基于表面的角膜三维重建及其在临床眼科医学中的应用
摘要
二维图像的三维重建是医学影像学的研究热点之一。作为一种新兴的技术，三维重建利用二维图像的有用信息，立体显示医学图像，提高了图像的直观性，更有利于医学和科技工作者对所需要的信息进行分析和显示。
论文首先设计三维重建所遵循的一般步骤，在各步骤中，介绍实现各具体功能的常用方法，比较各种方法的优缺点，然后集中实现角膜切片的三维重建。论文以计算机为处理工具，借助Visual C++编程环境，运用数字图像处理、计算机图形学、眼科学等理论知识，借鉴其他相关论文的优点、特点和方法，设计简洁易懂、可读性和可操作性强的程序算法，进行切片重组。
文章针对角膜切片成像的特殊性及特点，根据切片在三维空间的位置，用立体几何知识，得出二维切片边缘像素的三维位置坐标。采用B-rep造型，将角膜切片的表面划分成若干小区域，每个小区域用四边形小面来逼近，使用小面来构造三维模型。对于一系列的三维像素点数据，可认为其为四边形面元的顶点，按一定的规律对顶点进行定义，再用同样的方法对面元进行定义，从而建立起角膜切片的三维模型。利用这种思想，可以对角膜进行建模，这是本论文着重论述的部分。
在三维重建的过程中，实现了一组图片的自动打开功能，结合阈值方法和多值图像数学形态学方法快速准确地提取切片边缘的像素信息，从而进行基于表面的三维重建。在程序设计中，考虑了显示的直观性和灵活性，兼顾了美观性，通过友好的人机界面，实现了角膜图像的多角度观察。
3D Reconstruction of 2D image is one of hotspots of medical image research. As a new technology, 3D Reconstruction utilizes useful messages of 2D images to show medical image tridimensionally. It improves the visibility of the image, which enables medical and scientific people to analyze or display what they need.
At first, the article frames the steps that 3D Reconstruction follows. In the process, we introduce common methods which are used to realize various functions and compare the characters of them. Then we focus our effort to accomplish the 3D Reconstruction of cornea slices. The article utilizes Visual C++, digital image management, computer graphics and ophthalmological theoretical knowledges, uses the merits, characters and methods of other correlative articles for reference. It projects compact, readable and operable procedure steps to accomplish the reconstruction of the slices.
The article aims at the particularities and characters of cornea slices. It bases on the positions of three dimension and utilizes the knowledges of solid geometry to get the 3D positional coordinates of 2D slices' marginal elements. The procedure adopts B-rep sculpt to divide the surface of cornea to many small parts. Each small part is simulated by small rectangle. So integrate the small rectangles to form 3D model. With a series of 3D element data, we consider them as the vertexes of small rectangles and define them according certain rule. In the same way, we define the facets. At last, we can build up the 3D Model of cornea slices. This is the main part the article emphasizes on.
In the process of 3D Reconstruction, we achieve the automatic opening function of a group of images. With threshold value according with multiple-value mathematical morphological method, we pick up the marginal elements of slices accurately . The procedure accomplishes the 3D reconstruction
of a group of cornea sheets successfully based on surface. In the course of the design of the procedure, we accomplish the cornea image from various points of view, considering the visibility, promptness and beauty of the display.
论文首先设计三维重建所遵循的一般步骤，在各步骤中，介绍实现各具体功能的常用方法，比较各种方法的优缺点，然后集中实现角膜切片的三维重建。论文以计算机为处理工具，借助Visual C++编程环境，运用数字图像处理、计算机图形学、眼科学等理论知识，借鉴其他相关论文的优点、特点和方法，设计简洁易懂、可读性和可操作性强的程序算法，进行切片重组。
文章针对角膜切片成像的特殊性及特点，根据切片在三维空间的位置，用立体几何知识，得出二维切片边缘像素的三维位置坐标。采用B-rep造型，将角膜切片的表面划分成若干小区域，每个小区域用四边形小面来逼近，使用小面来构造三维模型。对于一系列的三维像素点数据，可认为其为四边形面元的顶点，按一定的规律对顶点进行定义，再用同样的方法对面元进行定义，从而建立起角膜切片的三维模型。利用这种思想，可以对角膜进行建模，这是本论文着重论述的部分。
在三维重建的过程中，实现了一组图片的自动打开功能，结合阈值方法和多值图像数学形态学方法快速准确地提取切片边缘的像素信息，从而进行基于表面的三维重建。在程序设计中，考虑了显示的直观性和灵活性，兼顾了美观性，通过友好的人机界面，实现了角膜图像的多角度观察。
3D Reconstruction of 2D image is one of hotspots of medical image research. As a new technology, 3D Reconstruction utilizes useful messages of 2D images to show medical image tridimensionally. It improves the visibility of the image, which enables medical and scientific people to analyze or display what they need.
At first, the article frames the steps that 3D Reconstruction follows. In the process, we introduce common methods which are used to realize various functions and compare the characters of them. Then we focus our effort to accomplish the 3D Reconstruction of cornea slices. The article utilizes Visual C++, digital image management, computer graphics and ophthalmological theoretical knowledges, uses the merits, characters and methods of other correlative articles for reference. It projects compact, readable and operable procedure steps to accomplish the reconstruction of the slices.
The article aims at the particularities and characters of cornea slices. It bases on the positions of three dimension and utilizes the knowledges of solid geometry to get the 3D positional coordinates of 2D slices' marginal elements. The procedure adopts B-rep sculpt to divide the surface of cornea to many small parts. Each small part is simulated by small rectangle. So integrate the small rectangles to form 3D model. With a series of 3D element data, we consider them as the vertexes of small rectangles and define them according certain rule. In the same way, we define the facets. At last, we can build up the 3D Model of cornea slices. This is the main part the article emphasizes on.
In the process of 3D Reconstruction, we achieve the automatic opening function of a group of images. With threshold value according with multiple-value mathematical morphological method, we pick up the marginal elements of slices accurately . The procedure accomplishes the 3D reconstruction
of a group of cornea sheets successfully based on surface. In the course of the design of the procedure, we accomplish the cornea image from various points of view, considering the visibility, promptness and beauty of the display.
引文
1．向世明编著，Visual C++数字图像与图形处理[M]，电子工业出版社，2002．3
2．Kenneth·R·Castleman著，朱志刚 等 数字图像处理[M]，电子工业出版社，1998．9
3．Donald Heam, M·Pauline Baker著，蔡士杰等译，计算机图形学[M]，电子工业出版社，1998．4
4．孙家广 等著，计算机图形学(第三版)[M]，清华大学出版社，1998．9
5．Michael·J·Young著，邱仲潘等译，Visual C++从入门到精通[M]，电子工业出版社，2001．8
6．[美]Kris Jamsa·PH·D著，张嵩，郝成江等译，C++成功使用秘诀[M]，电子工业出版社，1996，5
7．王新成 编著，高级图像处理技术[M]，中国科学技术出版社，2001．5
8．王新成 编著，高级图形处理技术[M]，中国科学技术出版社，2001．5
9．官章全 编著，标准C++库大全[M]，电子工业出版社，2002．1
10．沈潜 编著，中西医眼科学(修订再版)[M]，内蒙古人民出版社，1998．4第2版
11. Wang G, Lin F H, Cheng P C,et al. A general cone-beam reconstruction algorithm[J].IEEE Trans on Medical Imaging, 1993, 12: 486～496
12. Levoy M. Display of surfaces from volume data[J].IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications,1988,8(3):29～37
13. Cline H E,Lorensen W E.Two Algorithms for Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Tomograms[J]. Medical Physics, 1988,15(3): 320～327
14. Kang Kejun,Mao Xiping,Liu Yaqiang, The late achievements of theories and methods for 2D and 3D image reconstruction[J]. CT Theory and Applications, 1997,5:48～51
15. Zou H,Tuy HK, Liu J,Surface shading of three dimensional medical objects[J].CT Theory and Applications, 2000,9:23～28.邹豪，Tuy Heang K，刘积仁，医学图像三维表面重建[J]，CT理论与应用研究，2000，9：23～28．
16. Chen Bing,Meng Peisheng,Rebuilding data of spirial CT on three dimensions based on dividing cubes[J] .Application Research of Computers,2003,20(4):63～64 陈兵，蒙培生，基于Dividing Cubes的算法实现螺旋CT数据的三维重建，计算机应用研究，2003，20(4)：63-64
17．罗希平，田捷，图像分割方法综述[J]，模糊识别与人工智能，1999
18. Liang Yuan lei,Wang Zong yan, A Review of the Technology of 3D Reconstruction Based on Layer Data[J], Journal of NorthChina Institue of Technology, 2002, 38(1)～40
19．李万祥，苟向锋，由切片重建样本的三维形态[J]，信息技术，2002．3：14～15
20. ZHUGE Bin,Feng Huan qing,Zhou He qin,Zhang Sheng jian,Wu Duan, Fast 3D Surface Rendering for CT or MR Image on a Personal Computer[J],Space Medicine&Medical Engineering,2002,15(4):296～298
21. Rao Lan,ZhangG Hai jun,Huang Feng,The Research of Reconstruction of Serial Color Slice Images[J],Laser & Infrared,2002,32(5):350～352
22. Katsuta T.Rhoton AL Jr,Matsushimu T,The jugular for amen:microsurgical anatomy and operative approaches[J].Neurosurgery, 1997,41 (1):49～52.
23. Liu Hai dong,Chen Lu,Jiang Hao, Reconstruction of Vessel in Three Dimension[J],Journal of Engineering Mathematics,2002,19:41～46
24. Lorensen WE,CLineHE,Marchingcubes:A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm[J].Computer Graphics Processings, 1987,7:163～169
25. Atkins M S, Machiewich B T. Fully automatic segmentation of the brain in MRI [J]. IEEE Transaction on Medical Image, 1998, 17(1): 98～107.
26．徐晓峰，张大力，曲桂红，潘洪波，三维医学可视化系统[J]，计算机
工程，2001，27(2)：159～160
27．洪泉，陈德强，黄文浩，一种基于图象内部信息的轮廓匹配和切片对齐新方法[J]，中国图象图形学报，2001，6(A版)(2)：152～158
28．纪凤欣，秦绪佳，袁野，欧宗瑛，一种基于CT图像反求技术的实体几何造型方法[J]，机械科学与技术，2002，21(1)：165～168
29．黄晓阳，王博亮，黄绍辉，用VRML语言实现头部CT图像三维重建[J]，厦门大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，41(6)：740～743
30. Jiang Zhi guo,Meng Ru song,Zhao Yu,Zhou fu gen,Dong Hai jun,Visulization technique and. its application in tissue section image processing[J],Cinese Journal of Stereology and Image Analysis,2002,7(3): 170～174
31. Qin Xu jia,Ou Zong ying,Ji Feng xin,Yuan Ye,Hou Jian hua,Interactive segmentation and 3D surface reconstruction of medical images[J],Journal of Egineering Graphics,2001,2:94～101
32．刘才，高贞彦，彭秀艳，李学忠，利用OpenGL实现医学图像三维表面重建[J]．技术交流，2000．16(1)：57～58
33. Dong Yuan,Liu Wen ping,Hu Guang rui, Edge detection method for cranical cavity CT image[J], Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering; 1998,17(4):378～380
34．田捷，戴汝为，由深度数据重建三维物体的一种方法[J]，自动化学报，1996，22(3)：286～292
35．王福昌，曹慧荣，利用matlab进行血管基于表面的三维重建[J]，电脑学习，2002，4：6～7
2．Kenneth·R·Castleman著，朱志刚 等 数字图像处理[M]，电子工业出版社，1998．9
3．Donald Heam, M·Pauline Baker著，蔡士杰等译，计算机图形学[M]，电子工业出版社，1998．4
4．孙家广 等著，计算机图形学(第三版)[M]，清华大学出版社，1998．9
5．Michael·J·Young著，邱仲潘等译，Visual C++从入门到精通[M]，电子工业出版社，2001．8
6．[美]Kris Jamsa·PH·D著，张嵩，郝成江等译，C++成功使用秘诀[M]，电子工业出版社，1996，5
7．王新成 编著，高级图像处理技术[M]，中国科学技术出版社，2001．5
8．王新成 编著，高级图形处理技术[M]，中国科学技术出版社，2001．5
9．官章全 编著，标准C++库大全[M]，电子工业出版社，2002．1
10．沈潜 编著，中西医眼科学(修订再版)[M]，内蒙古人民出版社，1998．4第2版
11. Wang G, Lin F H, Cheng P C,et al. A general cone-beam reconstruction algorithm[J].IEEE Trans on Medical Imaging, 1993, 12: 486～496
12. Levoy M. Display of surfaces from volume data[J].IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications,1988,8(3):29～37
13. Cline H E,Lorensen W E.Two Algorithms for Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Tomograms[J]. Medical Physics, 1988,15(3): 320～327
14. Kang Kejun,Mao Xiping,Liu Yaqiang, The late achievements of theories and methods for 2D and 3D image reconstruction[J]. CT Theory and Applications, 1997,5:48～51
15. Zou H,Tuy HK, Liu J,Surface shading of three dimensional medical objects[J].CT Theory and Applications, 2000,9:23～28.邹豪，Tuy Heang K，刘积仁，医学图像三维表面重建[J]，CT理论与应用研究，2000，9：23～28．
16. Chen Bing,Meng Peisheng,Rebuilding data of spirial CT on three dimensions based on dividing cubes[J] .Application Research of Computers,2003,20(4):63～64 陈兵，蒙培生，基于Dividing Cubes的算法实现螺旋CT数据的三维重建，计算机应用研究，2003，20(4)：63-64
17．罗希平，田捷，图像分割方法综述[J]，模糊识别与人工智能，1999
18. Liang Yuan lei,Wang Zong yan, A Review of the Technology of 3D Reconstruction Based on Layer Data[J], Journal of NorthChina Institue of Technology, 2002, 38(1)～40
19．李万祥，苟向锋，由切片重建样本的三维形态[J]，信息技术，2002．3：14～15
20. ZHUGE Bin,Feng Huan qing,Zhou He qin,Zhang Sheng jian,Wu Duan, Fast 3D Surface Rendering for CT or MR Image on a Personal Computer[J],Space Medicine&Medical Engineering,2002,15(4):296～298
21. Rao Lan,ZhangG Hai jun,Huang Feng,The Research of Reconstruction of Serial Color Slice Images[J],Laser & Infrared,2002,32(5):350～352
22. Katsuta T.Rhoton AL Jr,Matsushimu T,The jugular for amen:microsurgical anatomy and operative approaches[J].Neurosurgery, 1997,41 (1):49～52.
23. Liu Hai dong,Chen Lu,Jiang Hao, Reconstruction of Vessel in Three Dimension[J],Journal of Engineering Mathematics,2002,19:41～46
24. Lorensen WE,CLineHE,Marchingcubes:A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm[J].Computer Graphics Processings, 1987,7:163～169
25. Atkins M S, Machiewich B T. Fully automatic segmentation of the brain in MRI [J]. IEEE Transaction on Medical Image, 1998, 17(1): 98～107.
26．徐晓峰，张大力，曲桂红，潘洪波，三维医学可视化系统[J]，计算机
工程，2001，27(2)：159～160
27．洪泉，陈德强，黄文浩，一种基于图象内部信息的轮廓匹配和切片对齐新方法[J]，中国图象图形学报，2001，6(A版)(2)：152～158
28．纪凤欣，秦绪佳，袁野，欧宗瑛，一种基于CT图像反求技术的实体几何造型方法[J]，机械科学与技术，2002，21(1)：165～168
29．黄晓阳，王博亮，黄绍辉，用VRML语言实现头部CT图像三维重建[J]，厦门大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，41(6)：740～743
30. Jiang Zhi guo,Meng Ru song,Zhao Yu,Zhou fu gen,Dong Hai jun,Visulization technique and. its application in tissue section image processing[J],Cinese Journal of Stereology and Image Analysis,2002,7(3): 170～174
31. Qin Xu jia,Ou Zong ying,Ji Feng xin,Yuan Ye,Hou Jian hua,Interactive segmentation and 3D surface reconstruction of medical images[J],Journal of Egineering Graphics,2001,2:94～101
32．刘才，高贞彦，彭秀艳，李学忠，利用OpenGL实现医学图像三维表面重建[J]．技术交流，2000．16(1)：57～58
33. Dong Yuan,Liu Wen ping,Hu Guang rui, Edge detection method for cranical cavity CT image[J], Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering; 1998,17(4):378～380
34．田捷，戴汝为，由深度数据重建三维物体的一种方法[J]，自动化学报，1996，22(3)：286～292
35．王福昌，曹慧荣，利用matlab进行血管基于表面的三维重建[J]，电脑学习，2002，4：6～7