PAC强化MBR去除酰胺咪嗪的效能研究
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摘要
近年来,药物及其代谢产物在水环境中的不断出现引起了各国学者的广泛关注。在美国,已经有24个大城市居民饮用水存在安全隐患,据调查显示,至少有四千一百万人在饮用这些存在安全风险、对人体健康有潜在威胁的水,这些饮用水中含有抗生素、镇静剂、性激素、消炎药、镇痛解热药等多种药物成分。酰胺咪嗪是一种在世界范围内大量应用的抗癫痫类药物。本试验中以酰胺咪嗪作为目标污染物,考察了其在生物处理过程中的去除情况。
本文对粉末活性炭在强化MBR去除污水中药物类污染物酰胺咪嗪的效果和机理做了较详细的研究。两个半月的连续试验结果表明,在没有投加粉末活性炭的时候酰胺咪嗪的去除率从最开始的50%降到了0,然而向10L反应器中投加500mg粉末活性炭后,经过一个多月的试验结果表明,酰胺咪嗪的最终去除率稳定在30%-40%左右。
为了探讨酰胺咪嗪的去除机理,进行了一些对比试验。结果显示,在投加粉末活性炭之后酰胺咪嗪的去除率提高了24.44%,生物吸附作用和生物降解作用在投加粉末活性炭之后得到明显提高。该试验说明粉末活性炭不但可以吸附酰胺咪嗪,还可以促进微生物对酰胺咪嗪的降解能力。此外,在投加粉末活性炭之后,酰胺咪嗪的泥水分配系数(Kp)由0.0569L/gMLSS提高至0.597L/gMLSS。投加粉末活性炭后对酰胺咪嗪的吸附能力大约提高了33倍。
粉末活性炭对酰胺咪嗪的吸附试验结果表明,该吸附过程很好的符合Frendlich和Langmuir吸附等温式。相关系数均高于0.98。Frendlich和Langmuir的吸附平衡常数为Kf=194.4[(mg/g)(L/mg)1/n] , 1/n=0.31 , a=188.68mg/g,b=13.25L/mg。这两条吸附等温线可以被用来近似的计算酰胺咪嗪在粉末活性炭上的理论吸附量。
In recent years, there has been growing concern about the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in the aquatic environment. In the United States, there were safty problems of drinking water in 24 major cities. According to the research shows that unless then 41 million people were drinking those water.which has safty problems and was harmful to human. That drinking water contains antibiotics, sedatives, sex hormones, anti-inflammatory drugs, antipyretic analgesic drugs and some more components. Carbamazepine is a kind of antiepileptic drugs, which is used in large quantities throughout the world and used in China now. Carbamazepine was selected as the target pollutants in this research.
In this paper, carbamazepine’s removal in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process enhanced by adding powder activated carbon (PAC) was investigated in detail. The experimental results of two and half months’continuous operation showed that carbamazepine’s removal efficiency decreased from the initial 50% to zero after one month’s operation under the condition of without PAC dosing. And the removal efficiency of carbmazepine in the enhanced MBR process by adding 500mg PAC into the 10L reaction tank maintained stable about 30% after one month’s operation.
In order to explore the removal mechanisms of carbamazepine, some batch experiments were carried out. The results indicated through the calculation of carbamazepine’s mass balance, it is found that the overall removal efficiency of carbamazepine increased 24.44% after PAC dosing. Moreover, the removed amounts of carbamazepine by adsorption and missing (probably biodegradation) also increased greatly after PAC dosing. These results indicate the possibility that PAC cannot only adsorb carbamazepine but also promote the biodegradation of carbamazepine, although this conclusion needs to be testified further by the long-term experiment. Furthermore, the sludge-water partition coefficient (Kp) of carbamazepine before and after PAC dosing are 0.0569L/gMLSS and 0.597L/gMLSS, respectively, and the total adsorbed carbamazepine’s amounts increased approximately 33 times compared with after and before PAC dosing.
The batch test results of PAC adsorption isotherm showed that both of Frendlich and Langmuir models were found to fit sufficiently well with the obtained experiment data, and their respective correlation coefficients were found to be higher than 0.98. Moreover, the isotherm constants of Frendlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm are achieved: Kf=194.4[(mg/g)(L/mg)1/n], 1/n=0.31, a=188.68mg/g, b=13.25L/mg. The two achieved isotherms can be utilized to calculate approximately the amount of carbamazepine adsorbed on PAC in theory and estimate the working period of PAC.
本文对粉末活性炭在强化MBR去除污水中药物类污染物酰胺咪嗪的效果和机理做了较详细的研究。两个半月的连续试验结果表明,在没有投加粉末活性炭的时候酰胺咪嗪的去除率从最开始的50%降到了0,然而向10L反应器中投加500mg粉末活性炭后,经过一个多月的试验结果表明,酰胺咪嗪的最终去除率稳定在30%-40%左右。
为了探讨酰胺咪嗪的去除机理,进行了一些对比试验。结果显示,在投加粉末活性炭之后酰胺咪嗪的去除率提高了24.44%,生物吸附作用和生物降解作用在投加粉末活性炭之后得到明显提高。该试验说明粉末活性炭不但可以吸附酰胺咪嗪,还可以促进微生物对酰胺咪嗪的降解能力。此外,在投加粉末活性炭之后,酰胺咪嗪的泥水分配系数(Kp)由0.0569L/gMLSS提高至0.597L/gMLSS。投加粉末活性炭后对酰胺咪嗪的吸附能力大约提高了33倍。
粉末活性炭对酰胺咪嗪的吸附试验结果表明,该吸附过程很好的符合Frendlich和Langmuir吸附等温式。相关系数均高于0.98。Frendlich和Langmuir的吸附平衡常数为Kf=194.4[(mg/g)(L/mg)1/n] , 1/n=0.31 , a=188.68mg/g,b=13.25L/mg。这两条吸附等温线可以被用来近似的计算酰胺咪嗪在粉末活性炭上的理论吸附量。
In recent years, there has been growing concern about the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in the aquatic environment. In the United States, there were safty problems of drinking water in 24 major cities. According to the research shows that unless then 41 million people were drinking those water.which has safty problems and was harmful to human. That drinking water contains antibiotics, sedatives, sex hormones, anti-inflammatory drugs, antipyretic analgesic drugs and some more components. Carbamazepine is a kind of antiepileptic drugs, which is used in large quantities throughout the world and used in China now. Carbamazepine was selected as the target pollutants in this research.
In this paper, carbamazepine’s removal in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process enhanced by adding powder activated carbon (PAC) was investigated in detail. The experimental results of two and half months’continuous operation showed that carbamazepine’s removal efficiency decreased from the initial 50% to zero after one month’s operation under the condition of without PAC dosing. And the removal efficiency of carbmazepine in the enhanced MBR process by adding 500mg PAC into the 10L reaction tank maintained stable about 30% after one month’s operation.
In order to explore the removal mechanisms of carbamazepine, some batch experiments were carried out. The results indicated through the calculation of carbamazepine’s mass balance, it is found that the overall removal efficiency of carbamazepine increased 24.44% after PAC dosing. Moreover, the removed amounts of carbamazepine by adsorption and missing (probably biodegradation) also increased greatly after PAC dosing. These results indicate the possibility that PAC cannot only adsorb carbamazepine but also promote the biodegradation of carbamazepine, although this conclusion needs to be testified further by the long-term experiment. Furthermore, the sludge-water partition coefficient (Kp) of carbamazepine before and after PAC dosing are 0.0569L/gMLSS and 0.597L/gMLSS, respectively, and the total adsorbed carbamazepine’s amounts increased approximately 33 times compared with after and before PAC dosing.
The batch test results of PAC adsorption isotherm showed that both of Frendlich and Langmuir models were found to fit sufficiently well with the obtained experiment data, and their respective correlation coefficients were found to be higher than 0.98. Moreover, the isotherm constants of Frendlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm are achieved: Kf=194.4[(mg/g)(L/mg)1/n], 1/n=0.31, a=188.68mg/g, b=13.25L/mg. The two achieved isotherms can be utilized to calculate approximately the amount of carbamazepine adsorbed on PAC in theory and estimate the working period of PAC.
引文
1 Thomas A. Ternes. Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers. Water Research, 1998, 32(11): 3245-3260
2 B.Halling-Sorensen, S.Nors Nielsen, P.F.Lanzky, F.Ingerslev, H.C.Holten Lutzhoft and S.E.Jorgensen. Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment-a review, Chemoshpere, 1998, 36(2): 357-393
3 D.Ashton, M.Hilton and K.V.Thomas. Investigating the environmenta transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the United Kingdom. Science of the Total Environment, 2004,333:167-184
4 O.A.H.Jones, N.Voulvoulis, J.N.Lester. Aquatic environmental assessment of the top 25 Englishi prescription pharmaceuticals. Water Research, 2002,36:5013-5022
5 Marta Carballa, Francisco Omil, Juan M.Lema, et al. Behavior of phmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant. Water Research, 2004,38: 2918-2926
6 Geoff Byrns. The fate of xenobiotic organic compounds in wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 2001, 35(10): 2523-2533
7 Xiu-Sheng Miao and Chris D.Metcalfe. Determination of carbamazepine and its metabolites in aqueous samples using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2003,75:3731-3738
8 Victor Matamoros,Joan Garcia,and Josep M.Bayona. Behavior of selected pharmaceuticals in subsurface flow constructed wetland: a pilot-scale study. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005,39,5449-5454
9 M.Clara,B.Strenn,N.Kreuzinger. Carbamazepine as a possible anthropogenic marker in the aquatic environment: investigations on the behaviour of carbamazepine in wastewater treatment and during groundwater infiltration. Water Research, 2004,38: 947-954
10 Xiu-sheng Miao,Jian-jun Yang,and Chris D.Metcalfe. Carbamazepine and its metabolites in wastewater and in biosolids in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005,39:7469-7475
11 Stefan Weigel, Jan Kuhlmann, Heinrich Huhnerfuss. Drugs and personal careproducts as ubiquitous pollutants: occurrence and distribution of clofibric acid, caffeine and DEET in the North Sea. The Science of the Total Environement, 2002, 295: 131-141
12 Hans-Rudolf Buser and Markus D.Muller, Norbert Theobald. Occurrence of the pharmaceutical drug clofibric acid and the herbicide mecoprop in various Swiss lakes and in the North Sea. Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 32: 188-192
13 Glen R.Boyd, Helge Reemtsma, Deborah A.Grimm, Siddhartha Mitra. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface and treated waters of Louisiana, USA and ontario, Canada. The Science of the Total Environment, 2003, 311: 135-149
14 Baozhen Wang, Li Wang, and Lin Wang. China’s emergency measures to combat pollution of the Songhua River. Water 21, 2006, February, 10-11
15 Marta Carballa,Francisco Omil,Juan M.Lema. Removal of cosmetic ingredients and pharmaceuticals in sewage primary treatment. Water Research, 2005,39: 4790-4796
16 Tusnelda E.Doll,Fritz H.Frimmel. Cross-flow microfiltration with periodical back-washing for photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical and diagnostic residues-evaluation of the long-term stability of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Water Research, 2005,39:847-854
17 Thomas A. Ternes, Jeannette Stuber, Nadine Herrmann, Derek McDowell, Achim Ried, Martin Kampmann, Bernhard Teiser. Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater? Water Research, 2003,37:1976-1982
18 Derek C.Mcdowell,Marc M.Huber,Manfred Wagner,Urs von Gunten, and Thomas A.Ternes. Ozonation of carbamazepine in drinking water: identification and kinetic study of major oxidation products. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005,39:8014-8022
19 Marc M.Huber,Silvio Canonica,Gun-Young Park,and Urs von Gunten. Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. Environmental Science and Technology, 2003,37:1016-1024
20 M.Clara,B.Strenn,O.Gans,E.Martinez,N.Kreuzinger,H.Kroiss. Removal of selected pharmaceticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds ina membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 2005,39: 4797-4807
21 Thomas A.Ternes,Martin Meisenheimer,Derek Mcdowell, et al.. Removal of pharmaceuticals during drinking water treatment. Environemental Science and Technology, 2002,36:3855-3863
22 Urano K & Kato Z. Evaluation of biodegradation ranks of priority organic compounds. J Hazard Mater, 1986, 13: 147–159.
23 Nishino SF & Spain. Degradation of nitrobenzene by a Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1993, 59: 2520–2525.
24 Canton JH, Slooff W, Kool HJ, Struys J, Pouw TJM, Wegman RCC, & Piet. Toxicity, biodegradability and accumulation of a number of C1/N containing compounds for classification and establishing water quality criteria. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 1985, 5: 123–131.
25 Celine Tixier, Heinz P.Singer, Sjef Oellers, and Stephan R. Muller. Occurrence and fate of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprefen, ketoprofen and naproxen in surface waters. Environment Science and Technology, 2003, 37 (6): 1061-1068
26 Wen-Ying Xu,Ting-Yao Gao, Jin-Hong Fan. Reduction of nitrobenzene by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2005(123)232-241
27 Qian-Rong Li,Cheng-Zhi Gu,Yan Di,Hao Yin,Jun-Ying Zhang. Photodegradation of nitrobenzene using 172nm excimer UV lamp. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2005, Article in Press
28 M.H.Priya,Giridhar Madras. Photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzenes with combustion synthesized nano-TiO2. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry, 2006,178:1-7
29 Jun Ma, Minghao Sui,Tao Zhang,Chunyu Guan. Effect of pH on MnOx/GAC catalyzed ozonation for degradation of nitrobenzene. Water Research, 2005,39: 779-786
30 Fares Al Momani. Impact of photo-oxidation technology on the aqueous solutions of nitrobenzene: degradation efficiency and biodegradability enhancement. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry, 2005, article in press
31 Donemei Fu,Jiping Chen,Xinmiao Liang. Wet air oxidation of nitrobenzene enhanced by phenol. Chemosphere, 2005,59: 905-908
32 Dhananjay S.Bhatkhande,Sanjay P.Kamble,Sudhir B.Sawant,Vishwas G.Pangarkar. Photocatalytic and photochemical degradation of nitrobenzene using artificial ultraviolet light. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2004,102:283-290
33 L.S.Bell,J.F.Devlin,R.W.Gillham,P.J.Binning. A sequential zero valent iron and aerobic biodegradation treatment system for nitrobenzene. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2003,66:201-217
34 Sandra Contreras,Miguel Rodriguez,Esther Chamarro,Santiago Esplugas. UV-and UV/Fe(III)-enhanced ozonation of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2001,142:79-83
35 Taro Urase, Chie Kagawa, Tomoya Kikuta. Factors affecting removal of pharmaceutical substances and estrogens in membrane separation bioreactors. Desalination, 2005,178:107-113
36 Victor Matamoros,Joan Garcia,and Josep M.Bayona. Behavior of selected pharmaceuticals in subsurface flow constructed wetland: a pilot-scale study. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005,39:5449-5454
37 Zhang Liqiu. A study on the domestic sewage treatment and reclaiming by membrane bioreactor. Dissertation of PhD, Harbin Institute of Technology, China, 2001
38 Taro Urase,Tomoya Kikuta. Separate estimation of adsorption and degradation of pharmaceutical substances and estrogens in the activated sludge process. Water Research, 2005,39:1289-1300
39 L. Wang, Y. Liu. Population pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its metabolite. Pediatric Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, China, 2002
40 Eli Chan, How Sung Lee, and Swee Shan Hue. Population pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in Singapore epileptic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001,51: 567–576.
2 B.Halling-Sorensen, S.Nors Nielsen, P.F.Lanzky, F.Ingerslev, H.C.Holten Lutzhoft and S.E.Jorgensen. Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment-a review, Chemoshpere, 1998, 36(2): 357-393
3 D.Ashton, M.Hilton and K.V.Thomas. Investigating the environmenta transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the United Kingdom. Science of the Total Environment, 2004,333:167-184
4 O.A.H.Jones, N.Voulvoulis, J.N.Lester. Aquatic environmental assessment of the top 25 Englishi prescription pharmaceuticals. Water Research, 2002,36:5013-5022
5 Marta Carballa, Francisco Omil, Juan M.Lema, et al. Behavior of phmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant. Water Research, 2004,38: 2918-2926
6 Geoff Byrns. The fate of xenobiotic organic compounds in wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 2001, 35(10): 2523-2533
7 Xiu-Sheng Miao and Chris D.Metcalfe. Determination of carbamazepine and its metabolites in aqueous samples using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2003,75:3731-3738
8 Victor Matamoros,Joan Garcia,and Josep M.Bayona. Behavior of selected pharmaceuticals in subsurface flow constructed wetland: a pilot-scale study. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005,39,5449-5454
9 M.Clara,B.Strenn,N.Kreuzinger. Carbamazepine as a possible anthropogenic marker in the aquatic environment: investigations on the behaviour of carbamazepine in wastewater treatment and during groundwater infiltration. Water Research, 2004,38: 947-954
10 Xiu-sheng Miao,Jian-jun Yang,and Chris D.Metcalfe. Carbamazepine and its metabolites in wastewater and in biosolids in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005,39:7469-7475
11 Stefan Weigel, Jan Kuhlmann, Heinrich Huhnerfuss. Drugs and personal careproducts as ubiquitous pollutants: occurrence and distribution of clofibric acid, caffeine and DEET in the North Sea. The Science of the Total Environement, 2002, 295: 131-141
12 Hans-Rudolf Buser and Markus D.Muller, Norbert Theobald. Occurrence of the pharmaceutical drug clofibric acid and the herbicide mecoprop in various Swiss lakes and in the North Sea. Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 32: 188-192
13 Glen R.Boyd, Helge Reemtsma, Deborah A.Grimm, Siddhartha Mitra. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface and treated waters of Louisiana, USA and ontario, Canada. The Science of the Total Environment, 2003, 311: 135-149
14 Baozhen Wang, Li Wang, and Lin Wang. China’s emergency measures to combat pollution of the Songhua River. Water 21, 2006, February, 10-11
15 Marta Carballa,Francisco Omil,Juan M.Lema. Removal of cosmetic ingredients and pharmaceuticals in sewage primary treatment. Water Research, 2005,39: 4790-4796
16 Tusnelda E.Doll,Fritz H.Frimmel. Cross-flow microfiltration with periodical back-washing for photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical and diagnostic residues-evaluation of the long-term stability of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Water Research, 2005,39:847-854
17 Thomas A. Ternes, Jeannette Stuber, Nadine Herrmann, Derek McDowell, Achim Ried, Martin Kampmann, Bernhard Teiser. Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater? Water Research, 2003,37:1976-1982
18 Derek C.Mcdowell,Marc M.Huber,Manfred Wagner,Urs von Gunten, and Thomas A.Ternes. Ozonation of carbamazepine in drinking water: identification and kinetic study of major oxidation products. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005,39:8014-8022
19 Marc M.Huber,Silvio Canonica,Gun-Young Park,and Urs von Gunten. Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. Environmental Science and Technology, 2003,37:1016-1024
20 M.Clara,B.Strenn,O.Gans,E.Martinez,N.Kreuzinger,H.Kroiss. Removal of selected pharmaceticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds ina membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 2005,39: 4797-4807
21 Thomas A.Ternes,Martin Meisenheimer,Derek Mcdowell, et al.. Removal of pharmaceuticals during drinking water treatment. Environemental Science and Technology, 2002,36:3855-3863
22 Urano K & Kato Z. Evaluation of biodegradation ranks of priority organic compounds. J Hazard Mater, 1986, 13: 147–159.
23 Nishino SF & Spain. Degradation of nitrobenzene by a Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1993, 59: 2520–2525.
24 Canton JH, Slooff W, Kool HJ, Struys J, Pouw TJM, Wegman RCC, & Piet. Toxicity, biodegradability and accumulation of a number of C1/N containing compounds for classification and establishing water quality criteria. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 1985, 5: 123–131.
25 Celine Tixier, Heinz P.Singer, Sjef Oellers, and Stephan R. Muller. Occurrence and fate of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprefen, ketoprofen and naproxen in surface waters. Environment Science and Technology, 2003, 37 (6): 1061-1068
26 Wen-Ying Xu,Ting-Yao Gao, Jin-Hong Fan. Reduction of nitrobenzene by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2005(123)232-241
27 Qian-Rong Li,Cheng-Zhi Gu,Yan Di,Hao Yin,Jun-Ying Zhang. Photodegradation of nitrobenzene using 172nm excimer UV lamp. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2005, Article in Press
28 M.H.Priya,Giridhar Madras. Photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzenes with combustion synthesized nano-TiO2. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry, 2006,178:1-7
29 Jun Ma, Minghao Sui,Tao Zhang,Chunyu Guan. Effect of pH on MnOx/GAC catalyzed ozonation for degradation of nitrobenzene. Water Research, 2005,39: 779-786
30 Fares Al Momani. Impact of photo-oxidation technology on the aqueous solutions of nitrobenzene: degradation efficiency and biodegradability enhancement. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry, 2005, article in press
31 Donemei Fu,Jiping Chen,Xinmiao Liang. Wet air oxidation of nitrobenzene enhanced by phenol. Chemosphere, 2005,59: 905-908
32 Dhananjay S.Bhatkhande,Sanjay P.Kamble,Sudhir B.Sawant,Vishwas G.Pangarkar. Photocatalytic and photochemical degradation of nitrobenzene using artificial ultraviolet light. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2004,102:283-290
33 L.S.Bell,J.F.Devlin,R.W.Gillham,P.J.Binning. A sequential zero valent iron and aerobic biodegradation treatment system for nitrobenzene. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2003,66:201-217
34 Sandra Contreras,Miguel Rodriguez,Esther Chamarro,Santiago Esplugas. UV-and UV/Fe(III)-enhanced ozonation of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2001,142:79-83
35 Taro Urase, Chie Kagawa, Tomoya Kikuta. Factors affecting removal of pharmaceutical substances and estrogens in membrane separation bioreactors. Desalination, 2005,178:107-113
36 Victor Matamoros,Joan Garcia,and Josep M.Bayona. Behavior of selected pharmaceuticals in subsurface flow constructed wetland: a pilot-scale study. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005,39:5449-5454
37 Zhang Liqiu. A study on the domestic sewage treatment and reclaiming by membrane bioreactor. Dissertation of PhD, Harbin Institute of Technology, China, 2001
38 Taro Urase,Tomoya Kikuta. Separate estimation of adsorption and degradation of pharmaceutical substances and estrogens in the activated sludge process. Water Research, 2005,39:1289-1300
39 L. Wang, Y. Liu. Population pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its metabolite. Pediatric Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, China, 2002
40 Eli Chan, How Sung Lee, and Swee Shan Hue. Population pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in Singapore epileptic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001,51: 567–576.