应用有效微生物技术处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究
|
摘要
垃圾渗滤液是垃圾在堆放和填埋过程中,由于发酵和雨水的淋溶、冲刷,以及地表水和地下水的浸泡而过滤出来的污水,对周边环境及填埋场场底土层污染严重,且污染持续时间长,易引起二次污染。垃圾渗滤液是一种成份复杂的高浓度有机废水,不同的填埋场或同一填理场的不同时间段,渗滤液的水量水质都有不同的特点,因而处理难度较大。有效微生物(EM)技术作为废水处理领域新兴的技术,由于其独特的优越性和传统方法不可比拟的优点,在渗滤液处理中具有非常广阔的应用前景。
论文以重庆市长生桥垃圾填埋场渗滤液为试验水样,采用Fenton法和磷酸铵镁沉淀(MAP)法对垃圾渗滤液进行联合预处理。在此基础上,通过利用有效微生物EM菌的生物多样性和综合效应开展处理垃圾渗滤液的探索性试验,即以EM菌剂为生物增强剂,利用生物强化技术与传统生物治理技术相结合的方式探索垃圾渗滤液深度处理的技术条件和处理方法,以此提高垃圾渗滤液的处理效率。
Fenton法和MAP法联合预处理垃圾渗滤液的结果表明:Fenton试剂对有机物的降解破坏是非常有效的,但对NH3-N的去除效果并不令人满意;而化学沉淀法对废水中有机物的去除率并不高。采用Fenton法和MAP法联合预处理垃圾渗滤液能够弥补各自不足,具有较好的效果。Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳操作条件为:初始pH=5,FeSO4·7H2O投加量0.05mol·L-1,反应时间3h,nH2O2: nFe2+=1: 1。MAP法在以MgO+Na2HPO4·12H2O为药剂,pH值8.5,反应时间1h时,Mg: N: P=1: 1: 0.7较适宜。在此操作条件下,经联合预处理后的原水COD由6455mg/L降到1300mg/L,去除率79.86%;NH3-N由1119 mg/L降到251mg/L,去除率77.57%;TP由20.55 mg/L降到2.1mg/L,去除率89.78%;BOD5/COD从0.2提高到0.5,明显改善了渗滤液的可生化性,有利于后续生物处理。Fenton法操作方便, MAP法形成的磷酸铵镁沉淀可以作缓释肥(SRFs)或用作结构制品的阻火剂,不会造成二次污染,可实现废物资源化。
EM技术处理垃圾渗滤液的影响因素研究表明:EM中的有效微生物能够起到生物增强剂的作用,明显促进污染物的降解,对垃圾渗滤液中的COD、NH_3-N、TP均有明显的去除效果。通过正交试验和单因素分析确定EM技术处理垃圾渗滤液的各因素适宜范围为:反应时间48 h～96 h,曝气时间为12h～36h,低流量间歇曝气,接种量(VEM: V水)为1/5000～1/1000,进水pH值7～8.5。EM处理垃圾渗滤液各因素的最佳水平组合为:反应时间48h,VEM: V水=1/2000,曝气时间12h,进水pH 8.5。
EM技术与生物膜法相结合处理垃圾渗滤液的研究表明:以陶粒为填料的EM生物膜系统,能够为EM菌的生长繁殖提供良好的环境,EM生物膜系统启动时间为8～9d,大大缩短了系统的启动时间;COD、NH3-N和TP去除率分别达到80%以上。EM生物膜系统正式运行期,COD去除率在48h达到最大值84.65%,满足GB16889-1997生活垃圾填埋污染控制二级标准;NH3-N去除率在72h达到最大值81.09%,达到GB8978-1996污水综合排放二级标准;TP去除率48h后达78.85%时,出水浓度可以达到GB8978-1996污水综合排放一级标准。同单纯使用EM菌处理垃圾渗滤液相比,去除率均有较大幅度提高。EM技术处理垃圾渗滤液克服了以往渗滤液处理工艺中气味恶臭难闻的弊端;污泥产量小,避免了污泥处理带来的经济消耗和二次污染问题;处理后出水色度明显降低;避免了填料堵塞的问题;运行成本低,操作简便。
Landfill leachate is produced by fermentation, rainwater leaching and scouring, surface water and groundwater immersion when waste is piling up. This kind of wastewater may cause serious pollution, which can last for a long time and cause secondary pollution easily, to surrounding area and soil layer of landfill. Landfill leachate, which composition is quite complicated, is a kind of high concentration of organic wastewater and has different characteristics in water quality and quantity in different locations and hours. Therefore, treatment of leachate is difficult. Effective microorganisms (EM) technology which is an emerging technology in wastewater treatment has broad applications in leachate treatment as a result of its unique advantages which are much better than traditional methods.
In this dissertation, landfill leachate of Chongqing Changsheng Bridge Municipality Sanitary Landfill was chosen to be treated with Fenton process and Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Precipitation (MAP). Then exploratory experiments were carried out by using the biological diversity and combined effect of EM to treat leachate. Through the combination of bio-augmentation technology and traditional biological treatment technology with EM as biological enhancer, technical conditions and methods of landfill leachate advanced treatment were explored to improve landfill leachate treatment efficiency.
Fenton process and MAP were combined to study the effect of landfill leachate pretreatment. It was showed that Fenton process was very effective for the degradation of organic matter, but ammonia removal was unsatisfactory, and chemical precipitation was not effective for organic removal. The method of leachate pretreatment by combination of Fenton process and MAP was able to make up their deficiencies and get good results. The optimum operation conditions of Fenton process were as follows: leachate pH (5), Fe2+ addition (0.05mol·L-1), reaction time (3h), nH2O2: nFe2+=1: 1. The molar ratio of Mg: N: P=1: 1: 0.7 was better for treatment effect when other factors of MAP were as follows: agents (MgO+Na2HPO4·12H2O), pH (8.5), reaction time (1h). Under the optimum operating conditions, COD of the leachate pretreated decreased from 6455mg/L to1300mg/L with removal efficiency of 79.86%, NH3-N decreased from 1119 mg/L to 251mg/L with removal efficiency of 77.57%, and TP decreased from 20.55 mg/L to 2.1mg/L with removal efficiency of 89.78%. At the same time, BOD_5/COD ratio was improved from 0.2 to 0.5 as well. Through this method, biodegradability of leachate was significantly improved and it was helpful for the follow-up biological treatment. Fenton process was easy to operate and magnesium ammonium phosphate produced in MAP can be used as slow-release fertilizers or fire-retardants of structural products. Instead of causing secondary pollution, this way could realize waste resource recovery.
The study on the influencing factors of EM technology in landfill leachate treatment indicated that effective microorganisms in EM as biological enhancer played a strong role and promoted pollutant degradation obviously. The removal efficiencies of COD, NH_3-N and TP were significant. Orthogonal experiment and single factor analysis were carried out to determine the optimum operating conditions. The results were as follows: reaction time(48h～96h), aeration time(12h～36h), low-flow intermittent aeration, EM addition (VEM: Vwater, 1/5000～1/1000) and leachate pH(7～8.5). The optimum operating conditions of EM technology were as follows: reaction time (48h), EM addition (VEM: Vwater, 1/2000), aeration time (12h) and leachate pH (8.5).
The study on the combination of EM technology and biofilm process to treat landfill leachate indicated that under the optimum operating conditions, the biofilm system with ceramic granules as filler was able to provide good environment for EM to grow and reproduce, and the system start up time which was greatly shortened was only 8～9d. The removal efficiency of COD, NH3-N and TP was respectively over 80%. During the formal operational stage of EM biofilm system, COD removal efficiency reached the maximum of 84.65% after 48h which was up to "Tier 2" Emission Standards of MSW Landfill Pollution Control (GB16889-1997), NH3-N removal efficiency reached the maximum of 81.09% after 72h which was up to "Tier 2" Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996), and TP removal efficiency reached the maximum of 78.85% after 48h which was up to "Tier 1" Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). Compared with the method of using EM to treat leachate alone, this way significantly improved the removal efficiencies of COD, NH_3-N and TP. This technology conquered the disadvantage of traditional landfill leachate treatments which had horrible smell in the treating process, and also had some other advantages such as less amount of sludge which could avoid the problems of economic consumption and secondary pollution in sludge treatment, better removal effect of water color, elimination of the blockage of the filler, low operating costs, and easy operation.
论文以重庆市长生桥垃圾填埋场渗滤液为试验水样,采用Fenton法和磷酸铵镁沉淀(MAP)法对垃圾渗滤液进行联合预处理。在此基础上,通过利用有效微生物EM菌的生物多样性和综合效应开展处理垃圾渗滤液的探索性试验,即以EM菌剂为生物增强剂,利用生物强化技术与传统生物治理技术相结合的方式探索垃圾渗滤液深度处理的技术条件和处理方法,以此提高垃圾渗滤液的处理效率。
Fenton法和MAP法联合预处理垃圾渗滤液的结果表明:Fenton试剂对有机物的降解破坏是非常有效的,但对NH3-N的去除效果并不令人满意;而化学沉淀法对废水中有机物的去除率并不高。采用Fenton法和MAP法联合预处理垃圾渗滤液能够弥补各自不足,具有较好的效果。Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳操作条件为:初始pH=5,FeSO4·7H2O投加量0.05mol·L-1,反应时间3h,nH2O2: nFe2+=1: 1。MAP法在以MgO+Na2HPO4·12H2O为药剂,pH值8.5,反应时间1h时,Mg: N: P=1: 1: 0.7较适宜。在此操作条件下,经联合预处理后的原水COD由6455mg/L降到1300mg/L,去除率79.86%;NH3-N由1119 mg/L降到251mg/L,去除率77.57%;TP由20.55 mg/L降到2.1mg/L,去除率89.78%;BOD5/COD从0.2提高到0.5,明显改善了渗滤液的可生化性,有利于后续生物处理。Fenton法操作方便, MAP法形成的磷酸铵镁沉淀可以作缓释肥(SRFs)或用作结构制品的阻火剂,不会造成二次污染,可实现废物资源化。
EM技术处理垃圾渗滤液的影响因素研究表明:EM中的有效微生物能够起到生物增强剂的作用,明显促进污染物的降解,对垃圾渗滤液中的COD、NH_3-N、TP均有明显的去除效果。通过正交试验和单因素分析确定EM技术处理垃圾渗滤液的各因素适宜范围为:反应时间48 h～96 h,曝气时间为12h～36h,低流量间歇曝气,接种量(VEM: V水)为1/5000～1/1000,进水pH值7～8.5。EM处理垃圾渗滤液各因素的最佳水平组合为:反应时间48h,VEM: V水=1/2000,曝气时间12h,进水pH 8.5。
EM技术与生物膜法相结合处理垃圾渗滤液的研究表明:以陶粒为填料的EM生物膜系统,能够为EM菌的生长繁殖提供良好的环境,EM生物膜系统启动时间为8～9d,大大缩短了系统的启动时间;COD、NH3-N和TP去除率分别达到80%以上。EM生物膜系统正式运行期,COD去除率在48h达到最大值84.65%,满足GB16889-1997生活垃圾填埋污染控制二级标准;NH3-N去除率在72h达到最大值81.09%,达到GB8978-1996污水综合排放二级标准;TP去除率48h后达78.85%时,出水浓度可以达到GB8978-1996污水综合排放一级标准。同单纯使用EM菌处理垃圾渗滤液相比,去除率均有较大幅度提高。EM技术处理垃圾渗滤液克服了以往渗滤液处理工艺中气味恶臭难闻的弊端;污泥产量小,避免了污泥处理带来的经济消耗和二次污染问题;处理后出水色度明显降低;避免了填料堵塞的问题;运行成本低,操作简便。
Landfill leachate is produced by fermentation, rainwater leaching and scouring, surface water and groundwater immersion when waste is piling up. This kind of wastewater may cause serious pollution, which can last for a long time and cause secondary pollution easily, to surrounding area and soil layer of landfill. Landfill leachate, which composition is quite complicated, is a kind of high concentration of organic wastewater and has different characteristics in water quality and quantity in different locations and hours. Therefore, treatment of leachate is difficult. Effective microorganisms (EM) technology which is an emerging technology in wastewater treatment has broad applications in leachate treatment as a result of its unique advantages which are much better than traditional methods.
In this dissertation, landfill leachate of Chongqing Changsheng Bridge Municipality Sanitary Landfill was chosen to be treated with Fenton process and Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Precipitation (MAP). Then exploratory experiments were carried out by using the biological diversity and combined effect of EM to treat leachate. Through the combination of bio-augmentation technology and traditional biological treatment technology with EM as biological enhancer, technical conditions and methods of landfill leachate advanced treatment were explored to improve landfill leachate treatment efficiency.
Fenton process and MAP were combined to study the effect of landfill leachate pretreatment. It was showed that Fenton process was very effective for the degradation of organic matter, but ammonia removal was unsatisfactory, and chemical precipitation was not effective for organic removal. The method of leachate pretreatment by combination of Fenton process and MAP was able to make up their deficiencies and get good results. The optimum operation conditions of Fenton process were as follows: leachate pH (5), Fe2+ addition (0.05mol·L-1), reaction time (3h), nH2O2: nFe2+=1: 1. The molar ratio of Mg: N: P=1: 1: 0.7 was better for treatment effect when other factors of MAP were as follows: agents (MgO+Na2HPO4·12H2O), pH (8.5), reaction time (1h). Under the optimum operating conditions, COD of the leachate pretreated decreased from 6455mg/L to1300mg/L with removal efficiency of 79.86%, NH3-N decreased from 1119 mg/L to 251mg/L with removal efficiency of 77.57%, and TP decreased from 20.55 mg/L to 2.1mg/L with removal efficiency of 89.78%. At the same time, BOD_5/COD ratio was improved from 0.2 to 0.5 as well. Through this method, biodegradability of leachate was significantly improved and it was helpful for the follow-up biological treatment. Fenton process was easy to operate and magnesium ammonium phosphate produced in MAP can be used as slow-release fertilizers or fire-retardants of structural products. Instead of causing secondary pollution, this way could realize waste resource recovery.
The study on the influencing factors of EM technology in landfill leachate treatment indicated that effective microorganisms in EM as biological enhancer played a strong role and promoted pollutant degradation obviously. The removal efficiencies of COD, NH_3-N and TP were significant. Orthogonal experiment and single factor analysis were carried out to determine the optimum operating conditions. The results were as follows: reaction time(48h～96h), aeration time(12h～36h), low-flow intermittent aeration, EM addition (VEM: Vwater, 1/5000～1/1000) and leachate pH(7～8.5). The optimum operating conditions of EM technology were as follows: reaction time (48h), EM addition (VEM: Vwater, 1/2000), aeration time (12h) and leachate pH (8.5).
The study on the combination of EM technology and biofilm process to treat landfill leachate indicated that under the optimum operating conditions, the biofilm system with ceramic granules as filler was able to provide good environment for EM to grow and reproduce, and the system start up time which was greatly shortened was only 8～9d. The removal efficiency of COD, NH3-N and TP was respectively over 80%. During the formal operational stage of EM biofilm system, COD removal efficiency reached the maximum of 84.65% after 48h which was up to "Tier 2" Emission Standards of MSW Landfill Pollution Control (GB16889-1997), NH3-N removal efficiency reached the maximum of 81.09% after 72h which was up to "Tier 2" Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996), and TP removal efficiency reached the maximum of 78.85% after 48h which was up to "Tier 1" Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). Compared with the method of using EM to treat leachate alone, this way significantly improved the removal efficiencies of COD, NH_3-N and TP. This technology conquered the disadvantage of traditional landfill leachate treatments which had horrible smell in the treating process, and also had some other advantages such as less amount of sludge which could avoid the problems of economic consumption and secondary pollution in sludge treatment, better removal effect of water color, elimination of the blockage of the filler, low operating costs, and easy operation.
引文
[1]陈玉成,李章平.城市生活垃圾渗沥水的污染及其全过程控制[J].环境科学动态.1995,4:15～18.
[2]张兰英等.垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物的污染及去除[J].中国环境科学.1998,18(2) :184～188.
[3]郭广慧,陈玉成.城市生活垃圾渗滤液处理技术的研究[J].环境科学与管理.2006,31(1):138～140.
[4]王里奥,顾恒岳.垃圾渗滤液处理的试验研究[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版).2002,25(2):99～102.
[5]孙建业.浅析垃圾渗滤液末端处理技术.环境保护科学[J].2006,32(4):21～22.
[6]严平,廖银章,李旭东.EM有效微生物技术在废水处理中的应用与发展[J].工业用水与废水.2004,35(4):1～4.
[7]王丹,赵朝成.城市垃圾渗滤液处理技术发展现状[J].油气田环境保护.2006,16(1):37～40.
[8] Calace N., Liberatori A., Petronio B.M., et al. Characteristics of different molecular weight fractions of organic matter in landfill leachate and their role in soil sorption of heavy metals [J].Environmental Pollution. 2001, 113 (3) : 331～339.
[9]赵宗升,刘鸿亮,李炳伟等.垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染的控制技术[J].中国给水排水.2000,16(6):20～23.
[10] Wang F., Smith D.W., and Gamal El-Din M. Application of advanced oxidation methods for landfill leachate treatment.A review [J].Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.2003, 2 (6): 413～427.
[11] Jowett E C, Mc Master M L. On-site wastewater treatment using unsaturatal absorbent biofilters [J].Environment Quality. 1995,24(2): 86～95.
[12]杨长平.em(有效微生物)的研究综述[J].四川农业科技.1997,6:20～22.
[13]李英军,刘忠林.EM有效微生物技术在我国的应用研究进展[J].环境与开发.2006,16(3):12～13.
[14]杨怀金,谭显东,叶芝祥. EM技术在我国水环境保护中的应用研究进展[J].成都信息工程学院学报.2006,21(3):445～448.
[15]比嘉照夫.拯救地球大变革[M].冯玉润译.北京:中国农业大学出版社,1992: 10～30.
[16]宋昆衡.EM生物技术处理污水[J].给水排水.1995,21(3):17～18.
[17]徐晓梅.EM技术在环境保护方面的应用及发展前景[J].甘肃化工.2000,21(4):175～178.
[18]孟范平,李桂芳,李科林.系统评价EM菌液在生活污水处理中的应用效果[J].城市环境与城市生态.1999,12(5):4～7.
[19]陈永祥,程晓如,邵青.EM用于SBR反应器处理生活污水[J].中国给水排水.2002,18(6):48～50.
[20]程晓如,陈永祥,孙迎霞.EM菌强化SBR脱氮除磷的试验研究[J].重庆环境科学.2002,24(5):55～57.
[21]张丽,贺启环.高效菌活性污泥法处理分散染料废水实验研究[J] .环境工程.2002,20 (1) :77～79.
[22]徐向阳,张明洲,俞秀娥.高效脱色菌的特性及其在染化废水厌氧处理中的生物强化作用[J ] .中国沼气.2001,19 (2) :3～7,29.
[23]李捍东,常冠饮.高效复合降解工程菌处理抗生素废水的研究[J].云南环境科学.2001,19 (8) :148～149,157.
[24]刘玉焕,钟英长.菌物的有机磷农药降解酶产酶条件和一般性质[J].微生物学通报.2000,27 (3) :162～165.
[25]罗义,谢维.生物法处理含油废水微生物净化功能的研究[J].辽宁大学学报(自然科学版).1999,26 (3) :282～287.
[26]邵青.有效微生物群及其在乡镇给排水中的应用[J].中国农村水利水电.2001 (4) :32～33.
[27]田娜,朱亮.高效复合菌处理高浓度食品污水的实验[J].污染防治技术.2003,16(2):21～22,33.
[28]马占青,顾宏余,温淑瑶.有效微生物废水处理动态实验研究[J].环境污染与防治.2001,23 (4) :195～196,202.
[29]唐德仁,付杰荣,邹水洋. EM技术在糖厂废水处理中的应用及评估[J].甘蔗糖业.2001,(2) :42～46.
[30]薛刚,姬鄂豫.有效微生物和絮凝剂处理酒精生产废水[J].工业水处理.2003,23 (2) :31～33.
[31]孙荣高,彭学兰,王秉洁等. EM制剂在净化污水和养猪上的应用试验[J] .甘肃环境研究与监测.2000,13(3) :169～170.
[32]车美芹,朱亮.有效微生物( EM)处理食品废水的试验研究[J].环境科学研究.2002,15 (3) :53～55,64.
[33]李雪梅,杨中艺,简曙光等.有效微生物群控制富营养化湖泊蓝藻的效应[J].中山大学学报.2000,39(1):81～85.
[34]王平,吴晓芙,李科林等.应用有效微生物(EM)处理富营养化源水试验研究[J].环境科学研究.2004,17(3):39～43.
[35] Ammerman D K. Once the province of communities the south and west, water reuse is gaining popularity throughout the United States[J].Water Environment and Technology.1998,67～71.
[36]李晨,杨朝晖,曾光明等.我国城市垃圾渗滤液处理现状与展望[J].环境卫生工程.2004,12(3):136～140.
[37]丁雪梅.利用EM处理垃圾渗滤液的效果研究[J].环境与园林.2002,4(2):24～27.
[38]叶晓玫,郑曼英,刘家强.应用有效微生物(EM)技术处理垃圾渗滤液的研究[J].环境卫生工程.2002,10(1):3～5.
[39] Ding A.Z., Zhang Z.H. Biological control of leachate from municipal landfills [J]. Chemosphere. 2001, 44:1～8.
[40]李平.优势菌种硝化新工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的研究[J].生态环境.2005,14(4):545～548.
[41]李兵,满瑞林,倪网东.垃圾渗滤液处理技术的现状及发展趋势[J].工业安全与环保.2006,32(7):30～32.
[42]朱亮,朱雪诞.EM菌液在活性污泥系统中的试验研究[J].工业水处理.2001,21(10):13～15.
[43]孟范平,李科林,吴晓芙等.有效微生物对生活污水中有机物的降解能力研究[J].中南林学院学报.1997,17(4):8～13.
[44]朱亮,汪翔,王超.EM在污水生物降解中的试验研究[J].环境工程.2001,19(6):15～18.
[45]马占青,娄保锋.有机废水有效微生物处理实验研究[J].环境污染与防治.2000,22(5):6～9.
[46]冯骞,王超,汪岁羽.EM生物接触氧化反应器启动过程试验研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版).2004,33(1):55～58.
[47] Jin M., Wang X.W. et al.. A novel membrane bioreactor enhanced by effective microorganisms for the treatment of domestic wastewater [J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2005,69(2): 229～235.
[48] JOKELA J P Y, KETTUNEN R H,SORMUNEN K M,et al.Biological nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate:low-cost nitrification in biofilters and laboratory scale in--situ denitrification[J].Water Research.2002,36:4079～4087.
[49]马文漪,杨柳燕.环境微生物工程[M].南京:南京大学出版社,1999:176～l86.
[50] BYONG HEE JUN, YASUNORI TANJI,HAJIME UNNO. Stimulating accumulation of nitrifying bacteria in porous carrier by addition of inorganic carbon in a continuous-flow fluidized bed wastewater treatment reactor [J].Journal of Bioscience and Bioenguaoering. 2000,8(4): 334～339.
[51]于忠民.污水生物处理应用微生物研究与进展[J].污染防治技术.1998,11(4):246～250.
[52]王平.EM技术在水处理领域的系统应用研究[D].株洲中南林学院,2002.
[53]邵孝侯,刘德有,朱亮等.有机污水回用于农业灌溉的EM处理技术展望[J].水利水电科技进展.2001,21(1):16～17.
[54]岳东北,刘建国,聂永丰等.生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备.2004,5(6):59～62.
[55]张萍,顾国维,扬海真. Fenton试剂处理垃圾渗滤液技术进展的研究[J].环境卫生工程.2004,12(1):28～31.
[56]杨秀环,牛冬杰,陶红.垃圾渗滤液处理技术进展[J].环境卫生工程.2006,14(1):46～49.
[57] Yun Whankang, Kyung-Yub Hwang.Effects of reaction conditions on the oxidation efficiency in the Fenton process [J].Water Research. 2000,34(10):2786～2790.
[58] R M Ramirez,A Duran,M T Orta de Velasquez, et al.Treatment of landfill leachates by comparing advanced oxidation and coagulation-flocculation processes coupled with activated carbon adsorption[J].Water Science and Technology.2000,141(1): 231～235.
[59]赵庆良,李湘中.垃圾渗滤液中氨氮对微生物活性的抑制作用[J].环境污染与防治.1998,20(6):1～4.
[60]刘玉林等.H202氧化法去除水体中亚硝酸盐和氨的研究[J].水处理技术.2002,28(2):118～119.
[61]宫磊,徐晓军.Fenton试剂和化学沉淀法联合处理垃圾渗滤液[J].净水技术.2004,23(1):13～15.
[62] Scott J P, Ollis D F.Integration of chemical and biological oxidation processes for water treatment: review and recommendations [J]. Environ Prog.1995,14:88～103.
[63] YOON J . The characteristics of fenton reaction in the removal of landfill leachate organics[J].Water Science and Technology.1998,38(2):20～24.
[64] H Yoon, S Cho, et al. The characteristics of coagulation of reaction in the removal of landfill leachate organics [J].Water Science and Technology. 1998,38(2):209～214.
[65]陈传好,谢波,任源. Fenton试剂处理废水中各种影响因子的作用机制[J].环境科学.2002,21(3):93～96.
[66]王琪,董路.垃圾填埋场渗滤液回流技术的研究[J].环境科学研究.2000,13(3):1～5.
[67] Jae-Ho Bae, Sang-Keun Kim, Hyun-Sik Chang. Treatment of landfill leachates: ammonia removal via nitrification and denitrification and further cod reduction via Fenton’s treatment followed by activated sludge [J]. Water Science and Technology. 1997,36(12):341～348.
[68] Loizidou M., Papadopoulos A. and Kapetanios E G. Application of chemical oxidation for the treatment of refractory substances in leachates [J]. Environ Sci Technol. 1993, A28 (2):385～394.
[69] Papadopoulos A., Fatta D. and Loizidou M. Treatment of stabilized landfill leachate by physico-chemical and bio-oxidation processes [J] Environ Sci Technol.l998, A33 (1):651～670.
[70] Bac J-H,Kim S- K and Chang H- S.Treatment of landfill leachates,ammonia removal vianitrification and denitrification and further COD reduction via Fenton's treatment followed by activated sludge.Wat Sci Technol.1997,36(42) :341～348.
[71]张晖, Huang C.P. Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液[J].中国给水排水.2000, 17(8):1～3.
[72] Kim Y-K and Huh I-R.Enhancing biological treatabi1ity of landfill leachate by chemica1 oxidation [J]. Environ Eng Sci.1997,11(1):73～79.
[73] Wang P., Laul.W.C. Fang H H. P and Zhou D .Landfill leachate treatment with combined UASB and Fenton coagulation [L].Environ Sci Techno.2000, A35 (10): 1981～l988.
[74]张晖, Huang Cin-pao.渗滤液生化特性在Fenton处理中的变化[J].环境科学与技术.2004,27(4):25～26.
[75]国家环保总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1989.
[76]刘勇第.几种类Fenton试剂的氧化特性及在工业废水处理中的应用[J].上海环境科学.1994,13(3):26～34.
[77]罗刚.Fe(pHen)32+光度法研究Fenton体系中·OH生成因素的研究[J].化学工程师.2001,(6):35～37.
[78]邹长伟.垃圾填埋场渗滤液的处理技术[J].环境与开发.2001,16(3):23～24.
[79] CHAMARRO E.Use of Fenton reagent to improve organic chemical biodegradability[J].Water Research.1998,35(4):1047～1051.
[80]刘东,喻晓,罗毅.城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液特性分析[J].环境科学与技术.2006,29(6):55～57.
[81] Li X Z, Zhao Q L. Efficiency of biological treatment affected by high strength of ammonium-nitrogen in leachate and chemical precipitation of ammonium-nitrogen as pretreatment[J]. Chemosphere.2001, 44:37～43.
[82] Kabdssli I, Tunay O, Ozturk I, et al. Ammonia removal from young landfill leachate by magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitation and air stripping[J].Water Science and Technology. 2000, 41(1):237～240.
[83]赵庆良,李湘中.化学沉淀法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮[J].环境科学.1999,20(5):90～92.
[84]孙英杰,徐迪民,张隽超.生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液中氨氮的脱除[J].给水排水.2002,28(7):35～37
[85]方建章,黄少斌.化学沉淀法去除水中氨氮的试验研究[J].环境科学与技术.2002,25(5):34～35.
[86]吴方同,苏秋霞,孟了等.吹脱法去除城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的氨氮.给水排水.2001, 27(6):21～24
[87]王宗平,陶涛,袁居新等.垃圾渗滤液预处理——氨吹脱[J].给水排水.2001, 27(6):15～19
[88] Li X Z, Zhao Q L. Recovery of ammonium-nitrogen from landfill leachate as a multi-nutrientfertilizer [J].Ecological Engineering. 2003, 20:171～181.
[89]张书军,冯晓西,乌锡康等.磷酸铵镁沉淀法脱氨机理、应用及沉淀剂循环[J].环境污染治理技术与设备.2006,7(7):128～132.
[90]仝武刚,王继徽.磷酸铵镁除磷脱氮技术[J].工业用水与废水.2002,33(5):4～6.
[91] Schulze-Rettmer R. The simultaneous chemical precipitation of ammonium and phosphate in the form of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate [J].Water Science and Technology.1997, 23:659～667.
[92]尚爱安,赵庆祥,徐美燕.垃圾渗滤液的磷酸铵镁沉淀法预处理技术研究[J].给水排水.2004,30(11):22～25.
[93]于瑞莲,胡恭任. MAP法去除垃圾渗滤液氨氮的试验研究[J].福建化工.2003,(4):28～32.
[94] Li X Z, Zhao Q L, Hao X D. Ammonium removal from landfill leachate by chemical precipitation [J]. Waste Management. 1999, 19(6):409～415.
[95] Zdybiewska M W,Kula B.Removal of ammonia nitrogen by the precipitation method,on the examplee of some selected waste waters[J].Water Science and Technology.1991,24(7):229～234.
[96] Stratful I,Scrimshaw M D,Lester J N.Conditions influencing the precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate[J].Water Research.2001,35(17):4191～4199.
[97]埃肯费尔德W W,马斯特曼J L著.工业废水的活性污泥处理法[M].姜文焯,朱光,等.译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 1997.
[98] Chimenos J M, Fernández G, Segarra V M, et al. Removal of ammonium and phosphates from wastewater resulting from the process of cochineal extraction using MgO-containing by-product [J]. Water Research. 2003, 37:1601～1607.
[99]许春生,姜涛,赫俊国等.水力停留对复合生物膜-活性污泥工艺的影响[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版).2006,22(3):26～31.
[100]周群英,高廷耀.环境工程微生物学[第二版][M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[101]高廷耀,顾国维.水污染控制工程(下)[第二版][M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
[2]张兰英等.垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物的污染及去除[J].中国环境科学.1998,18(2) :184～188.
[3]郭广慧,陈玉成.城市生活垃圾渗滤液处理技术的研究[J].环境科学与管理.2006,31(1):138～140.
[4]王里奥,顾恒岳.垃圾渗滤液处理的试验研究[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版).2002,25(2):99～102.
[5]孙建业.浅析垃圾渗滤液末端处理技术.环境保护科学[J].2006,32(4):21～22.
[6]严平,廖银章,李旭东.EM有效微生物技术在废水处理中的应用与发展[J].工业用水与废水.2004,35(4):1～4.
[7]王丹,赵朝成.城市垃圾渗滤液处理技术发展现状[J].油气田环境保护.2006,16(1):37～40.
[8] Calace N., Liberatori A., Petronio B.M., et al. Characteristics of different molecular weight fractions of organic matter in landfill leachate and their role in soil sorption of heavy metals [J].Environmental Pollution. 2001, 113 (3) : 331～339.
[9]赵宗升,刘鸿亮,李炳伟等.垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染的控制技术[J].中国给水排水.2000,16(6):20～23.
[10] Wang F., Smith D.W., and Gamal El-Din M. Application of advanced oxidation methods for landfill leachate treatment.A review [J].Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.2003, 2 (6): 413～427.
[11] Jowett E C, Mc Master M L. On-site wastewater treatment using unsaturatal absorbent biofilters [J].Environment Quality. 1995,24(2): 86～95.
[12]杨长平.em(有效微生物)的研究综述[J].四川农业科技.1997,6:20～22.
[13]李英军,刘忠林.EM有效微生物技术在我国的应用研究进展[J].环境与开发.2006,16(3):12～13.
[14]杨怀金,谭显东,叶芝祥. EM技术在我国水环境保护中的应用研究进展[J].成都信息工程学院学报.2006,21(3):445～448.
[15]比嘉照夫.拯救地球大变革[M].冯玉润译.北京:中国农业大学出版社,1992: 10～30.
[16]宋昆衡.EM生物技术处理污水[J].给水排水.1995,21(3):17～18.
[17]徐晓梅.EM技术在环境保护方面的应用及发展前景[J].甘肃化工.2000,21(4):175～178.
[18]孟范平,李桂芳,李科林.系统评价EM菌液在生活污水处理中的应用效果[J].城市环境与城市生态.1999,12(5):4～7.
[19]陈永祥,程晓如,邵青.EM用于SBR反应器处理生活污水[J].中国给水排水.2002,18(6):48～50.
[20]程晓如,陈永祥,孙迎霞.EM菌强化SBR脱氮除磷的试验研究[J].重庆环境科学.2002,24(5):55～57.
[21]张丽,贺启环.高效菌活性污泥法处理分散染料废水实验研究[J] .环境工程.2002,20 (1) :77～79.
[22]徐向阳,张明洲,俞秀娥.高效脱色菌的特性及其在染化废水厌氧处理中的生物强化作用[J ] .中国沼气.2001,19 (2) :3～7,29.
[23]李捍东,常冠饮.高效复合降解工程菌处理抗生素废水的研究[J].云南环境科学.2001,19 (8) :148～149,157.
[24]刘玉焕,钟英长.菌物的有机磷农药降解酶产酶条件和一般性质[J].微生物学通报.2000,27 (3) :162～165.
[25]罗义,谢维.生物法处理含油废水微生物净化功能的研究[J].辽宁大学学报(自然科学版).1999,26 (3) :282～287.
[26]邵青.有效微生物群及其在乡镇给排水中的应用[J].中国农村水利水电.2001 (4) :32～33.
[27]田娜,朱亮.高效复合菌处理高浓度食品污水的实验[J].污染防治技术.2003,16(2):21～22,33.
[28]马占青,顾宏余,温淑瑶.有效微生物废水处理动态实验研究[J].环境污染与防治.2001,23 (4) :195～196,202.
[29]唐德仁,付杰荣,邹水洋. EM技术在糖厂废水处理中的应用及评估[J].甘蔗糖业.2001,(2) :42～46.
[30]薛刚,姬鄂豫.有效微生物和絮凝剂处理酒精生产废水[J].工业水处理.2003,23 (2) :31～33.
[31]孙荣高,彭学兰,王秉洁等. EM制剂在净化污水和养猪上的应用试验[J] .甘肃环境研究与监测.2000,13(3) :169～170.
[32]车美芹,朱亮.有效微生物( EM)处理食品废水的试验研究[J].环境科学研究.2002,15 (3) :53～55,64.
[33]李雪梅,杨中艺,简曙光等.有效微生物群控制富营养化湖泊蓝藻的效应[J].中山大学学报.2000,39(1):81～85.
[34]王平,吴晓芙,李科林等.应用有效微生物(EM)处理富营养化源水试验研究[J].环境科学研究.2004,17(3):39～43.
[35] Ammerman D K. Once the province of communities the south and west, water reuse is gaining popularity throughout the United States[J].Water Environment and Technology.1998,67～71.
[36]李晨,杨朝晖,曾光明等.我国城市垃圾渗滤液处理现状与展望[J].环境卫生工程.2004,12(3):136～140.
[37]丁雪梅.利用EM处理垃圾渗滤液的效果研究[J].环境与园林.2002,4(2):24～27.
[38]叶晓玫,郑曼英,刘家强.应用有效微生物(EM)技术处理垃圾渗滤液的研究[J].环境卫生工程.2002,10(1):3～5.
[39] Ding A.Z., Zhang Z.H. Biological control of leachate from municipal landfills [J]. Chemosphere. 2001, 44:1～8.
[40]李平.优势菌种硝化新工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的研究[J].生态环境.2005,14(4):545～548.
[41]李兵,满瑞林,倪网东.垃圾渗滤液处理技术的现状及发展趋势[J].工业安全与环保.2006,32(7):30～32.
[42]朱亮,朱雪诞.EM菌液在活性污泥系统中的试验研究[J].工业水处理.2001,21(10):13～15.
[43]孟范平,李科林,吴晓芙等.有效微生物对生活污水中有机物的降解能力研究[J].中南林学院学报.1997,17(4):8～13.
[44]朱亮,汪翔,王超.EM在污水生物降解中的试验研究[J].环境工程.2001,19(6):15～18.
[45]马占青,娄保锋.有机废水有效微生物处理实验研究[J].环境污染与防治.2000,22(5):6～9.
[46]冯骞,王超,汪岁羽.EM生物接触氧化反应器启动过程试验研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版).2004,33(1):55～58.
[47] Jin M., Wang X.W. et al.. A novel membrane bioreactor enhanced by effective microorganisms for the treatment of domestic wastewater [J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2005,69(2): 229～235.
[48] JOKELA J P Y, KETTUNEN R H,SORMUNEN K M,et al.Biological nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate:low-cost nitrification in biofilters and laboratory scale in--situ denitrification[J].Water Research.2002,36:4079～4087.
[49]马文漪,杨柳燕.环境微生物工程[M].南京:南京大学出版社,1999:176～l86.
[50] BYONG HEE JUN, YASUNORI TANJI,HAJIME UNNO. Stimulating accumulation of nitrifying bacteria in porous carrier by addition of inorganic carbon in a continuous-flow fluidized bed wastewater treatment reactor [J].Journal of Bioscience and Bioenguaoering. 2000,8(4): 334～339.
[51]于忠民.污水生物处理应用微生物研究与进展[J].污染防治技术.1998,11(4):246～250.
[52]王平.EM技术在水处理领域的系统应用研究[D].株洲中南林学院,2002.
[53]邵孝侯,刘德有,朱亮等.有机污水回用于农业灌溉的EM处理技术展望[J].水利水电科技进展.2001,21(1):16～17.
[54]岳东北,刘建国,聂永丰等.生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备.2004,5(6):59～62.
[55]张萍,顾国维,扬海真. Fenton试剂处理垃圾渗滤液技术进展的研究[J].环境卫生工程.2004,12(1):28～31.
[56]杨秀环,牛冬杰,陶红.垃圾渗滤液处理技术进展[J].环境卫生工程.2006,14(1):46～49.
[57] Yun Whankang, Kyung-Yub Hwang.Effects of reaction conditions on the oxidation efficiency in the Fenton process [J].Water Research. 2000,34(10):2786～2790.
[58] R M Ramirez,A Duran,M T Orta de Velasquez, et al.Treatment of landfill leachates by comparing advanced oxidation and coagulation-flocculation processes coupled with activated carbon adsorption[J].Water Science and Technology.2000,141(1): 231～235.
[59]赵庆良,李湘中.垃圾渗滤液中氨氮对微生物活性的抑制作用[J].环境污染与防治.1998,20(6):1～4.
[60]刘玉林等.H202氧化法去除水体中亚硝酸盐和氨的研究[J].水处理技术.2002,28(2):118～119.
[61]宫磊,徐晓军.Fenton试剂和化学沉淀法联合处理垃圾渗滤液[J].净水技术.2004,23(1):13～15.
[62] Scott J P, Ollis D F.Integration of chemical and biological oxidation processes for water treatment: review and recommendations [J]. Environ Prog.1995,14:88～103.
[63] YOON J . The characteristics of fenton reaction in the removal of landfill leachate organics[J].Water Science and Technology.1998,38(2):20～24.
[64] H Yoon, S Cho, et al. The characteristics of coagulation of reaction in the removal of landfill leachate organics [J].Water Science and Technology. 1998,38(2):209～214.
[65]陈传好,谢波,任源. Fenton试剂处理废水中各种影响因子的作用机制[J].环境科学.2002,21(3):93～96.
[66]王琪,董路.垃圾填埋场渗滤液回流技术的研究[J].环境科学研究.2000,13(3):1～5.
[67] Jae-Ho Bae, Sang-Keun Kim, Hyun-Sik Chang. Treatment of landfill leachates: ammonia removal via nitrification and denitrification and further cod reduction via Fenton’s treatment followed by activated sludge [J]. Water Science and Technology. 1997,36(12):341～348.
[68] Loizidou M., Papadopoulos A. and Kapetanios E G. Application of chemical oxidation for the treatment of refractory substances in leachates [J]. Environ Sci Technol. 1993, A28 (2):385～394.
[69] Papadopoulos A., Fatta D. and Loizidou M. Treatment of stabilized landfill leachate by physico-chemical and bio-oxidation processes [J] Environ Sci Technol.l998, A33 (1):651～670.
[70] Bac J-H,Kim S- K and Chang H- S.Treatment of landfill leachates,ammonia removal vianitrification and denitrification and further COD reduction via Fenton's treatment followed by activated sludge.Wat Sci Technol.1997,36(42) :341～348.
[71]张晖, Huang C.P. Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液[J].中国给水排水.2000, 17(8):1～3.
[72] Kim Y-K and Huh I-R.Enhancing biological treatabi1ity of landfill leachate by chemica1 oxidation [J]. Environ Eng Sci.1997,11(1):73～79.
[73] Wang P., Laul.W.C. Fang H H. P and Zhou D .Landfill leachate treatment with combined UASB and Fenton coagulation [L].Environ Sci Techno.2000, A35 (10): 1981～l988.
[74]张晖, Huang Cin-pao.渗滤液生化特性在Fenton处理中的变化[J].环境科学与技术.2004,27(4):25～26.
[75]国家环保总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1989.
[76]刘勇第.几种类Fenton试剂的氧化特性及在工业废水处理中的应用[J].上海环境科学.1994,13(3):26～34.
[77]罗刚.Fe(pHen)32+光度法研究Fenton体系中·OH生成因素的研究[J].化学工程师.2001,(6):35～37.
[78]邹长伟.垃圾填埋场渗滤液的处理技术[J].环境与开发.2001,16(3):23～24.
[79] CHAMARRO E.Use of Fenton reagent to improve organic chemical biodegradability[J].Water Research.1998,35(4):1047～1051.
[80]刘东,喻晓,罗毅.城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液特性分析[J].环境科学与技术.2006,29(6):55～57.
[81] Li X Z, Zhao Q L. Efficiency of biological treatment affected by high strength of ammonium-nitrogen in leachate and chemical precipitation of ammonium-nitrogen as pretreatment[J]. Chemosphere.2001, 44:37～43.
[82] Kabdssli I, Tunay O, Ozturk I, et al. Ammonia removal from young landfill leachate by magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitation and air stripping[J].Water Science and Technology. 2000, 41(1):237～240.
[83]赵庆良,李湘中.化学沉淀法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮[J].环境科学.1999,20(5):90～92.
[84]孙英杰,徐迪民,张隽超.生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液中氨氮的脱除[J].给水排水.2002,28(7):35～37
[85]方建章,黄少斌.化学沉淀法去除水中氨氮的试验研究[J].环境科学与技术.2002,25(5):34～35.
[86]吴方同,苏秋霞,孟了等.吹脱法去除城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的氨氮.给水排水.2001, 27(6):21～24
[87]王宗平,陶涛,袁居新等.垃圾渗滤液预处理——氨吹脱[J].给水排水.2001, 27(6):15～19
[88] Li X Z, Zhao Q L. Recovery of ammonium-nitrogen from landfill leachate as a multi-nutrientfertilizer [J].Ecological Engineering. 2003, 20:171～181.
[89]张书军,冯晓西,乌锡康等.磷酸铵镁沉淀法脱氨机理、应用及沉淀剂循环[J].环境污染治理技术与设备.2006,7(7):128～132.
[90]仝武刚,王继徽.磷酸铵镁除磷脱氮技术[J].工业用水与废水.2002,33(5):4～6.
[91] Schulze-Rettmer R. The simultaneous chemical precipitation of ammonium and phosphate in the form of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate [J].Water Science and Technology.1997, 23:659～667.
[92]尚爱安,赵庆祥,徐美燕.垃圾渗滤液的磷酸铵镁沉淀法预处理技术研究[J].给水排水.2004,30(11):22～25.
[93]于瑞莲,胡恭任. MAP法去除垃圾渗滤液氨氮的试验研究[J].福建化工.2003,(4):28～32.
[94] Li X Z, Zhao Q L, Hao X D. Ammonium removal from landfill leachate by chemical precipitation [J]. Waste Management. 1999, 19(6):409～415.
[95] Zdybiewska M W,Kula B.Removal of ammonia nitrogen by the precipitation method,on the examplee of some selected waste waters[J].Water Science and Technology.1991,24(7):229～234.
[96] Stratful I,Scrimshaw M D,Lester J N.Conditions influencing the precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate[J].Water Research.2001,35(17):4191～4199.
[97]埃肯费尔德W W,马斯特曼J L著.工业废水的活性污泥处理法[M].姜文焯,朱光,等.译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 1997.
[98] Chimenos J M, Fernández G, Segarra V M, et al. Removal of ammonium and phosphates from wastewater resulting from the process of cochineal extraction using MgO-containing by-product [J]. Water Research. 2003, 37:1601～1607.
[99]许春生,姜涛,赫俊国等.水力停留对复合生物膜-活性污泥工艺的影响[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版).2006,22(3):26～31.
[100]周群英,高廷耀.环境工程微生物学[第二版][M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[101]高廷耀,顾国维.水污染控制工程(下)[第二版][M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.