茶黑刺粉虱与几种捕食和寄生性天敌间的化学通讯联系
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摘要
论文以茶黑刺粉虱与几种天敌为研究模式,在预备实验的基础上,以嗅觉仪和触角电位技术探究了该粉虱与多种天敌之间的化学通讯联系,结果表明:
1.在27种源于茶树单一组分挥发物中,对龟纹瓢虫有着显著引诱作用的主要是芳樟醇、苯甲酯、水杨酸甲酯、烯丙基异硫氰酸酯、正乙醇、1-戊烯-3-醇、(+)-3-蒈烯、苯甲醇这几种成分。当挥发物的浓度是10~(-6)g/ml时,龟纹瓢虫对芳樟醇、(+)-3-蒈烯、苯甲酯、烯丙基异硫氰酸酯、苯甲醇比较敏感,其中烯丙基异硫氰酸酯对龟纹瓢虫的引诱作用达到显著水平(P＜0.05)。挥发物为10~(-4)g/ml浓度时,龟纹瓢虫对这些气体都表现出比较敏感的趋向性,其中芳樟醇、苯甲酯、水杨酸甲酯、正乙醇、1-戊烯-3-醇、(+)-3-蒈烯、苯甲醇这几种成分达到了显著水平(P＜0.05)。挥发物为10~(-2)g/ml浓度时,龟纹瓢虫对吲哚、苯乙氧基乙酸有一定的趋向性,对(+)-3-蒈烯、苯甲醇有比较敏感的避忌性,但是都没有达到显著水平。在2组单一组分的混合组分嗅觉行为测定中,龟纹瓢虫均表现出一定的正趋向,但是均没有达到显著水平。说明了龟纹瓢虫茶树挥发的单一化学信息物是有选择性存在阈值的、存在着最佳的引诱组分及比例组合。
2.源于茶树的单一组分:芳樟醇、反-乙烯酯、青叶醇、苯甲酯、水杨酸甲酯、香叶醇、吲哚、乙酸顺-3-烯-1酯的8种单一味源在浓度为10~(-6)g/ml时对异色瓢虫的3种变种:异色瓢虫显现变种、异色瓢虫显明变种、异色瓢虫十九斑变种的引诱作用各不相同。异色瓢虫显现变种对反-乙烯酯比较敏感;异色瓢虫显明变种对芳樟醇、青叶醇、香叶醇比较敏感;异色瓢虫十九斑变种对芳樟醇、反-乙烯酯、青叶醇比较敏感,但是均没有达到显著水平。
3.黄金蚜小蜂对黑刺粉虱(X_1)+受害叶(X_2)的趋向性的回归式Y^=0.6976-0.0205X_1+0.0152X_2,(F=7742.8131＞F_(0.01));黄金蚜小蜂对黑刺粉虱数量的趋向性在低浓度时随着浓度的升高趋向性增强,当黑刺粉虱的数量达到400头时,趋向性达到峰值,以后趋向性下降,经二次多项式逐步分析,Y=0.0000571X~2+0.042287X+7.2,(R=0.9769,P＜0.01)。黄金蚜小蜂对受害叶片的趋向性也开始时也随着受害叶片重量的增加而增加,当达到叶片的达到3g时,趋向性达到最大,而后随着叶片重量的增加而下降,经二次多项式逐步分析,Y=-1.857X~2+12.02X-3.7,(R=0.98597,P＜0.05)。12种单一组分挥发物行为测定发现,在挥发物浓度为10~(-8)g/ml时,黄金蚜小蜂对水杨酸甲酯的趋向性达到了显著水平(P＜0.05),浓度为10~(-6)g/ml时苯甲醛、乙酸顺-3-烯-1酯、吲哚的趋向性与CK的趋向率相比达到显著水平(P＜0.05),水杨酸甲酯的趋向性达到了极显著的水平(P＜0.01)。在浓度为10~(-4)g/ml时,对反-2-乙烯醛、苯甲醛、水杨酸甲酯、吲哚的趋向性达到显著水平(P＜0.05)。浓度为10~(-2)g/ml时,黄金蚜小蜂对这些组分的趋向性都不明显。
4.在中华草蛉对源于茶树挥发物的12种单一组分的3种不同浓度的EAG反应中,当吲哚和茉莉酮酸甲酯的浓度达到10~(-4)g/ml峰值,对其他10种单一组分EAG的反应都随着浓度的增加而增大,对浓度为10~(-2)g/ml的反-2-戊烯醛的EAG反应最大(1.014±0.2588 mv)。经Tukey法检测,在相同的浓度下,味源对中华草蛉的引诱作用之间存在着一定的差异,并且随着浓度的增加差异越显著。
综合认为,茶树的挥发物是引诱茶黑刺粉虱天敌利它素,对天敌有着一定的寄主定向作用。在本次实验中发现对每种天敌产生的定向作用的活性成分是不完全一致的,并且浓度也有着差异。
Based on previous research works in a model system consisting of whiteflies and some kinds of predatory and parasitic natural enemies,by means of the electrophysiological and "Y"tube olfactory responses of thoes predatory and parasitic natural enemies,the chemical communication mechanism among whiteflies and 6 kinds of predatory and parasitic natural enemies is studied.the results are as follows:
1.27 volatile components emitted from tea,Linalool、Benzaldehyde、Methyl salicylate、Isothiocyanic Acid Allye Ester、Ethyl alcohol、1-penten-3-ol、(+)-3-caren、Benzyl alcohol have showed significant attracting effect on Propylaea japonica.At the dosage of 10~(-6)g/ml Linalool、(+)-3-caren、Benzaldehyde、Isothiocyanic Acid Allye Ester、Benzyl alcohol Propylaea japonica have showed significant attracting effect on Propylaea japona.Propylaea japonica.was significantly attracted by 10~(-6)g/ml Isothiocyanic Acid Allye Ester(P＜0.05).Propylaea japonica.was significantly attracted by 10~(-4)g/ml Linalool、Benzaldehyde、Methyl salicylate、Ethyl alcohol、1-penten-3-ol、(+)-3-caren、Benzyl alcohol(P＜0.05).At the dosage of 10~(-2) g/ml,27 volatiles components have showed no significant attracting effect on Propylaea japonica,the same as 2 mixture components.The experimental results showed that the selective responses of natural enemies were restricted by thresholds and the best proportion of mixture components was to exist.
2.8 volatile components(10~(-6) g/ml)emitted from tea,Linalool、Trans-2-Hexenal、Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol、Benzaldehyde、Methyl salicylate、Geraniol、Indole、Acetic acid cis-3-Hexen-1-yl ester have showed different attracting effect on L.axyridis(Pallas) ab. conspicua Faldermaenn,L.axyridis(Pallas)var.spectabilis Faldermaenn,L.axyridis(Pallas) var.Novemdecimpunctata Faldermaenn.Trans-2-Hexenal has attracting effect on L.axyridis(Pallas) ab.conspicua Faldermaenn,Linalool、Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol、Geraniol have attracting effect on L.axyridis(Pallas)var.spectabilis Faldermaenn,Linalool、Trans-2-Hexenal、Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol have attracting effect on L.axyridis(Pa llas)va r.-N ovemdecimpunctata Faldermaenn,but those were not remarkable effect.
3.Regression equation of tendency percentage(Y) of Aphytis chrysomphali Merc.to number of whiteflies(X_1) and number of whitefly-damaged tea(X_2):Y(?) =0.6976-0.0205X_1+0.0152X_2,(F=7742.8131＞F_(0.01)).While the number of whiteflies increased,the effect of whiteflies on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc.was increaed, however,when the number of whiteflies is 400,the effect could be boosted up to a highest exent.Y=0.0000571X_2+0.042287X+7.2,(R=0.97688,P＜0.01).The effect of whiteflies-damaged tea has the same tendency,While the weight of whiteflies-damaged tea increased,the effect of whiteflies on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc.was increaed,when the weight of whiteflies-damaged tea is 3g,the effect could be boosted up to a highest exent.Y=-1.857X_2+12.02X-3.7,(R=0.98597,P＜0.05).In the 12 volatile components emitted from tea,10-8g/ml Methyl salicylate has showed significant attracting effect on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc(P＜0.05).10~(-6)g/ml Benzaldehyde、Indole、Acetic acid cis-3-Hexen-1-yl ester have showed significant attracting effect on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc(P＜0.05),Methyl salicylate has showed significant attracting effect on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc(P＜0.01),10~(-4) g/ml Trans-2-Hexenal、Methyl salicylate、Benzaldehyde、Indole have showed significant attracting effect on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc(P＜0.05)。
4.To Chrysopa sinica,3 different consistency of 12 volatile components emitted from tea,Linalool、Trans-2-Hexenal、Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol、Benzaldehyde、Methyl salicylate、Geraniol、Indole、Acetic acid cis-3-Hexen-1-yl ester、Methyl Jasmonate、Trans-2-Pentenal、Cis-2-Penten-1-ol、Acetophenone,10~(-2)g/ml Trans-2-Hexenal was the strongest(1.014±0.2588mv).10~(-4)g/ml Indole、Methyl Jasmonate have the significant attracting effect on Chrysopa sinica.For other 10 volatile components,the effect was increased through the increase of concentration.In the same concentration,the effect of volatile components was different.Through the increase of concentration,this difference was larged.
To sum up,volatile components emitted from tea was kairomone for the host selection behavior.To different nature enemies,the kairomone has different constituents and different concentration.
1.在27种源于茶树单一组分挥发物中,对龟纹瓢虫有着显著引诱作用的主要是芳樟醇、苯甲酯、水杨酸甲酯、烯丙基异硫氰酸酯、正乙醇、1-戊烯-3-醇、(+)-3-蒈烯、苯甲醇这几种成分。当挥发物的浓度是10~(-6)g/ml时,龟纹瓢虫对芳樟醇、(+)-3-蒈烯、苯甲酯、烯丙基异硫氰酸酯、苯甲醇比较敏感,其中烯丙基异硫氰酸酯对龟纹瓢虫的引诱作用达到显著水平(P＜0.05)。挥发物为10~(-4)g/ml浓度时,龟纹瓢虫对这些气体都表现出比较敏感的趋向性,其中芳樟醇、苯甲酯、水杨酸甲酯、正乙醇、1-戊烯-3-醇、(+)-3-蒈烯、苯甲醇这几种成分达到了显著水平(P＜0.05)。挥发物为10~(-2)g/ml浓度时,龟纹瓢虫对吲哚、苯乙氧基乙酸有一定的趋向性,对(+)-3-蒈烯、苯甲醇有比较敏感的避忌性,但是都没有达到显著水平。在2组单一组分的混合组分嗅觉行为测定中,龟纹瓢虫均表现出一定的正趋向,但是均没有达到显著水平。说明了龟纹瓢虫茶树挥发的单一化学信息物是有选择性存在阈值的、存在着最佳的引诱组分及比例组合。
2.源于茶树的单一组分:芳樟醇、反-乙烯酯、青叶醇、苯甲酯、水杨酸甲酯、香叶醇、吲哚、乙酸顺-3-烯-1酯的8种单一味源在浓度为10~(-6)g/ml时对异色瓢虫的3种变种:异色瓢虫显现变种、异色瓢虫显明变种、异色瓢虫十九斑变种的引诱作用各不相同。异色瓢虫显现变种对反-乙烯酯比较敏感;异色瓢虫显明变种对芳樟醇、青叶醇、香叶醇比较敏感;异色瓢虫十九斑变种对芳樟醇、反-乙烯酯、青叶醇比较敏感,但是均没有达到显著水平。
3.黄金蚜小蜂对黑刺粉虱(X_1)+受害叶(X_2)的趋向性的回归式Y^=0.6976-0.0205X_1+0.0152X_2,(F=7742.8131＞F_(0.01));黄金蚜小蜂对黑刺粉虱数量的趋向性在低浓度时随着浓度的升高趋向性增强,当黑刺粉虱的数量达到400头时,趋向性达到峰值,以后趋向性下降,经二次多项式逐步分析,Y=0.0000571X~2+0.042287X+7.2,(R=0.9769,P＜0.01)。黄金蚜小蜂对受害叶片的趋向性也开始时也随着受害叶片重量的增加而增加,当达到叶片的达到3g时,趋向性达到最大,而后随着叶片重量的增加而下降,经二次多项式逐步分析,Y=-1.857X~2+12.02X-3.7,(R=0.98597,P＜0.05)。12种单一组分挥发物行为测定发现,在挥发物浓度为10~(-8)g/ml时,黄金蚜小蜂对水杨酸甲酯的趋向性达到了显著水平(P＜0.05),浓度为10~(-6)g/ml时苯甲醛、乙酸顺-3-烯-1酯、吲哚的趋向性与CK的趋向率相比达到显著水平(P＜0.05),水杨酸甲酯的趋向性达到了极显著的水平(P＜0.01)。在浓度为10~(-4)g/ml时,对反-2-乙烯醛、苯甲醛、水杨酸甲酯、吲哚的趋向性达到显著水平(P＜0.05)。浓度为10~(-2)g/ml时,黄金蚜小蜂对这些组分的趋向性都不明显。
4.在中华草蛉对源于茶树挥发物的12种单一组分的3种不同浓度的EAG反应中,当吲哚和茉莉酮酸甲酯的浓度达到10~(-4)g/ml峰值,对其他10种单一组分EAG的反应都随着浓度的增加而增大,对浓度为10~(-2)g/ml的反-2-戊烯醛的EAG反应最大(1.014±0.2588 mv)。经Tukey法检测,在相同的浓度下,味源对中华草蛉的引诱作用之间存在着一定的差异,并且随着浓度的增加差异越显著。
综合认为,茶树的挥发物是引诱茶黑刺粉虱天敌利它素,对天敌有着一定的寄主定向作用。在本次实验中发现对每种天敌产生的定向作用的活性成分是不完全一致的,并且浓度也有着差异。
Based on previous research works in a model system consisting of whiteflies and some kinds of predatory and parasitic natural enemies,by means of the electrophysiological and "Y"tube olfactory responses of thoes predatory and parasitic natural enemies,the chemical communication mechanism among whiteflies and 6 kinds of predatory and parasitic natural enemies is studied.the results are as follows:
1.27 volatile components emitted from tea,Linalool、Benzaldehyde、Methyl salicylate、Isothiocyanic Acid Allye Ester、Ethyl alcohol、1-penten-3-ol、(+)-3-caren、Benzyl alcohol have showed significant attracting effect on Propylaea japonica.At the dosage of 10~(-6)g/ml Linalool、(+)-3-caren、Benzaldehyde、Isothiocyanic Acid Allye Ester、Benzyl alcohol Propylaea japonica have showed significant attracting effect on Propylaea japona.Propylaea japonica.was significantly attracted by 10~(-6)g/ml Isothiocyanic Acid Allye Ester(P＜0.05).Propylaea japonica.was significantly attracted by 10~(-4)g/ml Linalool、Benzaldehyde、Methyl salicylate、Ethyl alcohol、1-penten-3-ol、(+)-3-caren、Benzyl alcohol(P＜0.05).At the dosage of 10~(-2) g/ml,27 volatiles components have showed no significant attracting effect on Propylaea japonica,the same as 2 mixture components.The experimental results showed that the selective responses of natural enemies were restricted by thresholds and the best proportion of mixture components was to exist.
2.8 volatile components(10~(-6) g/ml)emitted from tea,Linalool、Trans-2-Hexenal、Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol、Benzaldehyde、Methyl salicylate、Geraniol、Indole、Acetic acid cis-3-Hexen-1-yl ester have showed different attracting effect on L.axyridis(Pallas) ab. conspicua Faldermaenn,L.axyridis(Pallas)var.spectabilis Faldermaenn,L.axyridis(Pallas) var.Novemdecimpunctata Faldermaenn.Trans-2-Hexenal has attracting effect on L.axyridis(Pallas) ab.conspicua Faldermaenn,Linalool、Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol、Geraniol have attracting effect on L.axyridis(Pallas)var.spectabilis Faldermaenn,Linalool、Trans-2-Hexenal、Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol have attracting effect on L.axyridis(Pa llas)va r.-N ovemdecimpunctata Faldermaenn,but those were not remarkable effect.
3.Regression equation of tendency percentage(Y) of Aphytis chrysomphali Merc.to number of whiteflies(X_1) and number of whitefly-damaged tea(X_2):Y(?) =0.6976-0.0205X_1+0.0152X_2,(F=7742.8131＞F_(0.01)).While the number of whiteflies increased,the effect of whiteflies on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc.was increaed, however,when the number of whiteflies is 400,the effect could be boosted up to a highest exent.Y=0.0000571X_2+0.042287X+7.2,(R=0.97688,P＜0.01).The effect of whiteflies-damaged tea has the same tendency,While the weight of whiteflies-damaged tea increased,the effect of whiteflies on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc.was increaed,when the weight of whiteflies-damaged tea is 3g,the effect could be boosted up to a highest exent.Y=-1.857X_2+12.02X-3.7,(R=0.98597,P＜0.05).In the 12 volatile components emitted from tea,10-8g/ml Methyl salicylate has showed significant attracting effect on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc(P＜0.05).10~(-6)g/ml Benzaldehyde、Indole、Acetic acid cis-3-Hexen-1-yl ester have showed significant attracting effect on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc(P＜0.05),Methyl salicylate has showed significant attracting effect on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc(P＜0.01),10~(-4) g/ml Trans-2-Hexenal、Methyl salicylate、Benzaldehyde、Indole have showed significant attracting effect on Aphytis chrysomphali Merc(P＜0.05)。
4.To Chrysopa sinica,3 different consistency of 12 volatile components emitted from tea,Linalool、Trans-2-Hexenal、Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol、Benzaldehyde、Methyl salicylate、Geraniol、Indole、Acetic acid cis-3-Hexen-1-yl ester、Methyl Jasmonate、Trans-2-Pentenal、Cis-2-Penten-1-ol、Acetophenone,10~(-2)g/ml Trans-2-Hexenal was the strongest(1.014±0.2588mv).10~(-4)g/ml Indole、Methyl Jasmonate have the significant attracting effect on Chrysopa sinica.For other 10 volatile components,the effect was increased through the increase of concentration.In the same concentration,the effect of volatile components was different.Through the increase of concentration,this difference was larged.
To sum up,volatile components emitted from tea was kairomone for the host selection behavior.To different nature enemies,the kairomone has different constituents and different concentration.
引文
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18.韩宝瑜,周成松.茶梢和茶花主要挥发物对门氏食蚜蝇和大草蛉引诱效应[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(4):623-626.
19.韩宝瑜,周成松.茶梢和茶花信息物引诱有翅茶蚜效应的研究[J].茶叶科学,2004,24(4):249-254.
20.黄建,罗肖南,黄邦侃,张晓英.黑刺粉虱及其天敌的研究[J].华东昆虫学报,1999,8(1):35-40.
21.侯照远,严福顺.寄生蜂寄主选择行为研究进展.昆虫学报,1997,40(1):94-107.
22.江丽辉.信息化合物在小菜蛾和菜蛾绒茧蜂寄生选择中的作用.2001,浙江大学博士论文.
23.蒋友成,葛仁兴.茶园黑刺粉虱的序贯抽样技术[J].病虫测报,1987,(4):50-54.
24.李欣,白素芬.寄主植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三重营养关系中化学生态学的研究进展[J].河南农业大学学报,2000,37(3):224-232.
25.娄永根,程家安.植物的诱导抗虫性.昆虫学报,1997,40(3):320-331.
26.娄永根,程家安.虫害诱导的植物挥发物:基本特性,生态学功能及释放机制.生态学报.1997,8(3)325-331.
27.娄永根,程家安.植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三营养层次的相互作用及其研究方法[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(3):325-331.
28.刘勇,陈巨莲,倪汉祥.麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦挥发物的触角电位反应[J].昆虫学报,2003,46:679-683.
29.李正西,陈常铭,唐明远.长角广腹细蜂的搜索利它素[J].昆虫学报,1993,35(1):45-50.
30.吕小红,杜磊,曲爱军.异色瓢虫显明变种对寄主植物和猎物复合体的行为反应[J].中国生物防治,2003,22(4)279-282.
31.孟祥锋,何俊华,刘树生,陈学新.烟粉虱的寄生蜂及其应用[J],中国生物防治,2006,22(3):174-179.
32.刘勇,郭光喜,陈巨莲等.瓢虫和草蛉对小麦挥发物组分的行为及电生理反应[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(2):161-165.
33.曲爱军,魏志顺,朱承美等.棉蚜对寄主植物的选择性研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,35(3):363-368.
34.任顺祥,姚松林,黄振.烟粉虱捕食性天敌进展[J].昆虫天敌,2004,26(1):22-27.
35.唐启义,冯明光.实用统计分析及其DPS数据处理系统[M].北京农业出版社,1997.
36.王华.小菜蛾成虫经历非寄主植物驱避素后的嗅觉和产卵行为变化[J].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2007.
37.汪霞.茉莉酸信号传导途径在褐飞虱诱导的水稻防御反应中的作用研究[J].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2004.
38.王小艺,沈佐.异色瓢虫的应用研究概况[J].昆虫识,2002,39(4):255-261.
39.吴钜文,王军,石宝才等.北京异色瓢虫色斑类型考察[J].植物保护,1987,13(3)16-18.
40.许宁,陈宗懋,游小清.引诱茶尺蠖天敌寄生蜂的茶树挥发物的分离和鉴定.昆虫学报.1999,42(2):126-131.
41.姚松林,任顺祥,黄振.烟粉虱天敌日本刀角瓢虫的捕食行为[J],应用生态学报,2005,16(3):509-513.
42.张新虎,沈慧敏,黄高宝.植物与昆虫化学生态学研究现状与展望[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2006,2(1)116-121.
43.张瑛,魏传秀.寄生蜂对外界信号的感受及其与行为反应的关系[J].昆虫知识,1998,35(3).
44.Abdel-Baky,N.F.,Abdel-Salam,A.H.J.Natural incidence of Cladosporium spp.as a bio-control agent aga-inst whitefies and aphids in Egypt[J].Appl.Ent.,2003,(127):228-235.
45.Annie Enkegaard,Henfik F.B.,Dorthe L.Hansen Macrolophus caliginosus:Functional response to whitefies and preference and switching capacity between whitefies and spider mites[J].Entomologia Expefimentalis et Applicata,2001,(101):81-88.
46.Byrne,D.N.,Miller,W.B.Carbohydrates and amino acid composition of phloem sap and honeydew produced by Bemisia tabaci[J].Journal of Insect Physiology,1990,(36):433-439.
47.Bernasconi M,Turlings T C J,Ambrosetti L,Bassetti P,and Dorn S.Herbivore induced emissions of maize volatiles repel the corn leaf aphid,Rhopalosiphum maidis[J].Entomol Exp Appl,1998,87:133-142.
48.Dicke M,Sabelis M W,Takabayashi J,et al.Plant strategies of manipulating predator2prey interactions through allelochemicals:prospects for application in pest control[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,1990,16:3091-3118.
49.Dicke M,van Beek TA,Posthumus MA,et al.Isolation and identification of a volatile kairomone that affects acarine predator prey interactions:Involvement of host plant in its production[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,1990,16:381～396.
50.David R.Jones.Plant viruses transmitted by whitefies[J].European Journal of Plant Pathology.2003,(109):195～219.
51.Hou Z Y,Chen X,Zhang Y,et al.EAG and orientation tests on the parasitoid Lysiphlebia japonica(Hym.,Aphidiidae)to volatile chemicals extracted from host plants of cotton aphid Aphis gossypii(Hom.,Aphidae)[J].J Appl Ent,1997,121:495～500.
52.Hoddle M.S.,van Driesche R.G.,J.P.Sanderson.Biology and use of the whitefly parasitoid encarsia formosa[J].Annu.Rev.Entomol.1998.(43):645～69.
53.Henneberry.T.J..Honeydew Production by Sweetpotato Whitefly Adults and Nym phs[M].2001.
54.Hou Z Y,Yan F S,Chen X.Olfactory responses of Lysiphlebia japonica to volatile chemicals and fresh leaves of the host plants of cotton aphids in olfactometer[J].Entomologia Sinica,1996,3:49～57.
55.James DG.Field evaluation of herbivore-induced plantvolatiles as attractants for bendicial insects:methyl salicylate and the green acewing,Chrysopa nigrlcomis[J].Chem Ecol,2003,29(7):1601～1609.
56.Kalberer N M,Turlings T C J,Rahier M.Attraction of a leaf beetle(Oreina cacaliae)to damaged host plantsEJ].J Chem Ecol,2001,27(4):647～661.
57.Miller JR,Strickler KL,1984.Finding and accepting host plants.In:Bell WJ.Card6 RT eds.Chemical Ecology of Insect.London:Chapman & Hall.127～157.
58.Park K C,Elias D,Donato B,et al.Electroantennogram and behavioural responses of different forms of the bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi,to sex pheromone and a plant volatile[J].J Insect Physiol,2000,46:597～604.
59.Pettersson J.Studies on Rhopalosiphum padi(L.).I.Laboratory studies on olfactometric responses to the winter host Prunus padus L[J].Lantbruksh(o|¨)gskolans Annaler,1970,36:381～399.
60.Quiroz A,Niemeyer H.M.Olfactometer-assessed responses of aphid to wheat and oat volatiles[J].J Chem Ecol,1998,24:113～124.
61.Quiroz A,Pettersson J,Pickett J A,et al.Semiochemicals mediating spacing behavior of bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi feeding on cereals[J].J Chem Ecol,1997,23:2599～2607.
62.Romeis,J.,Zebitz..P.W..Searching behaviour of Encarsia formosa as mediated by colour and honeydew[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,1997,(82):299～309.
63.Steinberg S,Dicke M,Vet LEM.Relative impoance of infochemi cals from first and second trophic level in long ran ge host location by the larval parasitoid Cotesia glomerata.J.Chem.Ecol.1993,19:47～59.
64.Shimoda T,Ozawa R,Ar imura G I,et al.Olfactory responses of two specialist insect predators of spider mites toward plant volatiles from lima bean leaves induced by jasmonic acid and/or methyl salicylate.AppZ Ent Zool,2002,37(4):535～540.
65.Visser J H,Piron P G M,Hardie J.The aphids' peripheral perception of plant volatiles[J].Entomol Exp Appl,1996,80:35～38.
66.Visser J H,Piron P G M.Olfactory antennal responses to plant volatiles in apterous virginoparae of the vetch aphid Megoura viciae[J].Entomol Exp Appl,1995,77:37～46.
67.Visser J H,and Taanman J W.Odour-conditioned anemotaxis of apterous aphids(Cryptomyzus korschchelti)in response to host plants[J].Physiol Entomol,1987,12:473～479.
68.Whitman D.W.,&Eller F.J.,Parasitic Wasps orient to gree leaf volatiles[J].Chemoecology,1990,1:69～75.
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12.韩宝瑜,崔林,王成树.茶园瓢虫群落结构,动态及优势种生态位.茶叶科学[J],1996,16(1):77-78.
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14.韩宝瑜,李增智,虫生真菌和寄生蜂对黑刺粉虱的联合控制效应,见:中国菌物学会虫生真菌专业委员会编,中国虫生真菌研究与应用(第3卷).北京:中国农业科技出版社.1993,216-221.
15.韩宝瑜,陈宗懋.蚜茧蜂对不同味源的选择性.茶叶科学,1999,19(1):29-34.
16.韩宝瑜,陈宗懋.异色瓢虫4变种成虫对茶和茶蚜气味行为反应[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(6):413-416.
17.韩宝瑜,陈宗懋,张钟宁.不同生境异色瓢虫对茶梢互利素和蚜虫昨它素EAG和行为反应[J].生态学报,2001,12(21).
18.韩宝瑜,周成松.茶梢和茶花主要挥发物对门氏食蚜蝇和大草蛉引诱效应[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(4):623-626.
19.韩宝瑜,周成松.茶梢和茶花信息物引诱有翅茶蚜效应的研究[J].茶叶科学,2004,24(4):249-254.
20.黄建,罗肖南,黄邦侃,张晓英.黑刺粉虱及其天敌的研究[J].华东昆虫学报,1999,8(1):35-40.
21.侯照远,严福顺.寄生蜂寄主选择行为研究进展.昆虫学报,1997,40(1):94-107.
22.江丽辉.信息化合物在小菜蛾和菜蛾绒茧蜂寄生选择中的作用.2001,浙江大学博士论文.
23.蒋友成,葛仁兴.茶园黑刺粉虱的序贯抽样技术[J].病虫测报,1987,(4):50-54.
24.李欣,白素芬.寄主植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三重营养关系中化学生态学的研究进展[J].河南农业大学学报,2000,37(3):224-232.
25.娄永根,程家安.植物的诱导抗虫性.昆虫学报,1997,40(3):320-331.
26.娄永根,程家安.虫害诱导的植物挥发物:基本特性,生态学功能及释放机制.生态学报.1997,8(3)325-331.
27.娄永根,程家安.植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三营养层次的相互作用及其研究方法[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(3):325-331.
28.刘勇,陈巨莲,倪汉祥.麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦挥发物的触角电位反应[J].昆虫学报,2003,46:679-683.
29.李正西,陈常铭,唐明远.长角广腹细蜂的搜索利它素[J].昆虫学报,1993,35(1):45-50.
30.吕小红,杜磊,曲爱军.异色瓢虫显明变种对寄主植物和猎物复合体的行为反应[J].中国生物防治,2003,22(4)279-282.
31.孟祥锋,何俊华,刘树生,陈学新.烟粉虱的寄生蜂及其应用[J],中国生物防治,2006,22(3):174-179.
32.刘勇,郭光喜,陈巨莲等.瓢虫和草蛉对小麦挥发物组分的行为及电生理反应[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(2):161-165.
33.曲爱军,魏志顺,朱承美等.棉蚜对寄主植物的选择性研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,35(3):363-368.
34.任顺祥,姚松林,黄振.烟粉虱捕食性天敌进展[J].昆虫天敌,2004,26(1):22-27.
35.唐启义,冯明光.实用统计分析及其DPS数据处理系统[M].北京农业出版社,1997.
36.王华.小菜蛾成虫经历非寄主植物驱避素后的嗅觉和产卵行为变化[J].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2007.
37.汪霞.茉莉酸信号传导途径在褐飞虱诱导的水稻防御反应中的作用研究[J].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2004.
38.王小艺,沈佐.异色瓢虫的应用研究概况[J].昆虫识,2002,39(4):255-261.
39.吴钜文,王军,石宝才等.北京异色瓢虫色斑类型考察[J].植物保护,1987,13(3)16-18.
40.许宁,陈宗懋,游小清.引诱茶尺蠖天敌寄生蜂的茶树挥发物的分离和鉴定.昆虫学报.1999,42(2):126-131.
41.姚松林,任顺祥,黄振.烟粉虱天敌日本刀角瓢虫的捕食行为[J],应用生态学报,2005,16(3):509-513.
42.张新虎,沈慧敏,黄高宝.植物与昆虫化学生态学研究现状与展望[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2006,2(1)116-121.
43.张瑛,魏传秀.寄生蜂对外界信号的感受及其与行为反应的关系[J].昆虫知识,1998,35(3).
44.Abdel-Baky,N.F.,Abdel-Salam,A.H.J.Natural incidence of Cladosporium spp.as a bio-control agent aga-inst whitefies and aphids in Egypt[J].Appl.Ent.,2003,(127):228-235.
45.Annie Enkegaard,Henfik F.B.,Dorthe L.Hansen Macrolophus caliginosus:Functional response to whitefies and preference and switching capacity between whitefies and spider mites[J].Entomologia Expefimentalis et Applicata,2001,(101):81-88.
46.Byrne,D.N.,Miller,W.B.Carbohydrates and amino acid composition of phloem sap and honeydew produced by Bemisia tabaci[J].Journal of Insect Physiology,1990,(36):433-439.
47.Bernasconi M,Turlings T C J,Ambrosetti L,Bassetti P,and Dorn S.Herbivore induced emissions of maize volatiles repel the corn leaf aphid,Rhopalosiphum maidis[J].Entomol Exp Appl,1998,87:133-142.
48.Dicke M,Sabelis M W,Takabayashi J,et al.Plant strategies of manipulating predator2prey interactions through allelochemicals:prospects for application in pest control[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,1990,16:3091-3118.
49.Dicke M,van Beek TA,Posthumus MA,et al.Isolation and identification of a volatile kairomone that affects acarine predator prey interactions:Involvement of host plant in its production[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,1990,16:381～396.
50.David R.Jones.Plant viruses transmitted by whitefies[J].European Journal of Plant Pathology.2003,(109):195～219.
51.Hou Z Y,Chen X,Zhang Y,et al.EAG and orientation tests on the parasitoid Lysiphlebia japonica(Hym.,Aphidiidae)to volatile chemicals extracted from host plants of cotton aphid Aphis gossypii(Hom.,Aphidae)[J].J Appl Ent,1997,121:495～500.
52.Hoddle M.S.,van Driesche R.G.,J.P.Sanderson.Biology and use of the whitefly parasitoid encarsia formosa[J].Annu.Rev.Entomol.1998.(43):645～69.
53.Henneberry.T.J..Honeydew Production by Sweetpotato Whitefly Adults and Nym phs[M].2001.
54.Hou Z Y,Yan F S,Chen X.Olfactory responses of Lysiphlebia japonica to volatile chemicals and fresh leaves of the host plants of cotton aphids in olfactometer[J].Entomologia Sinica,1996,3:49～57.
55.James DG.Field evaluation of herbivore-induced plantvolatiles as attractants for bendicial insects:methyl salicylate and the green acewing,Chrysopa nigrlcomis[J].Chem Ecol,2003,29(7):1601～1609.
56.Kalberer N M,Turlings T C J,Rahier M.Attraction of a leaf beetle(Oreina cacaliae)to damaged host plantsEJ].J Chem Ecol,2001,27(4):647～661.
57.Miller JR,Strickler KL,1984.Finding and accepting host plants.In:Bell WJ.Card6 RT eds.Chemical Ecology of Insect.London:Chapman & Hall.127～157.
58.Park K C,Elias D,Donato B,et al.Electroantennogram and behavioural responses of different forms of the bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi,to sex pheromone and a plant volatile[J].J Insect Physiol,2000,46:597～604.
59.Pettersson J.Studies on Rhopalosiphum padi(L.).I.Laboratory studies on olfactometric responses to the winter host Prunus padus L[J].Lantbruksh(o|¨)gskolans Annaler,1970,36:381～399.
60.Quiroz A,Niemeyer H.M.Olfactometer-assessed responses of aphid to wheat and oat volatiles[J].J Chem Ecol,1998,24:113～124.
61.Quiroz A,Pettersson J,Pickett J A,et al.Semiochemicals mediating spacing behavior of bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi feeding on cereals[J].J Chem Ecol,1997,23:2599～2607.
62.Romeis,J.,Zebitz..P.W..Searching behaviour of Encarsia formosa as mediated by colour and honeydew[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,1997,(82):299～309.
63.Steinberg S,Dicke M,Vet LEM.Relative impoance of infochemi cals from first and second trophic level in long ran ge host location by the larval parasitoid Cotesia glomerata.J.Chem.Ecol.1993,19:47～59.
64.Shimoda T,Ozawa R,Ar imura G I,et al.Olfactory responses of two specialist insect predators of spider mites toward plant volatiles from lima bean leaves induced by jasmonic acid and/or methyl salicylate.AppZ Ent Zool,2002,37(4):535～540.
65.Visser J H,Piron P G M,Hardie J.The aphids' peripheral perception of plant volatiles[J].Entomol Exp Appl,1996,80:35～38.
66.Visser J H,Piron P G M.Olfactory antennal responses to plant volatiles in apterous virginoparae of the vetch aphid Megoura viciae[J].Entomol Exp Appl,1995,77:37～46.
67.Visser J H,and Taanman J W.Odour-conditioned anemotaxis of apterous aphids(Cryptomyzus korschchelti)in response to host plants[J].Physiol Entomol,1987,12:473～479.
68.Whitman D.W.,&Eller F.J.,Parasitic Wasps orient to gree leaf volatiles[J].Chemoecology,1990,1:69～75.