陆英药效物质基础研究
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摘要
本研究以民间常用抗肝炎中药陆英为研究对象,观察了不同溶剂制备的陆英提取物对CCl_4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的影响,确定75%乙醇为最佳提取溶剂,经系统溶剂萃取和大孔吸附树脂纯化,确立了陆英75%乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯层和经大孔吸附树脂纯化后30%乙醇洗脱物为主要有效部位,并进行了初步药效学试验。
     采用多种色谱分离技术对有效部位进行了分离纯化,得到了6个单体化合物,通过波谱分析结合理化性质,鉴定了它们的化学结构,分别为:β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、齐墩果酸、熊果酸、山奈酚-3-O-β-D-(6-O-乙酰基-葡萄吡喃糖)-7-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷和山奈酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷,其中2个山奈酚葡萄糖苷为首次从该植物中分离得到的已知化合物。对得到的6个单体化合物进行体外肿瘤细胞生长抑制试验,结果表明熊果酸和齐墩果酸对所选的Bel-7402肝癌细胞生长具有一定的抑制作用。
     本研究建立了同时测定陆英中活性成分熊果酸和齐墩果酸含量的反相高效液相色谱分析方法,熊果酸和齐墩果酸分别在2.3~92.0μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)和2.6~104.0μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)范围内线性关系良好,回收率分别为97.6%(RSD=2.1%)和102.1%(RSD=1.7%)。建立了测定陆英中活性成分绿原酸、咖啡酸和2种山奈酚葡萄糖苷的反相高效液相色谱分析方法,绿原酸、咖啡酸、山奈酚-3-O-β-D-(6-O-乙酰基-葡萄吡喃糖)-7-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷和山奈酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷分别在12.0~240.0(r=0.9992),0.40~8.00(r=0.9992),1.18~23.60(r=0.9982)和1.19~23.80μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9993)范围内线性关系良好,回收率分别为100.9%(RSD=3.8%)、98.3%(RSD=2.8%)、99.2%(RSD=3.3%)和96.3%(RSD=3.2%)。采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对陆英中的挥发油进行分析,分离出33个组分,鉴定出25个化合物,占挥发油总量的92.8%。
     采用正交试验设计,对陆英提取工艺进行优化。以熊果酸、齐墩果酸和绿原酸含量及浸膏得率为考察指标,对提取溶剂用量、提取时间和提取次数3个因素进行优化,确定陆英最佳提取工艺为加入8倍量75%乙醇,回流提取3次,每次1h。
     建立了测定大鼠血浆中熊果酸含量的LC-MS分析方法,以甘草次酸为内标,血浆经醋酸酸化,正己烷-二氯甲烷-异丙醇(20:10:1,v/v/v)为提取溶剂,熊果酸在10~1000 ng·mL~(-1)(r≥0.9960)范围内线性关系良好。方法的定量下限为10 ng·mL~(-1),日内精密度RSD≤7.8%,日间精密度RSD≤8.1%,准确度RE为±4.3%,平均回收率为83.6%。比较研究了大鼠灌胃给予陆英提取液和相当于等量的熊果酸对照品溶液后的药物动力学,测定了熊果酸的血药浓度-时间曲线,计算其相应药物动力学参数。大鼠灌胃给予熊果酸对照品后,大鼠血浆中几乎检测不到熊果酸。而给予陆英提取液后熊果酸在1 h左右达峰,达峰浓度C_(max)约为294.8 ng·mL~(-1),消除半衰期t_(1/2)为4.3 h。
     建立了测定大鼠血浆中绿原酸含量的反相高效液相色谱分析方法,以葛根素为内标,血浆经甲醇沉淀蛋白后进样分析。绿原酸在42~2100 ng·mL~(-1)(r≥0.9957)范围内线性关系良好。方法的定量下限为42 ng·mL~(-1),日内精密度RSD≤6.7%,日间精密度RSD≤7.2%,准确度RE为±2.6%,平均回收率为84.4%。大鼠灌胃给予陆英提取液后,发现绿原酸在大鼠体内中吸收快,0.36 h左右达峰,达峰浓度C_(max)约为670.9 ng·mL~(-1),消除半衰期t_(1/2)为4.85 h。
     本研究在中医药学理论和实践的指导下,将中药学、分析化学、药理学和计算机技术相结合,初步探讨了中药陆英药效物质基础,确定其质量评价指标,优化其提取工艺,建立了陆英的质量控制方法。研究了大鼠灌胃给予陆英提取物血浆中熊果酸和绿原酸的药物动力学,探索有效成分在体内的动态过程,为中药现代化做了有意义的探索。
Sambucus chinensis L. is a native perennial herb distributed throughout China. All parts of the plant can be used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as Luying. Luying is one of the important folk medicines in TCM. It has been used to treat hepatitis over a very long period of time and has produced quite a good effect.The therapeutic basis of Luying was studied in this paper. Luying extract by different extracting methods were prepared. Effects of Luying extracts of different processes on alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in hepatic injury mice were studied. As a result, 75% alcohol was selected as the optimal extraction reagent. The fractions of various polarities fractionated and purified with macroporous resin from 75% alcohol extract were further investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction and the fraction eluted from the macroporous resin with 30% alcohol were found to be primarily active.In order to isolate the active constituents in these two main effect parts of Luying, various Chromatographic techniques were performed. Six compounds were isolated and identified with IR, NMR and MS data and physical-chemical properties. They wereβ-sitosterol, stigmasterol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6-O-acetylglucopyranosid)-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosid-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Two of the compounds, which were named as kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6-O-acetylglucopyran-osid)-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosid-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, were isolated from these plants for the first time. The in vivo antitumour effects of these compounds were investigated. It was suggested that ursolic acid and oleanolic acid possessed inhibition activity to Bel-7402 human liver cancer cell line.
     RP-HPLC method was developed for the determination of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid in Luying. The linear ranges for ursolic acid and oleanolic acid were 2.3~92.0μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)and 2.6~104.0μg.mL~(-1)(r=0.9999), respectively. The average recoveries were 97.6%(RSD=2.1%) and 102.1%(RSD=1.7%), respectively. RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid (CGA), eaffeic acid (CFA), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosid-7-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (KG), and (kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6-O-acetylglucopyranosid)-7- O-β-D-glucopyranoside) (KAG)in Luying was developed and validated. The linear ranges for CGA, CFA, KG and KAG were 12.00~240.00 (r=0.9992), 0.40~8.00 (r=0.9992), 1.18~23.60 (r=0.9982), and 1.19~23.80μg·mL~(-1) (r=0.9993). The average recoveries were 100.9%(RSD=3.8%), 98.3%(RSD=2.8%), 99.2%(RSD=3.3%), and 96.3%(RSD=3.2%), respectively. The essential oil in Luying was analyzed by GC-MS. 25 compounds were got and identifed in the oil. There total content of the identified compounds was 92.8%. The content of methyl salicylate was the highest (19.48%).
     The optimal alcohol extraction process of Luying extract was studied by orthogonal design with extraction yield and the contents of ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and chlorogenic acid as quality assessment indices. Three factors were studied in this experiment, including the solvent consumption, duration of extraction and times of extraction. The result showed that the optimal extracting condition was 75%alcohol consumed ten times the amount of material, and three times for 1 hour each time.
     A rapid, sensitive, and accurate liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for the determination of ursolic acid in rat plasma was developed and validated. Plasma samples taken from rats that had received Luying extract orally were acidified with acetic acid and then extracted with a mixture of hexane-dichloromethane-2-propanol (20:10:1, v/v/v). Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was operated in negative-ion mode. Using selected ion-monitoring mode, the deprotonated molecules [M-H]~- at m/z 455 and 469 were used to quantify ursolic acid and glycyrrhetic acid (internal standard), respectively. The assay was shown to be linear over the range of 10~1000 ng·mL~(-1) (r≥0.9960) with a lower limit of quantification of 10 ng·mL~(-1). The method was shown to be reproducible and reliable with intraday precision below 7.8%, interday precision below 8.1%, accuracy within±4.3%, and mean extraction recovery excess of 83.6%, which were all calculated from the blank plasma sample spiked with ursolic acid at three concentrations of 20, 200, and 800 ng.mL~(-1). The LC-MS method has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of ursolic acid after oral administration of Luying ethanolic extract to rats. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were: t_(1/2), 4.3 h; C_(max), 294.8 ng·mL~(-1); and t_(max), 1.0 h, respectively.
     A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of chlorogenic acid in plasma and applied to its pharmacokinetic study in rats after administration of Luying decoction. After deproteinized by methanol, the plasma samples were analyzed with puerarin as internal standards. The assay was shown to be linear over the range of 42~2100 ng·mL~(-1) (r≥0.9957) with a lower limit of quantification 42 ng·mL~(-1). The method has shown to be reproducible and reliable with intra-day precision blow 6.7%, inter-day precision blow 7.2%, accuracy within±2.6%, and the mean extraction recovery excess 84.4%. The validated method was used to take a limited view of the pharmacokinetic profile of chlorogenic acid in rat plasma after taken Luying extract. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were: t_(max), 0.36 h; C_(max), 670.9 ng·mL~(-1); and t_(1/2), 4.85 h, respectively.
     Under the direction of theory and clinical practice of TCM, the therapeutic material basis was elucidated, from which quality control indices were selected. The extraction process was optimized and quality assessment methods for Luying were developed. Pharmacokinetic study of ursolic acid and chlorogenic acid was carried out in rats to take a limited view of pharmacokinetic profiles of Luying extract. This research provided an exploration for the modernization of TCM.
引文
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