某载货汽车的平顺性分析与悬架系统改进设计
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摘要
提高汽车运行过程中的平顺性、安全性、稳定性,减小汽车振动,已经成为了一个亟待解决的问题之一。各汽车制造商同时也认识到汽车的乘坐舒适性和操纵稳定性是产品竞争力的关键因素之一。本文针对WL2310P四轮汽车在40-60km/h时出现整车振动较大问题进行选题,运用有限元建模、分析,结合Matlab软件进行分析。以整车平顺性研究为基础,以优化设计理论为工具,尝试探索关于货车悬架系统参数匹配与结构设计合理实用的方法,并利用本公司自己生产的载货汽车对其可行性进行验证。
本文在分析过程中主要做了如下工作:
将汽车简化为六自由度振动模型,通过有限元分析振型,与实际驾驶情况进行对比。结果表明,模型的计算模态频率与试验结果非常接近,说明这个模型能够模拟原车的动力学特性,适用于车辆的平顺性分析。通过Matlab计算,输出各主要性能参数的变化曲线,然后对其分析,发现原悬架中存在的问题。可以发现降低前悬架刚度;增加前减振器阻尼、增加后减振器阻尼均可以有效改变车辆的平顺性。改变驾驶室橡胶垫的刚度,并不能有效改变车辆的平顺性。从车辆的实际使用条件出发,将该车的前悬架刚度降低、在后悬架处增加减振器,经过重新验证,得出的综合评价是该车的舒适性有了明显改善。这说明汽车舒适性仿真研究对汽车优化设计和汽车舒适性评估是有意义的,计算程序对汽车的设计和评估有一定的应用参考价值
本文是生产、学习、研究的结合。采用生产经验与理论分析相结合,可指导实际生产和试验,为产品改进提供依据。课题研究成果将解决公司的整车振动的实际问题,并形成一套简易可行的整车平顺性研究方法和悬架系统匹配分析方法,使公司获得很大的经济和社会效益。
Improve vehicle ride comfort during the operation, security, stability, reduce vehicle vibration, has become one of a serious problem. The car manufacturers also realize that the ride comfort and handling stability of vehicle is the product key factor in competitiveness. Contrapose a WL2310P truck appear obvious vibration at 40-60m/h, This text use FEM to build models to analysis,combine Matlab to calculate.based on the ride comfort of the whole truck,use the theory of optimize design,attempt to explore rational method about how to matching the suspension system of a truck.and use the truck made of my own company to validate the feasibility.
This thesis majorly completed the following duties:
The truck will be reduced to six degrees of freedom vehicle vibration model shapes by finite element analysis, compared with the actual driving conditions. The results show that the model calculations and experimental modal frequencies are very close, indicating that this model can simulate the dynamics of the original car for the ride of the vehicle. Calculated by MATLAB, The main performance parameters of the output curve, and its analysis, found that problems in the original suspension.we can find in the front suspension lower stiffness; increase before the shock absorber damping, increased damping can be effective in changing the vehicle ride comfort. Change the stiffness of the cab pads and can not effectively change the vehicle's ride comfort. From the vehicle's actual use conditions, the paper will reduce the stiffness of the car's front suspension, add the shock absorber in the rear suspension, after re-verification, the comprehensive evaluation is obtained comfort of the car has improved significantly. This shows that simulation of vehicle comfort and vehicle optimization design of automotive comfort assessment is meaningful, computer program design and evaluation of the car has some application reference value.
In all,this thesis is combination of production,study with research,analyzing experience.use the combination of production experience and analysis of theory,can prove theoretical direction for production advance.this thesis can resolve the true problem of the vibration of the truck. And the formation of a simple and feasible method for ride comfort and suspension system of matching methods, the company was great economic and social benefits.
本文在分析过程中主要做了如下工作:
将汽车简化为六自由度振动模型,通过有限元分析振型,与实际驾驶情况进行对比。结果表明,模型的计算模态频率与试验结果非常接近,说明这个模型能够模拟原车的动力学特性,适用于车辆的平顺性分析。通过Matlab计算,输出各主要性能参数的变化曲线,然后对其分析,发现原悬架中存在的问题。可以发现降低前悬架刚度;增加前减振器阻尼、增加后减振器阻尼均可以有效改变车辆的平顺性。改变驾驶室橡胶垫的刚度,并不能有效改变车辆的平顺性。从车辆的实际使用条件出发,将该车的前悬架刚度降低、在后悬架处增加减振器,经过重新验证,得出的综合评价是该车的舒适性有了明显改善。这说明汽车舒适性仿真研究对汽车优化设计和汽车舒适性评估是有意义的,计算程序对汽车的设计和评估有一定的应用参考价值
本文是生产、学习、研究的结合。采用生产经验与理论分析相结合,可指导实际生产和试验,为产品改进提供依据。课题研究成果将解决公司的整车振动的实际问题,并形成一套简易可行的整车平顺性研究方法和悬架系统匹配分析方法,使公司获得很大的经济和社会效益。
Improve vehicle ride comfort during the operation, security, stability, reduce vehicle vibration, has become one of a serious problem. The car manufacturers also realize that the ride comfort and handling stability of vehicle is the product key factor in competitiveness. Contrapose a WL2310P truck appear obvious vibration at 40-60m/h, This text use FEM to build models to analysis,combine Matlab to calculate.based on the ride comfort of the whole truck,use the theory of optimize design,attempt to explore rational method about how to matching the suspension system of a truck.and use the truck made of my own company to validate the feasibility.
This thesis majorly completed the following duties:
The truck will be reduced to six degrees of freedom vehicle vibration model shapes by finite element analysis, compared with the actual driving conditions. The results show that the model calculations and experimental modal frequencies are very close, indicating that this model can simulate the dynamics of the original car for the ride of the vehicle. Calculated by MATLAB, The main performance parameters of the output curve, and its analysis, found that problems in the original suspension.we can find in the front suspension lower stiffness; increase before the shock absorber damping, increased damping can be effective in changing the vehicle ride comfort. Change the stiffness of the cab pads and can not effectively change the vehicle's ride comfort. From the vehicle's actual use conditions, the paper will reduce the stiffness of the car's front suspension, add the shock absorber in the rear suspension, after re-verification, the comprehensive evaluation is obtained comfort of the car has improved significantly. This shows that simulation of vehicle comfort and vehicle optimization design of automotive comfort assessment is meaningful, computer program design and evaluation of the car has some application reference value.
In all,this thesis is combination of production,study with research,analyzing experience.use the combination of production experience and analysis of theory,can prove theoretical direction for production advance.this thesis can resolve the true problem of the vibration of the truck. And the formation of a simple and feasible method for ride comfort and suspension system of matching methods, the company was great economic and social benefits.
引文
[01]王望予,汽车设计,机械工业出版社,2005.05
[02] Koonce D A, Judd R P, Parks C M. Manufacturing systems engineering and design of an intelligent, multi-model, integration architecture [J]. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 1996, 9(6): 443-453
[03] Eppinger S D, Whitney D E, Smith R P, etal. A model-based method for organizing tasks in product development [J], Research in Engineering Design, 1994, 6(1): 1-13
[04]李伯虎,柴旭东等.复杂产品虚拟样机工程的研究与初步实践[J].系统仿真学报, 2002, 14(3): 336-341
[05] Gruninger M., Fox M. Methodology for the design and evaluation of ontologies. Proceedings of the Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing[J]. Held in conjunction with IJCAI-95,Montreal, Canada,1995
[06]陈家瑞,汽车构造,机械工业出版社,2005.3
[07]于开平,周传月,谭惠丰等,Hypermesh从入门到精通,北京:科学出版社,2005.05
[08]潘国建,刘献栋,汽车悬架参数优化的最优控制方法[J],农业机械学报,2005,36(11):21-24
[09] Sharp S.,and Crolla,D.A.Road vehicle suspension system design-a review.Vehicle System Dynamics,1987,16
[10] Karnopp D.Active and semi-active vibration isolation,Transactions of the ASME.R.Journal of Special 50th Anniversary Design Issue,1995,117
[11]王勋成,邵敏,有限单元法基本原理和数值分析,清华大学出版社,1997,第2版
[12]龚培康,汽车拖拉机有限元法基础,机械工业出版社,1995,第1版
[13]蒋孝煜,有限元法基础,清华大学出版社,1984,第1版
[14]张小虞等,汽车工程手册设计篇,人民交通出版社,2001,第1版
[15] W.Kortum etc. The 4th Iavsd-Herbertov Workshop:“Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronic Vehicles: Tools, Standards and Industry Demand”--Objectives, Issues and Summary of Results. Vehicle System Dynamics Su pplement, 1999, 33: 191-201.
[16]张玉云,熊光楞,李伯虎.并行工程方法、技术与实践[J],自动化学报, 1996, 22(6):745-754
[17]张志飞,徐中明,贺岩松,汽车平顺性客观评价方法[J],重庆大学学报,2010.4,33(4):14-20
[18]长春汽车研究所,GB4970-1996汽车平顺性随机输入行驶试验方法[S],北京:中国标准出版社,1996
[19] International Standard Organization,ISO 2631-1 -1985 Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration-Prat 1,General requirements[S],[s.l.]:ISO,1985
[20] International Standard Organization,ISO 2631-1 -1997 Mechanical vibration-Measurement and Evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted 7vibration-Prat 1,General requirements[S],[s.l.]:ISO,1997
[21]王秉刚,张志光,孟祥符,对汽车平顺性物理量评价指标的试验验证及讨论[J],汽车技术,1982(3):2-7
[22]马广发,汽车平顺性的试验研究及评价指标的探讨-随机输入法[J],汽车工程,1983(1):20-27
[23]卢士富,关于国际标准ISO2631的认识和修改[J],长安大学学报:自然科学版,1993,13(4):58-63
[24]赵六奇,刘锋,参照国际标准ISO2631的新草案修订汽车平顺性的评价方法[J],汽车工程,1993,15(6):371-377
[25]陈荫三,高利,卧姿人体承受全身振动降低舒适界限的研究[J],汽车工程,1991,13(4):208-213
[26]杜子学,基于乘用车型平顺性分析的新指标-汽车综合振动舒适度C_(gv)[J],西南交通大学学报,2000,35(2):152-154
[27]郑郧,汽车振动舒适性的测量与评价[J],客车技术与研究,2000,22(4):23-26
[28]吴志成,陈思忠,杨林等,越野车辆平顺性评价方法研究[J],兵工学报,2007,28(11):1393-1396
[29]唐传茵,张天侠,李华等,汽车振动舒适性评价研究[J],振动与冲击,2008,27(9):158-161,166
[30]刘惟信,汽车设计,清华大学出版社,2001.07
[31]孙胜利,位移相关减振器动力学减模及对车辆性能影响的研究,吉林大学博士学位论文,2008.10
[32] Reimpell J,The Automotive Chassis[C],USA:SAE,2001:348-357
[33] Dixon J,The shock absorber handbook[M],Warendale,USA:SAE,1999:20-21
[34]范.理查德,基于Magic Fomula的新减振器数值模型及其在铁道车辆动力学中的应用[D],北方交通大学,2005:6-15
[35] Fukushima,NK Hidaka and K lwata,Optimum Characteristics of Automotive Shock Abosorbers under Various Driving Conditions and Road Surfaces[C],JSAE Review,March 1983
[36] Sugasawa Fetal,Electronically controlled shock absorber system used as a road sensor which utilizes supersonic waves[C],SAE Paper No.851652,1985
[37] David Crolla,The influence of damper properties on vehicle dynamic behavior [J],SAE Paper 2002-01-0319
[38]张瑞先,轻卡车身振动问题的研究与系统解决,大连理工大学硕士学位论文,200308
[39]尚涛,石瑞伟,安宁,等,工程计算可视化与Matlab实现[M],武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002
[40]张宜华,精通MATLAB5[M],北京:清华大学出版社,1999
[41]黄向东,汽车悬架系统的有限元分析法及其应用[J],中国机械工程,1994.5(1):44-45
[42] HUANG X D,FEM Models For Vehicle Component and their Application AMSE[A],建模仿真控制92国际会议论文集[C],合肥:1992
[43] KARLSON SORENSON INC,MSC/NASTRAN Theoretical Manual/User’s Manual(v4-5)[Z],Hibbitt,USA,1985
[44]樊兴华,黄席樾,刘光波,九自由度汽车舒适性仿真[J],重庆大学学报:自然科学版,2000,23(4):127-132
[45]中国国家标准化管理委员会,GB/T7031-2005机械振动道路路面谱测量数据报告[S],北京:中国标准出版社,2006
[46] MDI COMPANY,Running Analyses in ADAMS/Car,2002
[47] MDI COMPANY,Getting Started Using ADAMS/Car,2002
[48]余志生,汽车理论,机械工业出版社,2000.10
[49]长春汽车研究所,JB1459-85汽车筒式减振器尺寸系列及技术条件[S],北京:中国标准出版社,1985
[50]樊兴华,发动机悬置系统多目标模糊优化设计及汽车舒适性仿真[D],重庆:重庆大学,1999
[02] Koonce D A, Judd R P, Parks C M. Manufacturing systems engineering and design of an intelligent, multi-model, integration architecture [J]. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 1996, 9(6): 443-453
[03] Eppinger S D, Whitney D E, Smith R P, etal. A model-based method for organizing tasks in product development [J], Research in Engineering Design, 1994, 6(1): 1-13
[04]李伯虎,柴旭东等.复杂产品虚拟样机工程的研究与初步实践[J].系统仿真学报, 2002, 14(3): 336-341
[05] Gruninger M., Fox M. Methodology for the design and evaluation of ontologies. Proceedings of the Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing[J]. Held in conjunction with IJCAI-95,Montreal, Canada,1995
[06]陈家瑞,汽车构造,机械工业出版社,2005.3
[07]于开平,周传月,谭惠丰等,Hypermesh从入门到精通,北京:科学出版社,2005.05
[08]潘国建,刘献栋,汽车悬架参数优化的最优控制方法[J],农业机械学报,2005,36(11):21-24
[09] Sharp S.,and Crolla,D.A.Road vehicle suspension system design-a review.Vehicle System Dynamics,1987,16
[10] Karnopp D.Active and semi-active vibration isolation,Transactions of the ASME.R.Journal of Special 50th Anniversary Design Issue,1995,117
[11]王勋成,邵敏,有限单元法基本原理和数值分析,清华大学出版社,1997,第2版
[12]龚培康,汽车拖拉机有限元法基础,机械工业出版社,1995,第1版
[13]蒋孝煜,有限元法基础,清华大学出版社,1984,第1版
[14]张小虞等,汽车工程手册设计篇,人民交通出版社,2001,第1版
[15] W.Kortum etc. The 4th Iavsd-Herbertov Workshop:“Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronic Vehicles: Tools, Standards and Industry Demand”--Objectives, Issues and Summary of Results. Vehicle System Dynamics Su pplement, 1999, 33: 191-201.
[16]张玉云,熊光楞,李伯虎.并行工程方法、技术与实践[J],自动化学报, 1996, 22(6):745-754
[17]张志飞,徐中明,贺岩松,汽车平顺性客观评价方法[J],重庆大学学报,2010.4,33(4):14-20
[18]长春汽车研究所,GB4970-1996汽车平顺性随机输入行驶试验方法[S],北京:中国标准出版社,1996
[19] International Standard Organization,ISO 2631-1 -1985 Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration-Prat 1,General requirements[S],[s.l.]:ISO,1985
[20] International Standard Organization,ISO 2631-1 -1997 Mechanical vibration-Measurement and Evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted 7vibration-Prat 1,General requirements[S],[s.l.]:ISO,1997
[21]王秉刚,张志光,孟祥符,对汽车平顺性物理量评价指标的试验验证及讨论[J],汽车技术,1982(3):2-7
[22]马广发,汽车平顺性的试验研究及评价指标的探讨-随机输入法[J],汽车工程,1983(1):20-27
[23]卢士富,关于国际标准ISO2631的认识和修改[J],长安大学学报:自然科学版,1993,13(4):58-63
[24]赵六奇,刘锋,参照国际标准ISO2631的新草案修订汽车平顺性的评价方法[J],汽车工程,1993,15(6):371-377
[25]陈荫三,高利,卧姿人体承受全身振动降低舒适界限的研究[J],汽车工程,1991,13(4):208-213
[26]杜子学,基于乘用车型平顺性分析的新指标-汽车综合振动舒适度C_(gv)[J],西南交通大学学报,2000,35(2):152-154
[27]郑郧,汽车振动舒适性的测量与评价[J],客车技术与研究,2000,22(4):23-26
[28]吴志成,陈思忠,杨林等,越野车辆平顺性评价方法研究[J],兵工学报,2007,28(11):1393-1396
[29]唐传茵,张天侠,李华等,汽车振动舒适性评价研究[J],振动与冲击,2008,27(9):158-161,166
[30]刘惟信,汽车设计,清华大学出版社,2001.07
[31]孙胜利,位移相关减振器动力学减模及对车辆性能影响的研究,吉林大学博士学位论文,2008.10
[32] Reimpell J,The Automotive Chassis[C],USA:SAE,2001:348-357
[33] Dixon J,The shock absorber handbook[M],Warendale,USA:SAE,1999:20-21
[34]范.理查德,基于Magic Fomula的新减振器数值模型及其在铁道车辆动力学中的应用[D],北方交通大学,2005:6-15
[35] Fukushima,NK Hidaka and K lwata,Optimum Characteristics of Automotive Shock Abosorbers under Various Driving Conditions and Road Surfaces[C],JSAE Review,March 1983
[36] Sugasawa Fetal,Electronically controlled shock absorber system used as a road sensor which utilizes supersonic waves[C],SAE Paper No.851652,1985
[37] David Crolla,The influence of damper properties on vehicle dynamic behavior [J],SAE Paper 2002-01-0319
[38]张瑞先,轻卡车身振动问题的研究与系统解决,大连理工大学硕士学位论文,200308
[39]尚涛,石瑞伟,安宁,等,工程计算可视化与Matlab实现[M],武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002
[40]张宜华,精通MATLAB5[M],北京:清华大学出版社,1999
[41]黄向东,汽车悬架系统的有限元分析法及其应用[J],中国机械工程,1994.5(1):44-45
[42] HUANG X D,FEM Models For Vehicle Component and their Application AMSE[A],建模仿真控制92国际会议论文集[C],合肥:1992
[43] KARLSON SORENSON INC,MSC/NASTRAN Theoretical Manual/User’s Manual(v4-5)[Z],Hibbitt,USA,1985
[44]樊兴华,黄席樾,刘光波,九自由度汽车舒适性仿真[J],重庆大学学报:自然科学版,2000,23(4):127-132
[45]中国国家标准化管理委员会,GB/T7031-2005机械振动道路路面谱测量数据报告[S],北京:中国标准出版社,2006
[46] MDI COMPANY,Running Analyses in ADAMS/Car,2002
[47] MDI COMPANY,Getting Started Using ADAMS/Car,2002
[48]余志生,汽车理论,机械工业出版社,2000.10
[49]长春汽车研究所,JB1459-85汽车筒式减振器尺寸系列及技术条件[S],北京:中国标准出版社,1985
[50]樊兴华,发动机悬置系统多目标模糊优化设计及汽车舒适性仿真[D],重庆:重庆大学,1999