认知无线电中频谱分配算法的研究
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摘要
随着无线通信技术的高速发展以及无线应用的不断拓展,频谱资源中“贫富差距”的现象越来越明显,即一部分频谱资源时常拥挤不堪,而另一部分频谱资源却时常处于空闲状态。为择机利用空闲频谱资源,认知无线电应运而生。因为认知无线电网络中的频谱资源是根据时间、地理位置及授权用户的活动情况的不同而变化的,所以认知无线电网络中的特有频谱分配算法已成为认知无线电系统中的研究热点。
本文首先介绍了目前频谱资源的利用现状,阐述了认知无线电出现的原因以及一些基本概念,分析总结了认知无线电中频谱分配算法的研究现状；然后介绍了认知无线电中频谱分配策略的分类和设计频谱分配算法时应遵循的原则,总结了认知无线电频谱分配算法常用的几种模型；接下来介绍了图着色模型的一些基本概念并对建模过程做了更贴合实际的解释,并提出图着色频谱分配的扩展模型,然后分析总结了现有基于图着色模型的频谱分配算法并分析其优缺点；最后,根据对现有算法的优缺点分析及结合认知无线电系统的特点,改进了列表着色贪婪算法及公平算法,重点提出了一种基于用户需求和频谱聚合的频谱分配算法。经仿真验证,使用该算法可以获得满意的性能,同时,当网络中可用总频谱资源远大于用户总需求时,该算法性能将逐渐接近穷举法性能。
With the development and the wide application of the wireless communication technologies, the phenomena is more and more apparent that a part of spectrum are overcrowded while others are idle on many occasions. By opportunistic accessing the idle spectrum, cognitive radio improves the utilization of the spectrum. Special spectrum allocation algorithms are essential to adapt the dynamic characteristics of the spectrum in cognitive radio.
This thesis firstly introduces the background, basic concept and the development of cognitive radio. And then, the classification, design principle and the models of spectrum allocation are summarized. The spectrum allocation algorithms based on Graph-Coloring theory are fully studied, and their advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Based on that, this thesis presents the improved greedy algorithm and the improved fair algorithm. At last, this thesis introduces a new spectrum allocation algorithm taking user requirements and discontinuous spectrum allocation into consideration based on the Graph-Coloring theory. Simulation results show that the satisfying performance can be obtained by using the proposed algorithm. By comparing with the exhaustive search method we can see that the performance of the proposed algorithms id equal to the performance of the exhaustive search method when there is much more available resource than the users demands.
本文首先介绍了目前频谱资源的利用现状,阐述了认知无线电出现的原因以及一些基本概念,分析总结了认知无线电中频谱分配算法的研究现状；然后介绍了认知无线电中频谱分配策略的分类和设计频谱分配算法时应遵循的原则,总结了认知无线电频谱分配算法常用的几种模型；接下来介绍了图着色模型的一些基本概念并对建模过程做了更贴合实际的解释,并提出图着色频谱分配的扩展模型,然后分析总结了现有基于图着色模型的频谱分配算法并分析其优缺点；最后,根据对现有算法的优缺点分析及结合认知无线电系统的特点,改进了列表着色贪婪算法及公平算法,重点提出了一种基于用户需求和频谱聚合的频谱分配算法。经仿真验证,使用该算法可以获得满意的性能,同时,当网络中可用总频谱资源远大于用户总需求时,该算法性能将逐渐接近穷举法性能。
With the development and the wide application of the wireless communication technologies, the phenomena is more and more apparent that a part of spectrum are overcrowded while others are idle on many occasions. By opportunistic accessing the idle spectrum, cognitive radio improves the utilization of the spectrum. Special spectrum allocation algorithms are essential to adapt the dynamic characteristics of the spectrum in cognitive radio.
This thesis firstly introduces the background, basic concept and the development of cognitive radio. And then, the classification, design principle and the models of spectrum allocation are summarized. The spectrum allocation algorithms based on Graph-Coloring theory are fully studied, and their advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Based on that, this thesis presents the improved greedy algorithm and the improved fair algorithm. At last, this thesis introduces a new spectrum allocation algorithm taking user requirements and discontinuous spectrum allocation into consideration based on the Graph-Coloring theory. Simulation results show that the satisfying performance can be obtained by using the proposed algorithm. By comparing with the exhaustive search method we can see that the performance of the proposed algorithms id equal to the performance of the exhaustive search method when there is much more available resource than the users demands.
引文
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[2]Hoven N K. On the Feasibility of Cognitive Radio [Dissertation]. University of California. Berkeley.2005.
[3]McHenry M. Frequency Agile Spectrum Assess Technologies. FCC Workshop Cognitive Radio. 2003.
[4]FCC Spectrum Policy Task Force. Report of the Spectrum Efficiency Working Group.2002. [Online]. Available:http://www.fcc.gov/sptf/reports.html.
[5]Kolodzy P. Spectrum Policy Task Force:Findings and Recommendations. International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies(ISART),2003.
[6]McHenry M. Report on Spectrum Occupancy Measurements. Shared Spectrum Company. [Online], Available:http://www.sharedspectrum.com/section=nsf_summary.
[7]Mitola J. Maquire G J. Cognitive Radios:Making Software Radio More Personal. IEEE Personal Communications, June 1999.
[8]Mitola J. Cognitive Radio:An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software Defined Radio. [Dissertation]. Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, May 2000.
[9]Federal Communication Commission, Facilitating Opportunities for Flexible, Efficient, and Reliable Spectrum Use Employing Cognitive Radio Technologies. NPRM & Order, ET Docket No.03-108. FCC 03-322. Dec.30.2003.
[10]ITU-P WP8A Contributions. [Online]. Available:http://www.itu.int/md/R03-WP8A-C/en.
[11]Broderson R. W, Wolisz A, Cabric D, Mishra S. M and Willkomm D. (2004) White paper, CORVUS:A Cognitive Radio Approach for Usage of Virtual Unlicensed Spectrum, [Online]. Available:http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/MCMA/CR White paper finall.pdf.
[12]Haykin S, Cognitive Radio:Brain-empowered Wireless Communications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.2005,23(2).201-220.
[13]XG Working Group. The XG Vision. RFC v 2.0.
[14]XG Working Group. The XG Architecture Framework. RFC v1.0.
[15]Kolodzy P. Next Generation Communications:Kick Off meeting. Rroc. DARPA. Oct.17.2001.
[16]Cabric D, O'Donnell I D, Chen M S, et al, Spectrum Sharing Radios. IEEE Circuit and Systems Magazine, second quarter 2006.30-45.
[17]Willkomm D, Cross J, Wolisz A. Reliable Link Maintenance in Cognitive Radio Systems. IEEE New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks.2005.371-378.
[18]Leaves P, Grandblaise D, Bourse D, et al. Dynamic Spectrum Allocation in Composite Reconfigurable Wireless Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine,2004.72-81.
[19]End-to-End Reconfigurability, E2R_WP5_D5.3_050727. [Online], Available: http://e2r.motlabs.com/Deliverables/E2R_WP5_D5.3_050727.pdf.
[20]Grandblaise D, Kloeck C, Moessner K, et al, Techno Economic of Collaborative Based Secondary Spectrum Usage-E2R Research Project Outcomes Overview, DySPAN. Nov 2005.318-317.
[21]Akyildiz I. F, Lee W, Vuran M C and Mohanty S. Next Generation/Dynamic Spectrum Access/Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks:A Survey. Commputer Networks.2006.50(13): 2127-2159.
[22]Huang J, Berry R A, Honig M L. Spectrum Sharing with Distributed Interference Compensation. DySPAN. Nov 2005.
[23]Sankaranarayanan S, Papadimitratos P, Mishra A, Hershey S. A Bandwidth Sharing Approach to Improve Licensed Spectrum Utilization. DySPAN, Nov 2005.
[24]Kloeck C, Jaekel H, Jondral F K. Dynamic and Local Combined Pricing, Allocation and Billing System with Cognitive Radios. The First IEEE International Symposimu on New Frontiers in Dynamic Specrtum Access Networks(DySPAN).2005.73-81.
[25]周侨.认知无线电网络中的动态信道分配技术研究[学位论文].浙江大学信息科学与工程学院.2008.15-16.
[26]Paul H, Sana B J, Pascal C. Dynamic Spectrum Allocation Algorithm for Cognitive Networks. The Third IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC). 2007.25-27.
[27]Altman E, Altman Z. S-Modular Games and Power Control in Wireless Networks. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.2003. (48).839-842.
[28]Clancy T, Arbaugh W. Measuring Interference Temperature. Virginia Tech Wireless Personal Communications Symposium.2006.
[29]吴非.认知无线电多小区间频谱分配算法研究[学位论文].电子科技大学.2008.
[30]FCC. Establishment of Interference Temperature Metric to Quantify and Manage Interference and to Expand Available Unlicensed Operation in Certain Fixed Mobile and Satellite Frequency Bands ET Docket 03-289. Notice of Inquiry and Proposed Rulemaking.2003.
[31]姚洋等译.博弈论.中国人民大学出版.2002.
[32]Neel J, Reed J H, Gilles R P. Convergence of Cognitive Radio Networks. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.2004.
[33]Nie N, Comaniciu C. Adaptive Channel Allcation Spectrum Etiquetee for Cognitive Radio Networks. IEEE New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks 2005.269-278.
[34]孙惠泉.图论及其应用.科学出版社.2006.
[35]Wang W, Liu X. List-coloring Based Channel Allocation for Open Spectrum Wireless Networks. IEEE Fall VTC 2005.690-694.
[36]Zheng H, Peng C. Collaboration and Fairness in Opportunistic Spectrum Access. The 40th annual IEEE International Conference on Communications.2005.
[37]Peng C, Zheng H, Zhao B, Utilizmion and Fairness in Spectrum Assignment for Opportunistic Spectrum Access. Mobile Networks and Applications.2006.
[38]赵成仕.认知无线网络中无线资源管理的研究[学位论文].北京邮电大学.2010.
[39]Bondy J.A, Murty U.S.R, Graph Theory with Applications. Elsevier Science Publishing Co, Inc. 1979.
[40]廖楚林,陈劫,唐友喜等.认知无线电中的并行频谱分配算法.电子与信息学.29(7).1608-1611.
[41]Chen D, Zhang Q, Jia W. Aggregation Aware Spectrum Assignment in Cognitive Ad-hoc Networks.2008 3rd International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications in Singapore.2008.
[42]Dr Anil Shukla, Brian Willamson, John Bums.et al. A Study for the Provision of Aggregation of Frequency to Provide Wider Bandwidth Services. A final report of QinetiQ. QINETIQ/06/01773.2006.
[2]Hoven N K. On the Feasibility of Cognitive Radio [Dissertation]. University of California. Berkeley.2005.
[3]McHenry M. Frequency Agile Spectrum Assess Technologies. FCC Workshop Cognitive Radio. 2003.
[4]FCC Spectrum Policy Task Force. Report of the Spectrum Efficiency Working Group.2002. [Online]. Available:http://www.fcc.gov/sptf/reports.html.
[5]Kolodzy P. Spectrum Policy Task Force:Findings and Recommendations. International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies(ISART),2003.
[6]McHenry M. Report on Spectrum Occupancy Measurements. Shared Spectrum Company. [Online], Available:http://www.sharedspectrum.com/section=nsf_summary.
[7]Mitola J. Maquire G J. Cognitive Radios:Making Software Radio More Personal. IEEE Personal Communications, June 1999.
[8]Mitola J. Cognitive Radio:An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software Defined Radio. [Dissertation]. Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, May 2000.
[9]Federal Communication Commission, Facilitating Opportunities for Flexible, Efficient, and Reliable Spectrum Use Employing Cognitive Radio Technologies. NPRM & Order, ET Docket No.03-108. FCC 03-322. Dec.30.2003.
[10]ITU-P WP8A Contributions. [Online]. Available:http://www.itu.int/md/R03-WP8A-C/en.
[11]Broderson R. W, Wolisz A, Cabric D, Mishra S. M and Willkomm D. (2004) White paper, CORVUS:A Cognitive Radio Approach for Usage of Virtual Unlicensed Spectrum, [Online]. Available:http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/MCMA/CR White paper finall.pdf.
[12]Haykin S, Cognitive Radio:Brain-empowered Wireless Communications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.2005,23(2).201-220.
[13]XG Working Group. The XG Vision. RFC v 2.0.
[14]XG Working Group. The XG Architecture Framework. RFC v1.0.
[15]Kolodzy P. Next Generation Communications:Kick Off meeting. Rroc. DARPA. Oct.17.2001.
[16]Cabric D, O'Donnell I D, Chen M S, et al, Spectrum Sharing Radios. IEEE Circuit and Systems Magazine, second quarter 2006.30-45.
[17]Willkomm D, Cross J, Wolisz A. Reliable Link Maintenance in Cognitive Radio Systems. IEEE New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks.2005.371-378.
[18]Leaves P, Grandblaise D, Bourse D, et al. Dynamic Spectrum Allocation in Composite Reconfigurable Wireless Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine,2004.72-81.
[19]End-to-End Reconfigurability, E2R_WP5_D5.3_050727. [Online], Available: http://e2r.motlabs.com/Deliverables/E2R_WP5_D5.3_050727.pdf.
[20]Grandblaise D, Kloeck C, Moessner K, et al, Techno Economic of Collaborative Based Secondary Spectrum Usage-E2R Research Project Outcomes Overview, DySPAN. Nov 2005.318-317.
[21]Akyildiz I. F, Lee W, Vuran M C and Mohanty S. Next Generation/Dynamic Spectrum Access/Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks:A Survey. Commputer Networks.2006.50(13): 2127-2159.
[22]Huang J, Berry R A, Honig M L. Spectrum Sharing with Distributed Interference Compensation. DySPAN. Nov 2005.
[23]Sankaranarayanan S, Papadimitratos P, Mishra A, Hershey S. A Bandwidth Sharing Approach to Improve Licensed Spectrum Utilization. DySPAN, Nov 2005.
[24]Kloeck C, Jaekel H, Jondral F K. Dynamic and Local Combined Pricing, Allocation and Billing System with Cognitive Radios. The First IEEE International Symposimu on New Frontiers in Dynamic Specrtum Access Networks(DySPAN).2005.73-81.
[25]周侨.认知无线电网络中的动态信道分配技术研究[学位论文].浙江大学信息科学与工程学院.2008.15-16.
[26]Paul H, Sana B J, Pascal C. Dynamic Spectrum Allocation Algorithm for Cognitive Networks. The Third IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC). 2007.25-27.
[27]Altman E, Altman Z. S-Modular Games and Power Control in Wireless Networks. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.2003. (48).839-842.
[28]Clancy T, Arbaugh W. Measuring Interference Temperature. Virginia Tech Wireless Personal Communications Symposium.2006.
[29]吴非.认知无线电多小区间频谱分配算法研究[学位论文].电子科技大学.2008.
[30]FCC. Establishment of Interference Temperature Metric to Quantify and Manage Interference and to Expand Available Unlicensed Operation in Certain Fixed Mobile and Satellite Frequency Bands ET Docket 03-289. Notice of Inquiry and Proposed Rulemaking.2003.
[31]姚洋等译.博弈论.中国人民大学出版.2002.
[32]Neel J, Reed J H, Gilles R P. Convergence of Cognitive Radio Networks. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.2004.
[33]Nie N, Comaniciu C. Adaptive Channel Allcation Spectrum Etiquetee for Cognitive Radio Networks. IEEE New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks 2005.269-278.
[34]孙惠泉.图论及其应用.科学出版社.2006.
[35]Wang W, Liu X. List-coloring Based Channel Allocation for Open Spectrum Wireless Networks. IEEE Fall VTC 2005.690-694.
[36]Zheng H, Peng C. Collaboration and Fairness in Opportunistic Spectrum Access. The 40th annual IEEE International Conference on Communications.2005.
[37]Peng C, Zheng H, Zhao B, Utilizmion and Fairness in Spectrum Assignment for Opportunistic Spectrum Access. Mobile Networks and Applications.2006.
[38]赵成仕.认知无线网络中无线资源管理的研究[学位论文].北京邮电大学.2010.
[39]Bondy J.A, Murty U.S.R, Graph Theory with Applications. Elsevier Science Publishing Co, Inc. 1979.
[40]廖楚林,陈劫,唐友喜等.认知无线电中的并行频谱分配算法.电子与信息学.29(7).1608-1611.
[41]Chen D, Zhang Q, Jia W. Aggregation Aware Spectrum Assignment in Cognitive Ad-hoc Networks.2008 3rd International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications in Singapore.2008.
[42]Dr Anil Shukla, Brian Willamson, John Bums.et al. A Study for the Provision of Aggregation of Frequency to Provide Wider Bandwidth Services. A final report of QinetiQ. QINETIQ/06/01773.2006.