风电增速齿轮传动的效率与振动研究
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摘要
增速齿轮箱是风力发电增速环节的一个重要的部件,而齿轮传动作减速应用和增速应用在传动性能方面有较大的差距,主要反映在传动效率低,温升、噪声、振动比减速传动时严重等方面。本文针对齿轮传动的增速应用,对两个重要指标——传动效率和振动进行了系统的研究。
本文按照齿轮啮合理论推导了齿轮齿面间的滑动速度计算公式,分析了影响滑动速度的因素,研究了滑动速度随传动比的变化规律。在计入摩擦力的情况下对齿轮啮合力进行了分析,得到了摩擦力对主动轮阻力矩的影响情况。在此基础上对计入摩擦力的齿轮啮合功率损失进行了研究。在综合了国内外对齿轮搅油损失研究的基础上,给出了齿轮增速搅油损失的计算公式,并分析了诸多因素对搅油损失的影响,在计入搅油损失的基础上,分析了传动参数对传动效率的影响。
在上述工作的基础上,导出了考虑啮合损失、搅油损失和轴承损失的齿轮传动效率计算式,并进行了大量实验验证。结果证明该效率计算式正确可用。
为了解决风电增速箱在实际工程中振动大的问题,本文还以齿轮系统动力学理论为基础,用集中质量法建立了齿轮系统动力学模型,并利用牛顿法给出了该系统模型的微分方程表达式和矩阵方程,进一步利用阵型叠加法对所研究系统在增速和减速两种工况下的自由振动和外激励受迫振动分别进行了响应求解,结果显示,增速传动时系统响应的振幅更大,振动严重。该工作为解决风电增速箱的振动问题提供了重要理论依据。
As an important component in speed acceleration processing of wind power gearbox, while the existence of the more severe adverse effect of speed acceleration applications mainly including low transmission efficiency, temperature, noise and vibration than speed deceleration. The two important indicators of the speed acceleration of gear drive-transmission efficiency and vibration are systematically studied in this thesis.
The sliding velocity equation between gear tooth surfaces are presented based on Gear meshing theory,the factors that affect the sliding velocity are analyzed, the characteristic of sliding velocity vary with the transmission ratio is studied. The gear meshing forces are analyzed including the case of friction; the effect of friction to the friction resistance torque of the driving wheel is achieved. On this basis, the gear mesh power loss is studied counting on friction. The oil lose formula of speed acceleration process of gear box is derived after the comprehensive studies both home and abroad. The impact of the transmission factors to the transmission efficiency are analyzed when the oil lose effect is considered.
Based on the above-mentioned work, the calculation formula of Gear Efficiency considering meshing losses and oil lose is derived, the formula is verified by a large number of experimental verification. The results show that the efficiency formula is valid.
To address the high vibration problems of wind power box in practical application, the Kinetic model of the gear box is established using lumped-mass method based on gear train kinetic theory. The Differential expression and matrix equation of this system are achieved using Newton's method. The response solving of the free vibration and forced vibration of this system at speed acceleration and deceleration conditions are carried out using formation superposition method. The results showed that the response and vibration amplitude is more severe in speed acceleration applications, which provides an important theoretical basis to solve the vibration problem of wind power gearbox.
本文按照齿轮啮合理论推导了齿轮齿面间的滑动速度计算公式,分析了影响滑动速度的因素,研究了滑动速度随传动比的变化规律。在计入摩擦力的情况下对齿轮啮合力进行了分析,得到了摩擦力对主动轮阻力矩的影响情况。在此基础上对计入摩擦力的齿轮啮合功率损失进行了研究。在综合了国内外对齿轮搅油损失研究的基础上,给出了齿轮增速搅油损失的计算公式,并分析了诸多因素对搅油损失的影响,在计入搅油损失的基础上,分析了传动参数对传动效率的影响。
在上述工作的基础上,导出了考虑啮合损失、搅油损失和轴承损失的齿轮传动效率计算式,并进行了大量实验验证。结果证明该效率计算式正确可用。
为了解决风电增速箱在实际工程中振动大的问题,本文还以齿轮系统动力学理论为基础,用集中质量法建立了齿轮系统动力学模型,并利用牛顿法给出了该系统模型的微分方程表达式和矩阵方程,进一步利用阵型叠加法对所研究系统在增速和减速两种工况下的自由振动和外激励受迫振动分别进行了响应求解,结果显示,增速传动时系统响应的振幅更大,振动严重。该工作为解决风电增速箱的振动问题提供了重要理论依据。
As an important component in speed acceleration processing of wind power gearbox, while the existence of the more severe adverse effect of speed acceleration applications mainly including low transmission efficiency, temperature, noise and vibration than speed deceleration. The two important indicators of the speed acceleration of gear drive-transmission efficiency and vibration are systematically studied in this thesis.
The sliding velocity equation between gear tooth surfaces are presented based on Gear meshing theory,the factors that affect the sliding velocity are analyzed, the characteristic of sliding velocity vary with the transmission ratio is studied. The gear meshing forces are analyzed including the case of friction; the effect of friction to the friction resistance torque of the driving wheel is achieved. On this basis, the gear mesh power loss is studied counting on friction. The oil lose formula of speed acceleration process of gear box is derived after the comprehensive studies both home and abroad. The impact of the transmission factors to the transmission efficiency are analyzed when the oil lose effect is considered.
Based on the above-mentioned work, the calculation formula of Gear Efficiency considering meshing losses and oil lose is derived, the formula is verified by a large number of experimental verification. The results show that the efficiency formula is valid.
To address the high vibration problems of wind power box in practical application, the Kinetic model of the gear box is established using lumped-mass method based on gear train kinetic theory. The Differential expression and matrix equation of this system are achieved using Newton's method. The response solving of the free vibration and forced vibration of this system at speed acceleration and deceleration conditions are carried out using formation superposition method. The results showed that the response and vibration amplitude is more severe in speed acceleration applications, which provides an important theoretical basis to solve the vibration problem of wind power gearbox.
引文
[1]丛晓霞,付宇,胡志刚.论齿轮传动的发展[J].河南职技师院学报.1999：27(4)：54-55.
[2]郑州机械研究所齿轮室.国内外齿轮传动发展的概况和趋向[J].1979,2：3.
[3]陈达,张玮风.能利用和研究综述[J].节能技术.2007：55(144).
[4]李登伟,张烈辉,郭了萍,蒋新,赵彦清.中国21世纪可替代能源和可再生能源[J]；2006：05.
[5]吴光军.风力发电机组的组成与关键技术[J].长江新能源技术部.2007.
[6]北京利得华福电气技术有限公司,我国风力发电设备制造行业的发展现状[J],2009.
[7]中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴,直驱式风力发电并网变流器装置[J],2009.
[8]全球风能理事会,2008年风电市场统计[R],2009.
[9]施鹏飞.2008中国风电场装机容量统计[J].北京：中国风能协会；2009.
[10]李俊峰,高虎.中国风电发展报告[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[11]王晶晶,吴晓铃.风电齿轮箱的发展及技术分析[J].重庆大学机械传动国家重点实验室.2008.32(6).
[12]雷涛,廖承渝,袁滨.风电齿轮的重点装备[J].现代零部件,2008(6)：4849.
[13]董进朝.大型风电齿轮箱关键设计技术研究[D].郑州：郑州机械研究所硕士学位论文.
[14]中国高速传动设备有限公司.通知—风电产品动态[EB/OL].[2008-3-5].
[15]重庆齿轮箱有限责任公司.重齿研制成功国内最大的兆瓦级风电齿轮箱[EB／OL].[2007-6-5].
[16]杭州前进齿轮箱集团股份有限公司.杭齿集团研制的首台1.5MW风电齿轮箱样机试车成功将交付客户[EB/OL]. [2008-5-14].
[17]郑州机械研究所.我所风电齿轮箱项目获河南省企业自主创新资金支持[EB／OL].[2008-09-15].
[18]邢子坤.基于动力学的风力发电机齿轮传动系统可靠性评估及参数优化设计[D].硕士学位论文,2007,11.
[19]王成,方宗德,贾海.涛斜齿轮滑动摩擦功率损失的计算斜齿轮滑动摩擦功率损失的计算[J].燕山大学学报.2009：33(2).
[20]孙桓,陈作模.机械原理(第六版)[M].等教育出版社.2001.
[21]李华敏,韩元莹,王知行.渐开线齿轮的几何原理与计算[J].机械工业出版社.1985.155-162.
[22]罗澄清.浅析齿间摩擦力在齿轮传动中的影响[J].太原城市职业技术学院学报总.2009：94
[23]张有忱.齿轮齿面摩擦系数变化的研究[J].河北机电学院.1990：5
[24]朱景梓等.渐开线外啮合圆柱齿轮传动[M].国防工业出版社.1990.12
[25]范增智,赵汝焘,王良壁.齿轮传动系统的搅油损失、散热量及传动效率的预测[J].兰州铁道学院学报.1994：13(1).
[26]陈晓玲,刘松丽,黄智勇,周平.高速列车传动齿轮箱浸油深度对平衡温度的影响[J].铁道学报.2008：30(1).
[27]霍晓强,吴传虎.齿轮传动系统搅油损失的试验研究[J].徐州工程兵指挥学院.2007：31(1).
[28]霍晓强.综合传动装置热负荷特性研究.北京[J].北京理工大学,2005.
[29]阚振广.综合传动装置热平衡技术研究.北京[J].北京理工大学,2003
[30]Yasut sune Ariura, Taku Ueno, Teruo SunA GA, Shigemi Sunamoto. The lubricant Churning loss in Spur Gear Systems [J].Bulletin of the J SME,1973,16 (95):881-890
[31]Boness R J. Churning Losses of Discs and Gears Running Partially Submerged in Oil [C]// Proceedings of the International Power Transmission and Gearing conference. Chicago:American Society of Mechanical Engineers,1989:355-359.
[32]Luke P,Olver A V. A Study of Churning Losses in Dip-Lubricated Spur Gears [J] Journal of Aerospace engineering.1999,213 (5):337-346.
[33]Terekhov A S. Basic problems of heat calculation of gear reducers [C]//Proceedings of Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers International Conference on Motion and Power Transmissions. Tokyo Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers,1991:490-495.
[34]ISO/TR 1417921 Gears-Thermal Capacity-part 1:Rating gear drives with thermal equilibrium at 95 ℃ sump temperature [S].London:International Standard Organization,2001.
[35]陈晓玲,张武高,等.高速列车运行速度对传动齿轮箱平衡温度的影响[J].上海交通大学学报,2007,41(9).
[36]谭庆昌,赵洪志,曾平.机械设计[M].吉林科学技术出版社.1999.
[37]S. Seetharaman, A. Kahraman. Load-Independent Spin Power Losses of a Spur Gear Pair:Model Formulation [J].Journal of Tribology, April 2009 J. Tribol.131,022201 (2009) (11Pages)
[38]C. Changenet, P. Velex. A Model for the Prediction of Churning Losses in Geared Transmissions-Preliminary Results[J].Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol.129, No.1, pp128-133, January 2007.
[39]栾斌,张明,程宪春.润滑技术及展望[J].长春大学学报.
[40]邓策.机械式变速箱热平衡分析与仿真[D].吉林大学机械工程与科学学院.2009.
[41]李润芳,王建军.齿轮系统动力学-振动·冲击·噪声.科学出版社[M]。1997.
[42]西安理工大学理学院.振动力学[M]。2007.
[43]李大磊Solidworks2009基础设计[M].北京邮电大学出版社.2008.
[44]会田俊夫.齿轮的精度与性能[M].张展译：北京中国农业机械出版社.
[45]吴昊,安琦.弹流润滑圆柱滚子轴承径向刚度的计算[J].华东理工大学机械及动力工程学院.2008.
[46]Palmgren A.Ball and Roller Bearing Engineering [M].3rd ed. [s.1.]:Burank,1959
[2]郑州机械研究所齿轮室.国内外齿轮传动发展的概况和趋向[J].1979,2：3.
[3]陈达,张玮风.能利用和研究综述[J].节能技术.2007：55(144).
[4]李登伟,张烈辉,郭了萍,蒋新,赵彦清.中国21世纪可替代能源和可再生能源[J]；2006：05.
[5]吴光军.风力发电机组的组成与关键技术[J].长江新能源技术部.2007.
[6]北京利得华福电气技术有限公司,我国风力发电设备制造行业的发展现状[J],2009.
[7]中国新能源与可再生能源年鉴,直驱式风力发电并网变流器装置[J],2009.
[8]全球风能理事会,2008年风电市场统计[R],2009.
[9]施鹏飞.2008中国风电场装机容量统计[J].北京：中国风能协会；2009.
[10]李俊峰,高虎.中国风电发展报告[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[11]王晶晶,吴晓铃.风电齿轮箱的发展及技术分析[J].重庆大学机械传动国家重点实验室.2008.32(6).
[12]雷涛,廖承渝,袁滨.风电齿轮的重点装备[J].现代零部件,2008(6)：4849.
[13]董进朝.大型风电齿轮箱关键设计技术研究[D].郑州：郑州机械研究所硕士学位论文.
[14]中国高速传动设备有限公司.通知—风电产品动态[EB/OL].[2008-3-5].
[15]重庆齿轮箱有限责任公司.重齿研制成功国内最大的兆瓦级风电齿轮箱[EB／OL].[2007-6-5].
[16]杭州前进齿轮箱集团股份有限公司.杭齿集团研制的首台1.5MW风电齿轮箱样机试车成功将交付客户[EB/OL]. [2008-5-14].
[17]郑州机械研究所.我所风电齿轮箱项目获河南省企业自主创新资金支持[EB／OL].[2008-09-15].
[18]邢子坤.基于动力学的风力发电机齿轮传动系统可靠性评估及参数优化设计[D].硕士学位论文,2007,11.
[19]王成,方宗德,贾海.涛斜齿轮滑动摩擦功率损失的计算斜齿轮滑动摩擦功率损失的计算[J].燕山大学学报.2009：33(2).
[20]孙桓,陈作模.机械原理(第六版)[M].等教育出版社.2001.
[21]李华敏,韩元莹,王知行.渐开线齿轮的几何原理与计算[J].机械工业出版社.1985.155-162.
[22]罗澄清.浅析齿间摩擦力在齿轮传动中的影响[J].太原城市职业技术学院学报总.2009：94
[23]张有忱.齿轮齿面摩擦系数变化的研究[J].河北机电学院.1990：5
[24]朱景梓等.渐开线外啮合圆柱齿轮传动[M].国防工业出版社.1990.12
[25]范增智,赵汝焘,王良壁.齿轮传动系统的搅油损失、散热量及传动效率的预测[J].兰州铁道学院学报.1994：13(1).
[26]陈晓玲,刘松丽,黄智勇,周平.高速列车传动齿轮箱浸油深度对平衡温度的影响[J].铁道学报.2008：30(1).
[27]霍晓强,吴传虎.齿轮传动系统搅油损失的试验研究[J].徐州工程兵指挥学院.2007：31(1).
[28]霍晓强.综合传动装置热负荷特性研究.北京[J].北京理工大学,2005.
[29]阚振广.综合传动装置热平衡技术研究.北京[J].北京理工大学,2003
[30]Yasut sune Ariura, Taku Ueno, Teruo SunA GA, Shigemi Sunamoto. The lubricant Churning loss in Spur Gear Systems [J].Bulletin of the J SME,1973,16 (95):881-890
[31]Boness R J. Churning Losses of Discs and Gears Running Partially Submerged in Oil [C]// Proceedings of the International Power Transmission and Gearing conference. Chicago:American Society of Mechanical Engineers,1989:355-359.
[32]Luke P,Olver A V. A Study of Churning Losses in Dip-Lubricated Spur Gears [J] Journal of Aerospace engineering.1999,213 (5):337-346.
[33]Terekhov A S. Basic problems of heat calculation of gear reducers [C]//Proceedings of Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers International Conference on Motion and Power Transmissions. Tokyo Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers,1991:490-495.
[34]ISO/TR 1417921 Gears-Thermal Capacity-part 1:Rating gear drives with thermal equilibrium at 95 ℃ sump temperature [S].London:International Standard Organization,2001.
[35]陈晓玲,张武高,等.高速列车运行速度对传动齿轮箱平衡温度的影响[J].上海交通大学学报,2007,41(9).
[36]谭庆昌,赵洪志,曾平.机械设计[M].吉林科学技术出版社.1999.
[37]S. Seetharaman, A. Kahraman. Load-Independent Spin Power Losses of a Spur Gear Pair:Model Formulation [J].Journal of Tribology, April 2009 J. Tribol.131,022201 (2009) (11Pages)
[38]C. Changenet, P. Velex. A Model for the Prediction of Churning Losses in Geared Transmissions-Preliminary Results[J].Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol.129, No.1, pp128-133, January 2007.
[39]栾斌,张明,程宪春.润滑技术及展望[J].长春大学学报.
[40]邓策.机械式变速箱热平衡分析与仿真[D].吉林大学机械工程与科学学院.2009.
[41]李润芳,王建军.齿轮系统动力学-振动·冲击·噪声.科学出版社[M]。1997.
[42]西安理工大学理学院.振动力学[M]。2007.
[43]李大磊Solidworks2009基础设计[M].北京邮电大学出版社.2008.
[44]会田俊夫.齿轮的精度与性能[M].张展译：北京中国农业机械出版社.
[45]吴昊,安琦.弹流润滑圆柱滚子轴承径向刚度的计算[J].华东理工大学机械及动力工程学院.2008.
[46]Palmgren A.Ball and Roller Bearing Engineering [M].3rd ed. [s.1.]:Burank,1959