基于感知控制的场景界面设计方法研究
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摘要
普适计算环境的发展,推动了计算机与各行业相结合的应用遍及到生活的各个角落。计算机的用户不再仅是熟练的专业办公人员,越来越多的普通大众产生了独立使用计算机的自业务需要。用户界面作为用户与系统交互的平台,其设计的好坏直接影响到用户对系统的理解和操作。目前用户界面的可用性依然是强调提供给用户正确的"Look-and-Feel".满足这种可用性的用户界面虽然可以成功地建模系统的功能性,但却无法解决界面语义上的可用性问题。
今天的用户界面已经在建模功能性的基础上,普遍关注于如何给大多数不懂得领域知识的普通用户提供一个易于其学习、理解、操作的平台。本文将这样一种可用性称之为普适可用性,其是对传统可用性在语义层次上的补充。由此,传统面向业务流程的界面设计方法就不再能满足普适可用性的需要了。本文正是从这一需求出发,研究开发一种能在用户界面上建模普适可用性的新的用户界面设计方法。
本文将这种面向普适可用性需求的用户界面设计方法称为基于感知控制的场景界面设计方法。来自心理学的感知控制理论认为所有的行为都是感知控制的结果,将其应用在界面设计中就是要首先考虑用户想要控制的是什么样的信息,而非如何通过一定的操作控制这些信息。所以这种任务分析的方式主要关注于系统状态的转移,而不是确定执行的操作序列。基于场景的设计正好可以提供给设计者以灵活的环境,帮助其管理不确定的环境所造成的状态改变。改善设计人员与用户之间的沟通问题,帮助设计人员在意图层次上建模用户的任务需求。本研究正是将这两个方面相结合,提出一种工程化的在用户界面建模普适可用性的界面设计方法。该方法利用感知控制理论对使用场景进行分析,导出用户意图控制的对象以及控制策略,并在此基础上对场景重新进行设计,旨在满足用户有效控制的需要。为了验证该方法的有效性与实用性,本文设计和实现了个原型系统——飞行订票系统,并对该系统进行了必要的评估。
本文的研究受到陕西省教育厅专项科研计划项目(编号：2010JK850)、国家自然科学基金项目(编号：60873095)、西北大学研究生科研实验项目(编号：09YSY30)的资助。
The development of pervasive computing environment promoted the applications,which combined computer and every work of life into every corner of our lives. Today's users are not just office professionals but naive people who have needs of their own for using the computer. As the platform between users and the system, the design of user interface directly affects users understanding and operating the system. At present, the usability of the user interface emphasizes on providing the right "Look-and-Feel". Although the user interface which meet the needs of this usability can successfully model the function of the system, it can't solve the problem of semantic usability.
At precent, user interface not only achieve functional modeling, but also focus on providing a platform, which is for common user with less domain knowledge to understand, learn and use. In this paper, this kind of usability is called pervasive usability, it is a complement to the traditional usability on the semantic level. Thus, traditional design of user interface which process-oriented is no longer able to meet the folks'demand of the usability for the pervasive computing. From this viewpoint, this paper aims to research and develop a new approach, which can model the pervasive usability on user interface.
In this paper, the approach to design user interface is called perceptual-control-based scenario design, which aims to meet pervasive usability. In psychological research, perceptual control theory believes that all behaviors involve control. It emphasizes designers should consider what information users want to see and control, rather than consider what action users need to execute. Therefore, this approach of task analyzing mainly focus on the transfer of system state, not the operation sequence of executiving. Scenario-based design could provide a flexible environment to designers, and help them to manage the changing of state caused by uncertain environment. At the same time, it can improve the communication between designers and users, and help the designers to model the user's task on the intent level. This paper combined the two aspects together, and propose an engineering approach for user interface design which can meet the pervasive usability. The main point of the approach is to derive the objects that are significant for the user understanding and controlling the system, and the means for the control, from the analysis of scenarios. The result gained from the process will be used for the re-design of scenarios, the purpose of which is to satisfy the user's needs. In order to verify the effectiveness and practicality of the approach discussed above, an air tickets system is designed. A necessary assessment of the system is also made in here.
The research of this paper was supported by Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Special Research Program(No.2010JK850), the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant (No.60873095), and the Science Research Laboratory Foundation of Graduate Student, Northwest University (No.09YSY30).
今天的用户界面已经在建模功能性的基础上,普遍关注于如何给大多数不懂得领域知识的普通用户提供一个易于其学习、理解、操作的平台。本文将这样一种可用性称之为普适可用性,其是对传统可用性在语义层次上的补充。由此,传统面向业务流程的界面设计方法就不再能满足普适可用性的需要了。本文正是从这一需求出发,研究开发一种能在用户界面上建模普适可用性的新的用户界面设计方法。
本文将这种面向普适可用性需求的用户界面设计方法称为基于感知控制的场景界面设计方法。来自心理学的感知控制理论认为所有的行为都是感知控制的结果,将其应用在界面设计中就是要首先考虑用户想要控制的是什么样的信息,而非如何通过一定的操作控制这些信息。所以这种任务分析的方式主要关注于系统状态的转移,而不是确定执行的操作序列。基于场景的设计正好可以提供给设计者以灵活的环境,帮助其管理不确定的环境所造成的状态改变。改善设计人员与用户之间的沟通问题,帮助设计人员在意图层次上建模用户的任务需求。本研究正是将这两个方面相结合,提出一种工程化的在用户界面建模普适可用性的界面设计方法。该方法利用感知控制理论对使用场景进行分析,导出用户意图控制的对象以及控制策略,并在此基础上对场景重新进行设计,旨在满足用户有效控制的需要。为了验证该方法的有效性与实用性,本文设计和实现了个原型系统——飞行订票系统,并对该系统进行了必要的评估。
本文的研究受到陕西省教育厅专项科研计划项目(编号：2010JK850)、国家自然科学基金项目(编号：60873095)、西北大学研究生科研实验项目(编号：09YSY30)的资助。
The development of pervasive computing environment promoted the applications,which combined computer and every work of life into every corner of our lives. Today's users are not just office professionals but naive people who have needs of their own for using the computer. As the platform between users and the system, the design of user interface directly affects users understanding and operating the system. At present, the usability of the user interface emphasizes on providing the right "Look-and-Feel". Although the user interface which meet the needs of this usability can successfully model the function of the system, it can't solve the problem of semantic usability.
At precent, user interface not only achieve functional modeling, but also focus on providing a platform, which is for common user with less domain knowledge to understand, learn and use. In this paper, this kind of usability is called pervasive usability, it is a complement to the traditional usability on the semantic level. Thus, traditional design of user interface which process-oriented is no longer able to meet the folks'demand of the usability for the pervasive computing. From this viewpoint, this paper aims to research and develop a new approach, which can model the pervasive usability on user interface.
In this paper, the approach to design user interface is called perceptual-control-based scenario design, which aims to meet pervasive usability. In psychological research, perceptual control theory believes that all behaviors involve control. It emphasizes designers should consider what information users want to see and control, rather than consider what action users need to execute. Therefore, this approach of task analyzing mainly focus on the transfer of system state, not the operation sequence of executiving. Scenario-based design could provide a flexible environment to designers, and help them to manage the changing of state caused by uncertain environment. At the same time, it can improve the communication between designers and users, and help the designers to model the user's task on the intent level. This paper combined the two aspects together, and propose an engineering approach for user interface design which can meet the pervasive usability. The main point of the approach is to derive the objects that are significant for the user understanding and controlling the system, and the means for the control, from the analysis of scenarios. The result gained from the process will be used for the re-design of scenarios, the purpose of which is to satisfy the user's needs. In order to verify the effectiveness and practicality of the approach discussed above, an air tickets system is designed. A necessary assessment of the system is also made in here.
The research of this paper was supported by Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Special Research Program(No.2010JK850), the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant (No.60873095), and the Science Research Laboratory Foundation of Graduate Student, Northwest University (No.09YSY30).
引文
[1]ISO 9241可用性定义[EB/OL].http://usability.dlmu.edu.cn/chinese/kyxrd.htm
[2]Donald R. Gentner, Jonathan Grudin. Design Models for Computer-Human Interfaces[J]. Computer,1996,299(6):28-35
[3]Don Gentner, Jakob Nielson. The Anti-Mac Interface [J]. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM,1996,39(8):70-82
[4]华庆一,刘庆芳,蔚娣等.基于感知控制的代理体系结构模型[J]. 《软件学报》(增刊),2009,20(12)：76-83
[5]Carroll J. M.. Five reasons for scenario-based design[J]. Interacting with Computers, 2000,13 (1):43-60
[6]Catriona Macaulay, David Sloan, Xinyi Jiang, et al. Usability and User-Centered Design in Scientific Software Development[J]. IEEE Software,2009,26(1):96-102
[7]GM.Donahue. Usability and the bottom line[J]. IEEE Software,2001,16(1):31-37
[8]J.Black, Usability is next to profitability. Business Week Online,2002
[9]Nielsen Jakob, Usability Engineering[M]. Burlington:Academic Press, Inc.,1993
[10]Nielsen Jakob, Designing Web Usability:The Practice of Simplicity[M]. Indianapolis, IN:New Riders Publishing,2000
[11]Nielsen Jakob, Tahir M., Homepage Usability:50 Websites Deconstructed[M]. Indianapolis, IN:New Riders Publishing,2002
[12]Bevan, N., Extending quality in user to provide a framework for usability measurement, Proceedings of HCI International,2009,13-27
[13]张冠男,刘正捷,焦玉霞.提取用户潜在需求的方法[A].第三届和谐人机环境联合学术会议[C].北京：清华同方光盘电子出版社,2007
[14]孟庆军,刘正捷,张海听.农民工用户使用手机的可用性研究[A].第三届和谐人机环境联合学术会议[C].北京：清华同方光盘电子出版社,2007
[15]田丰,李杰,秦严严.PIBG Toolkit:一个笔式界面工具箱的分析与设计[J].计算机学报,2005,28(6)：1036-1042
[16]王晓春,田丰,秦严严等.UPIM:以用户为中心的笔式交互系统设计[J].计算机研 究与发展,2006,43(8)：1337-1344
[17]付永刚,戴国忠,蒋成高等.支持笔输入的虚拟家居设计系统[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004,14(9)：877-879
[18]秦严严,田丰,王晓春.以交互为中心的Post-WIMP界面模型[J].软件学报,2006,17(4)：691-702
[19]W. Thomas Bourbon, William T. Powers.. Models and their worlds Int[J]. Human-Computer Studies,1999,50(6):445-461
[20]Thorsten Moritz, Hans-Jurgen Steffens and Petra Steffens. Human Computer Interaction[M]. Prufungstrainer Informatik,2010, Part 2:201-216.
[21]I Jacobson, et al.. The Unified Software Development Process[M]. Addison Wesley, 1999
[22]John Wiley, Sons. Inc. Feedback control of computing system[M]. Wiley-IEEE Press, 2004
[23]Guang Q. Xing, Shabbir A, Parvez,et al. Design and Implementation of Synchronized Autonomous Orbit and Attitude Control for Multiple Spacecraft Formation Using GPS Measurement Feedback[J]. Frontier Science,2008
[24]H. R. Hartson, Human-computer interaction:interdisciplinary roots and trends[J]. The Journal of Systems and Software,1998,43(2):103-118
[25]International Organization for Standardization. ISO 9241. Ergonomics Requirements for Office with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs)[S].1992/2001
[26]ISO 9241-171:Ergonomics of human-system interaction-Part 171:Guidance on software accessibility. ISO(2008)
[27]ISO FDIS 9241-210(2009), Human-centred design proess for interactive systems. ISO.
[28]Shackel B. Human Factors for Informatics Usability[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991
[29]ISO/IEC 9126-1:Software engineering-Product quality-Part I:Quality model. ISO(2001)
[30]International Organization for Standardization. ISO 9126-1. Software Engineering Product Quality-Part 1:Quality Model[S].2000
[31]P. Wegner, Why interaction is more powerful than algorithm[J]. Communication of ACM,1997,40(5):80-91
[32]华庆一.以用户为中心的系统分析、建模与设计过程研究[D].陕西：西北大学,2006
[33]Bradley R. Postle, Eva Feredoes, Stronger inference with direct manipulation of brain function, PMC 2011 January,2010,46(1):121-123
[34]Alan Dix, Janet Finlay, Gregory Abowd, al. Human-computer interaction(3nd edition)[M]. Pearson Education Limited,2006:107-109
[35]Satyanarayanan M., Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, Pervasive computing: vision and challenges[J]. Personal Communications, IEEE,2001,8(4):10-17
[36]G. D. Abowd, et al, Charting past, present and future research in ubiquitous computing, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,2000,7(1):29-58
[37]Cooper A. About Face:The Essentials of User Interface Design. Foster City, CA:IDG Books Wordwide,1995
[38]Dix A, Finlay J, Abowd G, Beale R. Human-computer Interaction.2nded. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall 1998
[39]Donald A. Norman. The Design of Everyday Things. Basic Books, a Subsidiary of Perseus Book LLC through Arts and Licensing International, Inc., USA.2002
[40]Pascal Haazebroek, Bernhard Hommel, Towards a Computational Model of Perception and Action in Human Computer Interaction[J]. Computer Science,2009,5620(2009): 247-256
[41]Hackos J, Redish J. User and Task Analysis for Interface Design. New York:Wiley, 1998
[42]D. Roberts, et al, Designing for the user with Ovid, Macmillan Technical Publishing, 1998
[43]Hudson, W, Towards unified models in user-centred and object-oriented design. In: M.van Harmelen(eds.):Object Modeling and User Interface Design, Addison-Wesley, 2000
[44]Hua Qingyi, From Conceptual Modeling to Architectural Modeling-A UCD Method forInteractive Systems[J]. Journal of Asian Science, Information and Life,2003
[45]蔚娣,华庆一,王小文等.基于知觉控制的用户界面设计研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2010,15(7)：1001-1006
[46]Carroll J. M.. Scenarios and design cognition. In:Proceedings of t he APCHI 2002 User Interaction Technology in the 21st Century, Beijing,2002
[47]Go K, Carroll J M, Imamiya A. The blind men and the elephant:views of scenario-based system design [J]. Interactions,2004
[48]王丹力,华庆一,戴国忠.以用户为中心的场景设计方法研究[J].计算机学报,2005,28(6)：1043-1047
[49]Alex Donatelli, Roberto Longobardi, Rosario Gangemi, et al.. IBM developWorks中国文档库http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/rational/05/1129_donatelli.html, 2011-03-05
[50]P.S.E.Farrell and J.G.Hollands. Perceptual control and layered protocols in interface design:I. Fundamental concepts[C]. Int.J.Human-Computer Studies1999,50:489-520.
[51]Joseph L. Hellerstein, Yixin Diao, Sujay Parekh, Dawn M. Tilbury, Feedback Control of Computing[M]. IEEE Press,2004
[52]I. Jacobson, et al.. The Unified Software Development Process, Addison-Wesley,1999
[2]Donald R. Gentner, Jonathan Grudin. Design Models for Computer-Human Interfaces[J]. Computer,1996,299(6):28-35
[3]Don Gentner, Jakob Nielson. The Anti-Mac Interface [J]. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM,1996,39(8):70-82
[4]华庆一,刘庆芳,蔚娣等.基于感知控制的代理体系结构模型[J]. 《软件学报》(增刊),2009,20(12)：76-83
[5]Carroll J. M.. Five reasons for scenario-based design[J]. Interacting with Computers, 2000,13 (1):43-60
[6]Catriona Macaulay, David Sloan, Xinyi Jiang, et al. Usability and User-Centered Design in Scientific Software Development[J]. IEEE Software,2009,26(1):96-102
[7]GM.Donahue. Usability and the bottom line[J]. IEEE Software,2001,16(1):31-37
[8]J.Black, Usability is next to profitability. Business Week Online,2002
[9]Nielsen Jakob, Usability Engineering[M]. Burlington:Academic Press, Inc.,1993
[10]Nielsen Jakob, Designing Web Usability:The Practice of Simplicity[M]. Indianapolis, IN:New Riders Publishing,2000
[11]Nielsen Jakob, Tahir M., Homepage Usability:50 Websites Deconstructed[M]. Indianapolis, IN:New Riders Publishing,2002
[12]Bevan, N., Extending quality in user to provide a framework for usability measurement, Proceedings of HCI International,2009,13-27
[13]张冠男,刘正捷,焦玉霞.提取用户潜在需求的方法[A].第三届和谐人机环境联合学术会议[C].北京：清华同方光盘电子出版社,2007
[14]孟庆军,刘正捷,张海听.农民工用户使用手机的可用性研究[A].第三届和谐人机环境联合学术会议[C].北京：清华同方光盘电子出版社,2007
[15]田丰,李杰,秦严严.PIBG Toolkit:一个笔式界面工具箱的分析与设计[J].计算机学报,2005,28(6)：1036-1042
[16]王晓春,田丰,秦严严等.UPIM:以用户为中心的笔式交互系统设计[J].计算机研 究与发展,2006,43(8)：1337-1344
[17]付永刚,戴国忠,蒋成高等.支持笔输入的虚拟家居设计系统[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004,14(9)：877-879
[18]秦严严,田丰,王晓春.以交互为中心的Post-WIMP界面模型[J].软件学报,2006,17(4)：691-702
[19]W. Thomas Bourbon, William T. Powers.. Models and their worlds Int[J]. Human-Computer Studies,1999,50(6):445-461
[20]Thorsten Moritz, Hans-Jurgen Steffens and Petra Steffens. Human Computer Interaction[M]. Prufungstrainer Informatik,2010, Part 2:201-216.
[21]I Jacobson, et al.. The Unified Software Development Process[M]. Addison Wesley, 1999
[22]John Wiley, Sons. Inc. Feedback control of computing system[M]. Wiley-IEEE Press, 2004
[23]Guang Q. Xing, Shabbir A, Parvez,et al. Design and Implementation of Synchronized Autonomous Orbit and Attitude Control for Multiple Spacecraft Formation Using GPS Measurement Feedback[J]. Frontier Science,2008
[24]H. R. Hartson, Human-computer interaction:interdisciplinary roots and trends[J]. The Journal of Systems and Software,1998,43(2):103-118
[25]International Organization for Standardization. ISO 9241. Ergonomics Requirements for Office with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs)[S].1992/2001
[26]ISO 9241-171:Ergonomics of human-system interaction-Part 171:Guidance on software accessibility. ISO(2008)
[27]ISO FDIS 9241-210(2009), Human-centred design proess for interactive systems. ISO.
[28]Shackel B. Human Factors for Informatics Usability[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991
[29]ISO/IEC 9126-1:Software engineering-Product quality-Part I:Quality model. ISO(2001)
[30]International Organization for Standardization. ISO 9126-1. Software Engineering Product Quality-Part 1:Quality Model[S].2000
[31]P. Wegner, Why interaction is more powerful than algorithm[J]. Communication of ACM,1997,40(5):80-91
[32]华庆一.以用户为中心的系统分析、建模与设计过程研究[D].陕西：西北大学,2006
[33]Bradley R. Postle, Eva Feredoes, Stronger inference with direct manipulation of brain function, PMC 2011 January,2010,46(1):121-123
[34]Alan Dix, Janet Finlay, Gregory Abowd, al. Human-computer interaction(3nd edition)[M]. Pearson Education Limited,2006:107-109
[35]Satyanarayanan M., Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, Pervasive computing: vision and challenges[J]. Personal Communications, IEEE,2001,8(4):10-17
[36]G. D. Abowd, et al, Charting past, present and future research in ubiquitous computing, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,2000,7(1):29-58
[37]Cooper A. About Face:The Essentials of User Interface Design. Foster City, CA:IDG Books Wordwide,1995
[38]Dix A, Finlay J, Abowd G, Beale R. Human-computer Interaction.2nded. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall 1998
[39]Donald A. Norman. The Design of Everyday Things. Basic Books, a Subsidiary of Perseus Book LLC through Arts and Licensing International, Inc., USA.2002
[40]Pascal Haazebroek, Bernhard Hommel, Towards a Computational Model of Perception and Action in Human Computer Interaction[J]. Computer Science,2009,5620(2009): 247-256
[41]Hackos J, Redish J. User and Task Analysis for Interface Design. New York:Wiley, 1998
[42]D. Roberts, et al, Designing for the user with Ovid, Macmillan Technical Publishing, 1998
[43]Hudson, W, Towards unified models in user-centred and object-oriented design. In: M.van Harmelen(eds.):Object Modeling and User Interface Design, Addison-Wesley, 2000
[44]Hua Qingyi, From Conceptual Modeling to Architectural Modeling-A UCD Method forInteractive Systems[J]. Journal of Asian Science, Information and Life,2003
[45]蔚娣,华庆一,王小文等.基于知觉控制的用户界面设计研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2010,15(7)：1001-1006
[46]Carroll J. M.. Scenarios and design cognition. In:Proceedings of t he APCHI 2002 User Interaction Technology in the 21st Century, Beijing,2002
[47]Go K, Carroll J M, Imamiya A. The blind men and the elephant:views of scenario-based system design [J]. Interactions,2004
[48]王丹力,华庆一,戴国忠.以用户为中心的场景设计方法研究[J].计算机学报,2005,28(6)：1043-1047
[49]Alex Donatelli, Roberto Longobardi, Rosario Gangemi, et al.. IBM developWorks中国文档库http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/rational/05/1129_donatelli.html, 2011-03-05
[50]P.S.E.Farrell and J.G.Hollands. Perceptual control and layered protocols in interface design:I. Fundamental concepts[C]. Int.J.Human-Computer Studies1999,50:489-520.
[51]Joseph L. Hellerstein, Yixin Diao, Sujay Parekh, Dawn M. Tilbury, Feedback Control of Computing[M]. IEEE Press,2004
[52]I. Jacobson, et al.. The Unified Software Development Process, Addison-Wesley,1999