标记的乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg~*)作为研究对象详细优化了化学发光条件和电泳条件,源于HRP对鲁米诺过氧化氢发光反应的催化作用。对碘苯酚作为此发光反应的增敏剂。发光检测池设计的比较独特,不存在任何死体积和稀释效应。该方法分别采用竞争和非竞争模式测定了人体血清中的乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体。在最优条件下,乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体的线性范围分别是1～400 pmol/L(R=0.9988)和2～200 mIU/mL(R=0.9981),检出限分别是0.4 pmol/L和1mIU/mL。以80 pmol/L HBsAg~*(n=7)作为研究对象,峰面积的相对标准偏差是4.2%,偏差是-0.03%至+0.05%。本研究中,利用硼酸做为电泳缓冲液,6分钟内,游离的HBsAg~*和结合的HBsAg~*免疫结合物得到了很好的分离。我们将实验结果和传统的酶联免疫吸附法做了对比,进一步阐述了CE-CL免疫法在临床诊断上的可行性。
(2)毛细管电泳化学发光非竞争免疫法测定人体血清中的促黄体生成激素
基于毛细管电泳化学发光检测的非竞争免疫法测定了人体血清中的促黄体生成激素(LH),对于血清样分析的发光条件和分离条件都进行了详细的研究。在本研究中,辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的单克隆抗体能增敏鲁米诺—过氧化氢的发光反应,而被测定的LH能与过量的HRP酶标抗体反应。在碱性电泳缓冲液和15 kV高分离电压下.游离的酶结合物和免疫结合物住14分钟内能完全分离。为了提高灵敏度,采取了一系列措施,包括选择对碘苯酚作为化学发光增敏剂,设计了一个独特的检测池。在优化的实验条件下,LH浓度在1～200 mIU/mL范围内与化学发光信号成良好的线性关系并绘制了标准曲线,方法的检出限为0.08 mIU/mL。与酶联免疫法相比,该方法的检出限降低了12倍左右,并成功的应用于人血清中的LH的分离测定。
(3)竞争性毛细管电泳化学发光免疫测定促卵泡生成素
本文建立了一种毛细管电泳化学发光(CE-CL)竞争免疫分析方法,测定了人体血清中促卵泡生成素(FSH)。该方法是基于FSH与酶标FSH竞争结合FSH抗体的竞争免疫化学反应,经CE分离了免疫结合物和酶标FSH,在反应毛细管的窗口处与化学发光试剂混合,能及时被检测器检测到产生的化学发光。检出限受很多因素影响,包括免疫结合物的稳定性、分析时间的长短、增敏剂的选择等,这些因素直接影响到灵敏度。因此,本实验中选择了四苯硼钠作为化学发光的增敏剂,加之检测器的独特设计,使该方法的灵敏度显著提高了。15分钟内,15kV分离电压下,酶标FSH和免疫结合物在碱性硼酸钠运行缓冲液中得到了很好的分离。在最优条件下,FSH的线性范围在0～100 mIU/mL,检出限为0.06 mIU/mL。与ELISA方法相比,灵敏度提高了近30倍。
2.毛细管电泳药物分析研究
本论文的第二部分主要由两部分组成:基于毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光法药物分析和基于毛细管电泳化学发光法药物分析,并已应用到神经递质类药物及其代谢物、食品添加剂、氟喹诺酮类药物和安定类药物的检测。
(1)毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光法同时测定人血中左旋多巴及其代谢物
本研究提出了一个快速、灵敏和可再生的电泳法用于测定人血中的左旋多巴及其代谢物多巴胺。作为脱羧酶活性的抑制剂—卡比多巴对左旋多巴代谢的影响也做了研究。室温避光振荡条件下,左旋多巴和其它成分被异硫氰酸酯荧光素衍生12小时,13min内,经毛细管区带电泳分离激光诱导荧光检测并进行了定量分析。在实验最佳优化条件下,左旋多巴和多巴胺的线性范围分别是3.0×10~(-8)～4.0x10~(-6)mol/L和1.0×10~(-8)～2.0×10~(-6)mol/L,检出限分别是7.8x10~(-9)mol/L(39.0 amol)和3.1×10~(-9)mol/L(15.5 amol)。该方法已成功的用于口服药后人血中左旋多巴和多巴胺浓度的监测。
(2)毛细管电泳化学发光法同时测定猪尿中的沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚
本文提出一个灵敏的、快速的毛细管电泳化学发光检测法同时在线检测沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚。基于沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚经毛细管分离后对铁氰化钾氧化鲁米诺发光反应的增敏作用,采用实验室自制的发光反应的流通池,避免了任何死体积和稀释效应的干扰,在350秒内,三种物质在分离毛细管磷酸盐缓冲液中(pH6.5)能够完全分离后,与化学发光试剂反应并在检测窗口中部可直接检测到最大发光值。在一系列优化条件下,沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚的检出限分别为0.8x10~(-9)mol/L、1.0×10~(-9)mol/L和2.0×10~(-9)mol/L。该方法已应用到猪尿中残留的沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚的含量测定,方法的回收率小于103%。
(3)毛细管电泳化学发光法同时检测尿样中的氟喹诺酮类药物
建立了一个毛细管电泳化学发光联用技术,用于快速、准确同时测定了氟喹诺酮类药物—氧氟沙星(OF)、诺氟沙星(NF)和环丙沙星(CPF)。根据Ce(Ⅳ)在酸性条件下氧化Na_2(SO_3)产生化学发光,氟喹诺酮类药物的存在能增敏这一发光反应的事实,结合流动注射技术和毛细管区带电泳,使得被毛细管电泳分离出来的三种药物由于迁移时间的不同,先后与发光试剂相遇,并产生瞬时较强的发光。由于发光反应的位置可人为控制,流路自行合理设计,所以检测到最大发光的同时,避免了死体积的存在和柱后稀释效应的产生。在最优化的实验条件下,CL强度与OF,NF和CPF浓度分别在2.0×10~(-8)～6.0×10~(-6)g/mL,2.0×10~(-8)～4.0×10~(-6)g/mL和5.0×10~(-8)～5.0×10~(-6)g/mL范围内呈线性关系,检出限分别为3.3×10~(-9)g/mL,4.5×10~(-9)g/mL和5.8×10~(-9)g/mL。对2.0×10~(-7)g/mL的OF进行了11次平行测定,相对标准偏差为3.1%。将本方法用于人体服药尿样和合成尿样中氟喹诺酮类药物的测定,结果令人满意。
(4)Ce(Ⅳ)-罗丹明6G化学发光体系与毛细管电泳联用同时测定氯丙嗪和异丙嗪
本文提出了一种毛细管电泳化学发光联用技术同时测定氯丙嗪和异丙嗪。利用在酸性条件下,氯丙嗪和异丙嗪能被Ce(Ⅳ)氧化,然后将能量转移给荧光发射体—罗丹明6G,并以化学发光形式释放能量。基于此,结合流动注射技术,以10mmol/L KH_2PO_4/H_3PO_4(pH 3.5)为运行缓冲液,分离电压15kV,在4分钟内,实现了两种药物的分离。由于氯丙嗪和异丙嗪的结构和分子量都比较接近,使得迁移时间也很接近,为了增强实验的准确性,采用互为内标法绘制标准曲线,线性范围分别为4.0x10~(-8)～2.0x10~(-6)g/mL和2.0x10~(-8)～2.0x10~(-6)g/mL,检出限分别为5.6ng/mL和3.4ng/mL,对2.0x10~(-6)g/mL异丙嗪平行测定了9次,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.8%。该方法用于同时测定人血清中的氯丙嗪和以丙嗪,结果令人满意。
Homogeneous immunoassays do not require separation of bound from free labeled antigens (antibodies)or free labeled antibodies(antigens)after immunological reaction.This technique has some merits including simple and timesaving because of the analysis in homogeneous solutions. Capillary electrophoresis(CE)combined with immunoassay(IA)is characterized by high resolution and less sample,and will become a powerful tool in clinical diagnosis,environmental and food analyses.Some problems such as selectivity and sensitivity in homogeneous immunoassays have been improved by CE-IA coupled with chemiluminescence(CL)detection.In addition,CE-IA method based on CL is low cost,high sensitivity,good reproducibility and easily to achieve automatic analysis.Therefore,this joint technique has more potential in homogeneous immunoassays.
CE is developed as a kind of separation technology since 1980s.CE is used for drug analysis extensively due to its higher separating capability,shorter migration time than other separating machines and the development of joint techniques with different detection.CE has already exerted a significant influence on drug metabolism in vivo,pharmacokinetic study,pharmaceuticals quality control and the study of pharmaceuticals target,especially in treating nanolitre samples and single cell analysis.It is very significant to investigate the pharmaceuticals absorbability,distribution, metabolism,transformation and decreasing the side effect,imprving the molecular structure as well as promoting the positive effect by CE.
CL detection is very suitable to employment in high performance liqiud chromatography(HPLC) and CE,while the main problem is dilution effect behind chromatographic column.In general,the signal peak could become broad as a result of the large dead volume in flow cell and have an effect on the resolution.This is the one of main reasons that commercial instruments have not been still come out in CE analysis.In this study,a simple and micro reactor was designed so extraordinary that it can obtain the most luminescent intensity as soon as the CL reaction was carried out.Moreover, there wasn't any dead volume and dilution effect.The new assemble technique based on CE coupled with CL detection has been successfully applied in determination of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone,hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in serum samples at nanolitre grade,and expanded the fields of homogeneous immunoassays.Furthermore,this thesis has developed the new technique in CE-CL detection and established new methods in determination of levodapa and its metabolite in human blood,fluoroquinolones in urine,clenbuterol,salbutamol and diethylstibestrol in porcine urine,promethazine and chlorpromazine in human serum.
1.CE immunoassay based on CL detection
In the first part of the dissertation,the research work was made up of three sections of immunoassay based on different immunoassay modes and different chemilminescence enhancers. These different methods have been successfully applied to quantitative analysis of virus and hormones in human serum.
(1)A sensitive immunoassay for determination of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in human serum using capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection
A sensitive and homogeneous immunoassay(IA)based on capillary electrophoresis(CE)with enhanced chemiluminescence(CL)detection has been developed for the determination of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)and antibody(HBsAb)in human serum.The conditions for the CL reaction and electrophoresis were investigated in detail using horseradish peroxidase(HRP)labeled HBsAg(HBsAg~*)as a marker because of its catalytic effects on the luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction.The CL reaction was enhanced by para-iodophenol and the CL detector was designed uniquely without any dead volume or diluents effect.The present method has been used for assaying HBsAg and HBsAb in human serum using a competitive format and a noncompetitive format,respectively.Under the optimal conditions,the linear ranges were from 1 to 400 pmol/L (R=0.9988)for HBsAg and 2 to 200 mIU/mL(R=0.9981)for HBsAb.The detection limits were 0.4 pmol/L and 1 mIU/mL for HBsAg and HBsAb,respectively.The relative standard deviations of peak area were 4.2%and the errors of it were from - 0.03%to + 0.05%for 80 pmol/L HBsAg~* (n=7).In this study,the free HBsAg~* and the bound HBsAg~*(HBsAg~*- HBsAb)were separated in the separation capillary within 6 min using a borate run buffer.To verify the experimental reliability, the result was comparable with that of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and demonstrated the feasibility of the CE-CL immunoassay method for clinical diagnosis.
(2)Noncompetitive immunoassay for luteinizing hormone in human serum using capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection
A noncompetitive immunoassay based on capillary electrophoresis(CE)with chemiluminescence(CL)detection has been developed for the determination of luteinizing hormone (LH)in human serum.The work involved the development of separation and CL conditions allowing for routine analysis of serum samples.In this study,horseradish peroxidase(HRP)labeled monoclonal anti-LH can catalyze the luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction.The determined LH can react with excessive amount of HRP labeled anti-LH.Within 14 minutes,free enzyme conjugate and immune complex could be separated in alkaline borate buffer by high voltage of 15 kV.To improve the sensitivity,a series of measures were adopted including the choice of para-iodophenol as a CL enhancer,unique design in detect window.Under the optimal conditions,calibration curve for LH was established in the concentration range of 1-200 mIU/mL and the detection limit was 0.08 mIU/mL.Compared with ELISA,this method decreased the detection limit for about 12 times and it has been successfully employed on determination of the LH in human serum.
(3)Analysis of follicle-stimulating hormone by CE with chemiluminescence detection based on competitive immunoassay
A competitive immunoassay for determination of FSH in human serum was established by capillary electrophoresis with enhanced chemiluminescence detection.The method is based on the competitive immunochemical reaction between the FSH and HRP- labeled FSH with the anti-FSH, CE separation of the antibody bound and free HRP- labeled FSH,followed by the chemiluminescence detection.The detection limit is governed by the stability of the immune complex,which related to analytical time and the design of detector,and the choice of the chemiluminescence enhancer,which dominated the chemiluminescence intensity.Therefore,a unique chemiluminescence detector without any dead volume or diluents effect was employed and sodium tetraphenylboron was selected as the optimal enhancer,thus the sensitivity was effectively improved.Within 15 minutes,free HRP-labeted FSH and the immune complex could be separated in alkaline borate buffer by high voltage of 15 kV.Under the optimal conditions,calibration curve for FSH was established in the concentration range of 0-100 mIU/mL and the detection limit was 0.06 mIU/mL.Compared with ELISA,this system enhanced the concentration sensitivity more than 30 times.
2.The study of CE pharmaceuticals analysis
In the second part of the dissertation,the research work was divided into four sections of pharmaceuticals analysis based on laser-induced fluorescence(LIF)detection and CL detection methods.In CE-CL system,different CL reactions were employed in determination of fluoroquinolones,feed additive and thiophenylamine in biological fluids.
The major contents in second part are described as follows:
(1)Simultaneous determination of levodopa and its metabolite in human blood by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection
A rapid,sensitive and reproducible method is described for the analysis of levodopa and its metabolite dopamine(DA)in human blood.The influence of carbidopa as the inhibitor againist the decarboxylase activity on the metabolism has been also studied.After derivatization in a dark pulsator for 12 h at room temperature,the fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)derivative of levodopa and other components were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis(CZE)within 13 min and detected with laser-induced fluorescence(LIF).Under the optimum analysis conditions,the linear range is 3.0×10~(-8)- 4.0×10~(-6)mol/L and 1.0×10~(-8)-2.0×10~(-6)mol/L for levodopa and DA,respectively. The detection limits of levodopa and DA were 7.8×10~(-9)mol/L(39.0 amol)and 3.1×10~(-9)mol/L(15.5 amol),respectively.The method was successfully applied to monitoring the levodopa and DA in human blood after one took tablets orally.
(2)Simultaneous determination of salbutamol,clenbuterol and diethylstilbestrol by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection
This paper describes the separation and quantification of salbutamol(SBA),clenbuterol(CLB) and diethylstilbestrol(DES)in porcine urine by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection.The method was based on its enhanced sensitivity effect on a luminol-potassium hexacyanoferrate(Ⅲ)(K_3[Fe(CN)_6])CL reaction.Three pharmaceuticals were well separated by capillary zone electrophoresis(CZE)utilizing 50mmol/L Na_2HPO_4/NaH_2PO_4 phosphate buffer(pH 6.5)as running electrolyte within 350 s.The results obtained include a detection limit from 0.8x10~(-9)mol/L to 2.0×10~(-9)mol/L and good repeatability(R.S.D.= 2.8%for n = 7 for a 5.0×10~(-8) mol/LSBA solution).The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of SBA,CLB and DES in porcine urine,the reliability of the assay method was established by parallel determination and by standard-addition method(recoveries = 96%-103%).
(3)Effective separation and simultaneous determination of three fluoroquinolones by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detector
A rapid capillary electrophoresis-chemiluminescence method is proposed for the simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolones such as ofloxacin(OF),norfloxacin(NF)and ciprofloxacin(CPF) in human urine samples.The method is based on the sensitizing effect of the compounds on the chemiluminescence oxidation of cerium(Ⅳ)and sodium sulfite in acidic medium.In the optimum conditions,the results obtained include a linear dynamic range of OF,NF and CPF were 2.0×10~(-8)-6.0 x10~(-6)g/mL,2.0×10~(-8)- 4.0×10~(-6)g/mL and 5.0×10~(-8)- 5.0×10~(-6)g/mL.The detection limits for them were 3.3×10~(-9)g/mL,4.5×10~(-9)g/mL and 5.8×10~(-9)g/mL,respectivelly.The R.S.D.for eleven parallel measurements of 2.0×10~(-7)g/mL OF was 3.1%.The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of OF,NF and CPF in man-made and natrual urine samples.
(4)Simultaneous determination of chlorpromazine and promethazine using capillary electrophoresis with cerium(Ⅳ)-rhodamine 6G chemiluminescence detection
A flow-injection analytical method by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection for the simultaneous determination of chlorpromazine and promethazine is presented.The method is based on the chemiluminescence reaction of chlorpromazine and promethazine with cerium(Ⅳ)in nitric acid,sensitized by the fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G.The mutual internal standard method was employed in this work due to the similar molecular weight and structure.The proposed procedure allows quantitation of chlorpromazine and promethazine in the concentrationrange of 4.0×10~(-8)-2.0×10~(-6)g/mL and 2.0×10~(-8)-2.0×10~(-6)g/mL,with a detection limit of 5.6 ng/mL and 3.4 ng/mL,respectivelly.An RSD of 2.8%(n = 9)at 2.0×10~(-6)g/mL for promethazine. The method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of Chlorpromazine and promethazine in human serum.
在药物分析方面,毛细管电泳以其优良的分离性能,加之与各种检测方法的联用技术迅速发展起来,在体内药物代谢、药代动力学研究和药物质量控制,基于药物靶点的研究,特别在处理纳升级样品和单细胞分析等方面正在成为一种重要的工具。对了解药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢、转化,减少药物的毒副作用,改造药物分子结构以及提高疗效都具有十分重要的意义。
化学发光分析具有很高的灵敏度,非常适合作为高效液相色谱和毛细管电泳分析的检测器,主要缺点是由于存在柱后反应,通常检测池的死体积也比较大,会造成峰变宽,从而影响分离度。这也是至今为止仍然没有开发出实用于毛细管电泳分析的商品化的化学发光检测器的主要原因之一。在本研究中,设计了一种很简单的微型反应器,在反应器中化学发光反应一经进行就能立刻被窗口检测到,且无任何死体积和稀释效应存在。应用这一新的设计组合而成的毛细管电泳—化学发光分析的仪器,成功地实现了纳升级人血样本中促黄体生成激素、促卵泡生成素及乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体的测定,拓宽了均相免疫分析领域。本论文还发展了毛细管电泳的化学发光检测新技术,建立了测定人血中左旋多巴及其代谢物,尿样中的氟喹诺酮类药物,猪尿中的沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚及人血清中氯丙嗪和异丙嗪的毛细管电泳化学发光分析新方法。
1.毛细管电泳化学发光免疫分析
本论文的第一部分主要基于辣根过氧化物酶对鲁米诺—过氧化氢发光底物溶液的催化作用,利用不同的免疫分析模式,和不同的发光增敏剂,对病毒和激素类物质进行了定量的测定。主要有三个内容:一是同时应用竞争和非竞争免疫分析法测定了人体血清中乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体;二是用非竞争免疫分析法测定了人体血清中的促黄体生成激素;三是用竞争性免疫分析法测定了促卵泡生成素。
(1)毛细管电泳化学发光免疫分析人血清中的乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体
本文提出一个毛细管电泳(CE)化学发光(CL)检测的高灵敏的均相免疫方法测定了人体血清中的乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体。以辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)作为酶标物标记的乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg~*)作为研究对象详细优化了化学发光条件和电泳条件,源于HRP对鲁米诺过氧化氢发光反应的催化作用。对碘苯酚作为此发光反应的增敏剂。发光检测池设计的比较独特,不存在任何死体积和稀释效应。该方法分别采用竞争和非竞争模式测定了人体血清中的乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体。在最优条件下,乙肝表面抗原和表面抗体的线性范围分别是1～400 pmol/L(R=0.9988)和2～200 mIU/mL(R=0.9981),检出限分别是0.4 pmol/L和1mIU/mL。以80 pmol/L HBsAg~*(n=7)作为研究对象,峰面积的相对标准偏差是4.2%,偏差是-0.03%至+0.05%。本研究中,利用硼酸做为电泳缓冲液,6分钟内,游离的HBsAg~*和结合的HBsAg~*免疫结合物得到了很好的分离。我们将实验结果和传统的酶联免疫吸附法做了对比,进一步阐述了CE-CL免疫法在临床诊断上的可行性。
(2)毛细管电泳化学发光非竞争免疫法测定人体血清中的促黄体生成激素
基于毛细管电泳化学发光检测的非竞争免疫法测定了人体血清中的促黄体生成激素(LH),对于血清样分析的发光条件和分离条件都进行了详细的研究。在本研究中,辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的单克隆抗体能增敏鲁米诺—过氧化氢的发光反应,而被测定的LH能与过量的HRP酶标抗体反应。在碱性电泳缓冲液和15 kV高分离电压下.游离的酶结合物和免疫结合物住14分钟内能完全分离。为了提高灵敏度,采取了一系列措施,包括选择对碘苯酚作为化学发光增敏剂,设计了一个独特的检测池。在优化的实验条件下,LH浓度在1～200 mIU/mL范围内与化学发光信号成良好的线性关系并绘制了标准曲线,方法的检出限为0.08 mIU/mL。与酶联免疫法相比,该方法的检出限降低了12倍左右,并成功的应用于人血清中的LH的分离测定。
(3)竞争性毛细管电泳化学发光免疫测定促卵泡生成素
本文建立了一种毛细管电泳化学发光(CE-CL)竞争免疫分析方法,测定了人体血清中促卵泡生成素(FSH)。该方法是基于FSH与酶标FSH竞争结合FSH抗体的竞争免疫化学反应,经CE分离了免疫结合物和酶标FSH,在反应毛细管的窗口处与化学发光试剂混合,能及时被检测器检测到产生的化学发光。检出限受很多因素影响,包括免疫结合物的稳定性、分析时间的长短、增敏剂的选择等,这些因素直接影响到灵敏度。因此,本实验中选择了四苯硼钠作为化学发光的增敏剂,加之检测器的独特设计,使该方法的灵敏度显著提高了。15分钟内,15kV分离电压下,酶标FSH和免疫结合物在碱性硼酸钠运行缓冲液中得到了很好的分离。在最优条件下,FSH的线性范围在0～100 mIU/mL,检出限为0.06 mIU/mL。与ELISA方法相比,灵敏度提高了近30倍。
2.毛细管电泳药物分析研究
本论文的第二部分主要由两部分组成:基于毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光法药物分析和基于毛细管电泳化学发光法药物分析,并已应用到神经递质类药物及其代谢物、食品添加剂、氟喹诺酮类药物和安定类药物的检测。
(1)毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光法同时测定人血中左旋多巴及其代谢物
本研究提出了一个快速、灵敏和可再生的电泳法用于测定人血中的左旋多巴及其代谢物多巴胺。作为脱羧酶活性的抑制剂—卡比多巴对左旋多巴代谢的影响也做了研究。室温避光振荡条件下,左旋多巴和其它成分被异硫氰酸酯荧光素衍生12小时,13min内,经毛细管区带电泳分离激光诱导荧光检测并进行了定量分析。在实验最佳优化条件下,左旋多巴和多巴胺的线性范围分别是3.0×10~(-8)～4.0x10~(-6)mol/L和1.0×10~(-8)～2.0×10~(-6)mol/L,检出限分别是7.8x10~(-9)mol/L(39.0 amol)和3.1×10~(-9)mol/L(15.5 amol)。该方法已成功的用于口服药后人血中左旋多巴和多巴胺浓度的监测。
(2)毛细管电泳化学发光法同时测定猪尿中的沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚
本文提出一个灵敏的、快速的毛细管电泳化学发光检测法同时在线检测沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚。基于沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚经毛细管分离后对铁氰化钾氧化鲁米诺发光反应的增敏作用,采用实验室自制的发光反应的流通池,避免了任何死体积和稀释效应的干扰,在350秒内,三种物质在分离毛细管磷酸盐缓冲液中(pH6.5)能够完全分离后,与化学发光试剂反应并在检测窗口中部可直接检测到最大发光值。在一系列优化条件下,沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚的检出限分别为0.8x10~(-9)mol/L、1.0×10~(-9)mol/L和2.0×10~(-9)mol/L。该方法已应用到猪尿中残留的沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和己烯雌酚的含量测定,方法的回收率小于103%。
(3)毛细管电泳化学发光法同时检测尿样中的氟喹诺酮类药物
建立了一个毛细管电泳化学发光联用技术,用于快速、准确同时测定了氟喹诺酮类药物—氧氟沙星(OF)、诺氟沙星(NF)和环丙沙星(CPF)。根据Ce(Ⅳ)在酸性条件下氧化Na_2(SO_3)产生化学发光,氟喹诺酮类药物的存在能增敏这一发光反应的事实,结合流动注射技术和毛细管区带电泳,使得被毛细管电泳分离出来的三种药物由于迁移时间的不同,先后与发光试剂相遇,并产生瞬时较强的发光。由于发光反应的位置可人为控制,流路自行合理设计,所以检测到最大发光的同时,避免了死体积的存在和柱后稀释效应的产生。在最优化的实验条件下,CL强度与OF,NF和CPF浓度分别在2.0×10~(-8)～6.0×10~(-6)g/mL,2.0×10~(-8)～4.0×10~(-6)g/mL和5.0×10~(-8)～5.0×10~(-6)g/mL范围内呈线性关系,检出限分别为3.3×10~(-9)g/mL,4.5×10~(-9)g/mL和5.8×10~(-9)g/mL。对2.0×10~(-7)g/mL的OF进行了11次平行测定,相对标准偏差为3.1%。将本方法用于人体服药尿样和合成尿样中氟喹诺酮类药物的测定,结果令人满意。
(4)Ce(Ⅳ)-罗丹明6G化学发光体系与毛细管电泳联用同时测定氯丙嗪和异丙嗪
本文提出了一种毛细管电泳化学发光联用技术同时测定氯丙嗪和异丙嗪。利用在酸性条件下,氯丙嗪和异丙嗪能被Ce(Ⅳ)氧化,然后将能量转移给荧光发射体—罗丹明6G,并以化学发光形式释放能量。基于此,结合流动注射技术,以10mmol/L KH_2PO_4/H_3PO_4(pH 3.5)为运行缓冲液,分离电压15kV,在4分钟内,实现了两种药物的分离。由于氯丙嗪和异丙嗪的结构和分子量都比较接近,使得迁移时间也很接近,为了增强实验的准确性,采用互为内标法绘制标准曲线,线性范围分别为4.0x10~(-8)～2.0x10~(-6)g/mL和2.0x10~(-8)～2.0x10~(-6)g/mL,检出限分别为5.6ng/mL和3.4ng/mL,对2.0x10~(-6)g/mL异丙嗪平行测定了9次,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.8%。该方法用于同时测定人血清中的氯丙嗪和以丙嗪,结果令人满意。
Homogeneous immunoassays do not require separation of bound from free labeled antigens (antibodies)or free labeled antibodies(antigens)after immunological reaction.This technique has some merits including simple and timesaving because of the analysis in homogeneous solutions. Capillary electrophoresis(CE)combined with immunoassay(IA)is characterized by high resolution and less sample,and will become a powerful tool in clinical diagnosis,environmental and food analyses.Some problems such as selectivity and sensitivity in homogeneous immunoassays have been improved by CE-IA coupled with chemiluminescence(CL)detection.In addition,CE-IA method based on CL is low cost,high sensitivity,good reproducibility and easily to achieve automatic analysis.Therefore,this joint technique has more potential in homogeneous immunoassays.
CE is developed as a kind of separation technology since 1980s.CE is used for drug analysis extensively due to its higher separating capability,shorter migration time than other separating machines and the development of joint techniques with different detection.CE has already exerted a significant influence on drug metabolism in vivo,pharmacokinetic study,pharmaceuticals quality control and the study of pharmaceuticals target,especially in treating nanolitre samples and single cell analysis.It is very significant to investigate the pharmaceuticals absorbability,distribution, metabolism,transformation and decreasing the side effect,imprving the molecular structure as well as promoting the positive effect by CE.
CL detection is very suitable to employment in high performance liqiud chromatography(HPLC) and CE,while the main problem is dilution effect behind chromatographic column.In general,the signal peak could become broad as a result of the large dead volume in flow cell and have an effect on the resolution.This is the one of main reasons that commercial instruments have not been still come out in CE analysis.In this study,a simple and micro reactor was designed so extraordinary that it can obtain the most luminescent intensity as soon as the CL reaction was carried out.Moreover, there wasn't any dead volume and dilution effect.The new assemble technique based on CE coupled with CL detection has been successfully applied in determination of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone,hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in serum samples at nanolitre grade,and expanded the fields of homogeneous immunoassays.Furthermore,this thesis has developed the new technique in CE-CL detection and established new methods in determination of levodapa and its metabolite in human blood,fluoroquinolones in urine,clenbuterol,salbutamol and diethylstibestrol in porcine urine,promethazine and chlorpromazine in human serum.
1.CE immunoassay based on CL detection
In the first part of the dissertation,the research work was made up of three sections of immunoassay based on different immunoassay modes and different chemilminescence enhancers. These different methods have been successfully applied to quantitative analysis of virus and hormones in human serum.
(1)A sensitive immunoassay for determination of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in human serum using capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection
A sensitive and homogeneous immunoassay(IA)based on capillary electrophoresis(CE)with enhanced chemiluminescence(CL)detection has been developed for the determination of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)and antibody(HBsAb)in human serum.The conditions for the CL reaction and electrophoresis were investigated in detail using horseradish peroxidase(HRP)labeled HBsAg(HBsAg~*)as a marker because of its catalytic effects on the luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction.The CL reaction was enhanced by para-iodophenol and the CL detector was designed uniquely without any dead volume or diluents effect.The present method has been used for assaying HBsAg and HBsAb in human serum using a competitive format and a noncompetitive format,respectively.Under the optimal conditions,the linear ranges were from 1 to 400 pmol/L (R=0.9988)for HBsAg and 2 to 200 mIU/mL(R=0.9981)for HBsAb.The detection limits were 0.4 pmol/L and 1 mIU/mL for HBsAg and HBsAb,respectively.The relative standard deviations of peak area were 4.2%and the errors of it were from - 0.03%to + 0.05%for 80 pmol/L HBsAg~* (n=7).In this study,the free HBsAg~* and the bound HBsAg~*(HBsAg~*- HBsAb)were separated in the separation capillary within 6 min using a borate run buffer.To verify the experimental reliability, the result was comparable with that of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and demonstrated the feasibility of the CE-CL immunoassay method for clinical diagnosis.
(2)Noncompetitive immunoassay for luteinizing hormone in human serum using capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection
A noncompetitive immunoassay based on capillary electrophoresis(CE)with chemiluminescence(CL)detection has been developed for the determination of luteinizing hormone (LH)in human serum.The work involved the development of separation and CL conditions allowing for routine analysis of serum samples.In this study,horseradish peroxidase(HRP)labeled monoclonal anti-LH can catalyze the luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction.The determined LH can react with excessive amount of HRP labeled anti-LH.Within 14 minutes,free enzyme conjugate and immune complex could be separated in alkaline borate buffer by high voltage of 15 kV.To improve the sensitivity,a series of measures were adopted including the choice of para-iodophenol as a CL enhancer,unique design in detect window.Under the optimal conditions,calibration curve for LH was established in the concentration range of 1-200 mIU/mL and the detection limit was 0.08 mIU/mL.Compared with ELISA,this method decreased the detection limit for about 12 times and it has been successfully employed on determination of the LH in human serum.
(3)Analysis of follicle-stimulating hormone by CE with chemiluminescence detection based on competitive immunoassay
A competitive immunoassay for determination of FSH in human serum was established by capillary electrophoresis with enhanced chemiluminescence detection.The method is based on the competitive immunochemical reaction between the FSH and HRP- labeled FSH with the anti-FSH, CE separation of the antibody bound and free HRP- labeled FSH,followed by the chemiluminescence detection.The detection limit is governed by the stability of the immune complex,which related to analytical time and the design of detector,and the choice of the chemiluminescence enhancer,which dominated the chemiluminescence intensity.Therefore,a unique chemiluminescence detector without any dead volume or diluents effect was employed and sodium tetraphenylboron was selected as the optimal enhancer,thus the sensitivity was effectively improved.Within 15 minutes,free HRP-labeted FSH and the immune complex could be separated in alkaline borate buffer by high voltage of 15 kV.Under the optimal conditions,calibration curve for FSH was established in the concentration range of 0-100 mIU/mL and the detection limit was 0.06 mIU/mL.Compared with ELISA,this system enhanced the concentration sensitivity more than 30 times.
2.The study of CE pharmaceuticals analysis
In the second part of the dissertation,the research work was divided into four sections of pharmaceuticals analysis based on laser-induced fluorescence(LIF)detection and CL detection methods.In CE-CL system,different CL reactions were employed in determination of fluoroquinolones,feed additive and thiophenylamine in biological fluids.
The major contents in second part are described as follows:
(1)Simultaneous determination of levodopa and its metabolite in human blood by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection
A rapid,sensitive and reproducible method is described for the analysis of levodopa and its metabolite dopamine(DA)in human blood.The influence of carbidopa as the inhibitor againist the decarboxylase activity on the metabolism has been also studied.After derivatization in a dark pulsator for 12 h at room temperature,the fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)derivative of levodopa and other components were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis(CZE)within 13 min and detected with laser-induced fluorescence(LIF).Under the optimum analysis conditions,the linear range is 3.0×10~(-8)- 4.0×10~(-6)mol/L and 1.0×10~(-8)-2.0×10~(-6)mol/L for levodopa and DA,respectively. The detection limits of levodopa and DA were 7.8×10~(-9)mol/L(39.0 amol)and 3.1×10~(-9)mol/L(15.5 amol),respectively.The method was successfully applied to monitoring the levodopa and DA in human blood after one took tablets orally.
(2)Simultaneous determination of salbutamol,clenbuterol and diethylstilbestrol by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection
This paper describes the separation and quantification of salbutamol(SBA),clenbuterol(CLB) and diethylstilbestrol(DES)in porcine urine by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection.The method was based on its enhanced sensitivity effect on a luminol-potassium hexacyanoferrate(Ⅲ)(K_3[Fe(CN)_6])CL reaction.Three pharmaceuticals were well separated by capillary zone electrophoresis(CZE)utilizing 50mmol/L Na_2HPO_4/NaH_2PO_4 phosphate buffer(pH 6.5)as running electrolyte within 350 s.The results obtained include a detection limit from 0.8x10~(-9)mol/L to 2.0×10~(-9)mol/L and good repeatability(R.S.D.= 2.8%for n = 7 for a 5.0×10~(-8) mol/LSBA solution).The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of SBA,CLB and DES in porcine urine,the reliability of the assay method was established by parallel determination and by standard-addition method(recoveries = 96%-103%).
(3)Effective separation and simultaneous determination of three fluoroquinolones by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detector
A rapid capillary electrophoresis-chemiluminescence method is proposed for the simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolones such as ofloxacin(OF),norfloxacin(NF)and ciprofloxacin(CPF) in human urine samples.The method is based on the sensitizing effect of the compounds on the chemiluminescence oxidation of cerium(Ⅳ)and sodium sulfite in acidic medium.In the optimum conditions,the results obtained include a linear dynamic range of OF,NF and CPF were 2.0×10~(-8)-6.0 x10~(-6)g/mL,2.0×10~(-8)- 4.0×10~(-6)g/mL and 5.0×10~(-8)- 5.0×10~(-6)g/mL.The detection limits for them were 3.3×10~(-9)g/mL,4.5×10~(-9)g/mL and 5.8×10~(-9)g/mL,respectivelly.The R.S.D.for eleven parallel measurements of 2.0×10~(-7)g/mL OF was 3.1%.The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of OF,NF and CPF in man-made and natrual urine samples.
(4)Simultaneous determination of chlorpromazine and promethazine using capillary electrophoresis with cerium(Ⅳ)-rhodamine 6G chemiluminescence detection
A flow-injection analytical method by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection for the simultaneous determination of chlorpromazine and promethazine is presented.The method is based on the chemiluminescence reaction of chlorpromazine and promethazine with cerium(Ⅳ)in nitric acid,sensitized by the fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G.The mutual internal standard method was employed in this work due to the similar molecular weight and structure.The proposed procedure allows quantitation of chlorpromazine and promethazine in the concentrationrange of 4.0×10~(-8)-2.0×10~(-6)g/mL and 2.0×10~(-8)-2.0×10~(-6)g/mL,with a detection limit of 5.6 ng/mL and 3.4 ng/mL,respectivelly.An RSD of 2.8%(n = 9)at 2.0×10~(-6)g/mL for promethazine. The method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of Chlorpromazine and promethazine in human serum.
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