基于MDA的模型转换技术研究与应用
|
摘要
软件对现代企业的正常运作起着越来越关键的作用,从机器语言、汇编语言发展到现在的高级语言,软件开发的抽象层次越来越高。这意味着,开发人员越来越多地关注问题本身而不是一些技术上的实现细节。针对这一系列的发展趋势,OMG(Object Management Group)组织于2001年提出了模型驱动架构(Model Driven Architecture. MDA)草案。MDA是一种基于UML以及其他工业标准的框架,支持软件设计和模型的可视化、存储和交换。它以模型作为系统开发活动的主要制品,将一个应用或集成系统分离为表示商业和应用逻辑的平台无关的模型(PIMs)和表示平台技术的平台相关的模型(PSMs),通过模型转换实现PIMs到PSMs并最终到代码的(半)自动化生成,从而为解决各种互不兼容平台和中间件技术在系统集成和互操作方面存在的不足提供了新思路。模型不再只是扮演软件开发的配角,而是作为核心贯穿整个软件开发的始终。
本文从对模型驱动体系结构的产生背景、开发方法及相关规范的介绍入手,剖析了MDA软件开发方法的实质和核心技术。深入研究了模型转换理论和方法,特别是从PIM到PSM的转换。对模型转换技术的研究现状及当前支持模型转换的MDA工具作了总结和比较。指出了元建模在模型驱动架构中的重要作用,提出了一个基于元模型的模型转换框架,给出了一组基于OCL的模型转换语言所描述的转换规则。将模式引入到PIM到PSM的模型转换中,并用模式在元模型层对模型转换进行定义,提出了基于模式的PIM到PSM的模型转换方法,并在一个MDA应用系统开发实例中进行了验证。最后展望了模型转换技术的发展前景。
Software is playing a more and more important role in modern enterprise's activities. From machinery language ,assembly language to high-level language like C/C++ and java ,the abstract level of software development is being improved . This also means that what the developers really care are not those details in technical but the businesses themselves. Because of these trends, OMG (Object Management Group) published MDA (Model Driven Architecture) at 2001. MDA is an industry standard framework, which is based on UML and other industry standards. It supports software design and model's visualization, store and exchange. The MDA treats models as the main production in a system development activity, divides an application or integrated system into Platform Independent Models (PIMs) which describes business and application logic ,and Platform Specific Models (PSMs) which describes a system with the full knowledge of the final implementation platform .The MDA maps PIMs to PSMs and further to Codes automatically or semi-automatically by model transformation and provides a new idea for solving the problem of incompatible between platforms and middlewares in system integration and inter-operation. The model will not play a minor role any more, instead it will go through in the process of software development.
This paper analyzes the essence and core technology of MDA software development methodology through introducing the background and relevant specifications,and studies the model transformation theory and methodology in depth, especially the PIM to PSM transformation. This paper summarizes and compares the model transformation technologies and the supporting tools in the industry at present.It points out the importance of metamodeling.A framework of model transformation based on metamodels was brought out.This work gives a group of transformation rules based on OCL .Pattern was introduced to transformation from PIM to PSM.Transformation Pattern was used to specify transformation at meta level.This dissertation gives the approach to specify model transformation by transformation pattern ,and proves it in a real MDA application later. At last, this work discusses the expectation of model transformation technology.
本文从对模型驱动体系结构的产生背景、开发方法及相关规范的介绍入手,剖析了MDA软件开发方法的实质和核心技术。深入研究了模型转换理论和方法,特别是从PIM到PSM的转换。对模型转换技术的研究现状及当前支持模型转换的MDA工具作了总结和比较。指出了元建模在模型驱动架构中的重要作用,提出了一个基于元模型的模型转换框架,给出了一组基于OCL的模型转换语言所描述的转换规则。将模式引入到PIM到PSM的模型转换中,并用模式在元模型层对模型转换进行定义,提出了基于模式的PIM到PSM的模型转换方法,并在一个MDA应用系统开发实例中进行了验证。最后展望了模型转换技术的发展前景。
Software is playing a more and more important role in modern enterprise's activities. From machinery language ,assembly language to high-level language like C/C++ and java ,the abstract level of software development is being improved . This also means that what the developers really care are not those details in technical but the businesses themselves. Because of these trends, OMG (Object Management Group) published MDA (Model Driven Architecture) at 2001. MDA is an industry standard framework, which is based on UML and other industry standards. It supports software design and model's visualization, store and exchange. The MDA treats models as the main production in a system development activity, divides an application or integrated system into Platform Independent Models (PIMs) which describes business and application logic ,and Platform Specific Models (PSMs) which describes a system with the full knowledge of the final implementation platform .The MDA maps PIMs to PSMs and further to Codes automatically or semi-automatically by model transformation and provides a new idea for solving the problem of incompatible between platforms and middlewares in system integration and inter-operation. The model will not play a minor role any more, instead it will go through in the process of software development.
This paper analyzes the essence and core technology of MDA software development methodology through introducing the background and relevant specifications,and studies the model transformation theory and methodology in depth, especially the PIM to PSM transformation. This paper summarizes and compares the model transformation technologies and the supporting tools in the industry at present.It points out the importance of metamodeling.A framework of model transformation based on metamodels was brought out.This work gives a group of transformation rules based on OCL .Pattern was introduced to transformation from PIM to PSM.Transformation Pattern was used to specify transformation at meta level.This dissertation gives the approach to specify model transformation by transformation pattern ,and proves it in a real MDA application later. At last, this work discusses the expectation of model transformation technology.
引文
[1]OMG. MOF2.0XMI,ptc/2004-06-11.2004.
[2]OMG The Model-Driven Architecture Guide Version 1.0 [EB/OL]. http://www. omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/doc? Formal/03-06-01.pdf,2006-06.
[3]OMG Meta Object Facility 1.4 [EB/OL]. http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/docs? formal/ 02-04-03 . pdf, 2002-04.
[4]UML 2.0 Infrastructure Specification[EB/OL]. http://www.omg.org/ docs/ptc /03-09-15.pdf, 2003-08.
[5]XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)Specification [EB/OL]. http://www.omg.org/cgi- bin/ apps/ doc?formal/03-05-02.pdf,2003-05.
[6]OMG. MOF2.0 Core Final Adopted Specification, formal/04-07-02.2004.
[7]OMG.UML2.0 Superstructure,ptc/2007-11-02.2007.
[8]OMG.UML2.0 Infrastructure,ptc/2007-11-02.2007.
[9]OMG.Unified ModelingLanguage:OCL,version2.0,ptc/03-08-08.2003.
[10]OMG. Common Warehouse Metamodel(CWM)Specifiation Version 1.0,2001.02.
[11]OMG. XML MetadataInterchange(XMI)Specifiation,Version1.2,2001.
[12]OMG.Unified Modeling Language Specification,Version2.0,2005.
[13]K Czarnecki,S Helsen.Classification of Model Transformation Approaches[A].and Workshop on Generative Techniques in the Context of the Model Driven Architecture [C].2003.
[14]J. M. K"uster, R. Heckel, and G. Engels. Defining and Validating Transformations of UML Models.In J .H osking and P.Cox,editors,IEEE Symposium on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments(HCC 2003)Auckland,October2 8-October 31 2003,Auckland,NewZealand, Proceedings, pages 145-152. IEEE Computer Society,2003.
[15]OMG Response to the UML2.0 OCL Rfp[Z].2000.
[16]D H Akehurst,S Kent.A Relational Approach to Defining Transformations in a Metamodel[A]. The Unified Modeling Language 5th Int’1 Conf[C].2002.
[17]Bézivin J . From Object Composition to Model Transformation with the MDA. In : Proceedings of TOOLS’USA , IEEE TOOLS39 , Santa Barbara ,August 2001.
[18]尹剑飞,MDA环境下元建模的OMCR方法研究,华南理工大学博士学位论文, 2005.6.
[19]Caplat G,Sourrouille J-L. Model Mapping Using Formalism Extensions. IEEE Software. 2005. pages 44-51.
[20]Oldevik J , et al . Framework for model transformation and code generation. In : Proceedings of the Sixth International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference ( EDOC’02 ) , IEEE , 2002.
[21]http :/ / drops. dagstuhl . de/ opus/ volltexte/ 2005/ 11/ pdf/ 04101. SWM2. Paper . pdf.
[22]Sunye G, et al . Using UML Action Semantics for Executable Modeling and Beyond , Springer-Verlag , 2001. pages 433-447.
[23]Braun P ,Marschall F. Transforming Object Oriented Models with BOTL. Elect- ronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science ,2003 ,72 (3).
[24]Sendall S , et al . Model t ransformation : The heart and soul of Model-Driven Software Development . IEEE Software , 2003. pages 42-45.
[25]Agrawal A. Graph Rewriting And Transformation ( GReAT) : A Solution For The Model Integrated Computing (MIC)Bottleneck.18th IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE’03).
[26]Raistrick C. Applying MDA and UML in the Development of a Healthcare System. LNCS 3297 , Springer-Verlag , 2005. pages 203 -218.
[27]Duddy K, et al . Model Transformation : A declarative , reusable patterns approach. In:Proceedings of the Sevent IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference( EDOC’03).
[28]http:∥www.modelbased. net/ mda -tools.html.
[29]Guy Caplat.Jean Louis Sourrouille.Model Mapping in MDA[A].WISME 2002[C].2002.
[30]The Action Semantics Consortium. Action Semantics for the UML,ad /2001-03- 01.2001.
[31]D'aniel Varr'o, Andr'as Pataricza, UML Action Semantics for Model Tranformation Systems ,http://ww w.inf.mit.bme.hu/FTSRG/Publications/pp2003_vp.pdf.
[32]Anneke Kleppe,Jos Warmer,Wim Bast.MDA Explained:The Practice and Promise of the Model Driven Architecture.北京:人民邮电出版社,2004.02.
[33]Sun.JavaTM MetadataInterfaceSpecification,SunJSR-000040.2001.
[34]Jim Gray, "What next?:A dozen information-technology research goals",Journal of the ACM,Vol.50 ,Issue1,2003,pages 41-57.
[35]JamesRumbaugh,FourPrinciple for SoftwareDevelopment,2004.12.
[36]Hussmann, H., Demuth, B., Finger, F.: Modular Architecture for a ToolsetSupporting OCL,in:<>2000,Third Int.Conference,York,U K,October 2000,Proceedings,Springer2000.
[37]Warmer, J,Kleppe, A., The Object Constraint Language. Precise Modeling with UML ,Addison-Wesley,1999.
[38]Ana Belen Garcia, Jason Mansell, David Sellier. From Customer Requirements to PIM :necessity and reality,2002.
[39]Mika Siikarla, Kai Koskimies .Open MDA Using Transformational Patterns, 2005.
[40]INSA, Bat. Blaise Pascal. Model Mapping in MDA 2003.http:/ /www.omg.org.
[41]Tony Clark, Andy Evans, Paul Sammut, James Willans. Applied Metamodelling : A Foundation for Language Driven Development,Version 0.1.Xactium ,2004.
[42]T.Gardner, C. Grifin, J. Koehler, R. Hauser: A review of OMG MOF 2.0 Query / Views/Transformations Submissions and Recommendations towards the final Standard, Meta-Modelling forMDAWorkshop,2003.
[43]EricCariou,Raphae Marvie,LionelSeinturier,LaurenceDuchien.OCL for the Specification of Model Transformation Contracts. Workshop on Integration and Transformation of UML models,2005.
[44]OptimaIJ White Paper:How paterns transform UML models into high-quality J2EE applications.
[45]陈晓燕,赵建华,李宣东.一个MDA支撑工具的设计与实现[J].计算机工程与设计, 2005,26(1):39-43.
[46]马浩海,高光来.基于图形语法的UML模型转换方法[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版), 2005,36(5):560-564.
[47]Flower, M., UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language, Addison Wesley, 2003,3dEdition.
[48]Birgit Demuth, Heinrich Hussmann, Sven Obermaier, Experiments with XMI-based Transformations of Software Models,in:OnlineProc.WTUML:Workshop on Transformations in UML (ETAPS 2001 Satellite Event),Genova, Apr.2001,http:/ /ase.arc.nasa.gov/wtuml0l/.
[49]P.Braun andF.Marschall.The Bi-directional Object-Oriented Transformation Language.Technical Report, Technischen Universit¨at M¨unchenTUM-10307,May 2003.
[50]Sheena R Judson,Robert B France,Doris L Carver.Specifying Model transformations at the Metamodel level[A].Proc of the Workshop in Software Model Engineering[C].2003.
[51]Richard Hubert.Convergent Architecture:Building Model-Driven J2EE Systemswith UML.北京:电子I业出版社,2003.11.
[52]E .Cariou, R.Ma rvie, L.Se inturier, and L. Duchien. Model TransformationContracts and their Definition in UML and OCL .Technical Report 200408,LIFL,April 2004.
[53]吴春水,唐胜群.MDA中从PIM到PSM的模型转换.计算机工程2004.02第30卷第3期:1-3.
[54]董建武. MDA:新一代软件互操作体系结构.计算机工程2003.02第29卷第2期: 3 -5.
[55]董建武,模型驱动体系结构的剖析及应用(硕士论文),浙江大学,2002.03.
[56]杨贤哲,模型驱动架构在J2EE平台上的应用研究(硕士论文),武汉大学,2004.05.
[57]模型驱动架构中的模型转换技术研究.http://www.mdachina.net2004.
[58]D.l1.Akehurst,Stuart Kent.A Relational Approach to Defining Transformations in a Metamodel.UML2002,LNCS2 460,pages 243-258.
[59]Stephen J.Mellor,Marc J.Balcer.Exectuable UML:A Foundation for ModelDriven Architecure.北京:科学出版社,2003.05.
[60]Jorn Bettin,Ideas for a Concrete Visual Syntax for Model-to-Model Transformations. http://www.softmetaware.com/oopsla2003/bettin.pdf ,2003.
[61]David S.Frankel.应用MDA鲍志云译.人民邮电出版社,2003.
[62]Gamma, E., Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides. Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Addison-Wesley, 1994.
[63]QVT-Partners: Revised submission for MOF 2.0 Query / Views / Transformations RFP (2003) On-line at http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/doc?ad/03-08-08.pdf.
[2]OMG The Model-Driven Architecture Guide Version 1.0 [EB/OL]. http://www. omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/doc? Formal/03-06-01.pdf,2006-06.
[3]OMG Meta Object Facility 1.4 [EB/OL]. http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/docs? formal/ 02-04-03 . pdf, 2002-04.
[4]UML 2.0 Infrastructure Specification[EB/OL]. http://www.omg.org/ docs/ptc /03-09-15.pdf, 2003-08.
[5]XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)Specification [EB/OL]. http://www.omg.org/cgi- bin/ apps/ doc?formal/03-05-02.pdf,2003-05.
[6]OMG. MOF2.0 Core Final Adopted Specification, formal/04-07-02.2004.
[7]OMG.UML2.0 Superstructure,ptc/2007-11-02.2007.
[8]OMG.UML2.0 Infrastructure,ptc/2007-11-02.2007.
[9]OMG.Unified ModelingLanguage:OCL,version2.0,ptc/03-08-08.2003.
[10]OMG. Common Warehouse Metamodel(CWM)Specifiation Version 1.0,2001.02.
[11]OMG. XML MetadataInterchange(XMI)Specifiation,Version1.2,2001.
[12]OMG.Unified Modeling Language Specification,Version2.0,2005.
[13]K Czarnecki,S Helsen.Classification of Model Transformation Approaches[A].and Workshop on Generative Techniques in the Context of the Model Driven Architecture [C].2003.
[14]J. M. K"uster, R. Heckel, and G. Engels. Defining and Validating Transformations of UML Models.In J .H osking and P.Cox,editors,IEEE Symposium on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments(HCC 2003)Auckland,October2 8-October 31 2003,Auckland,NewZealand, Proceedings, pages 145-152. IEEE Computer Society,2003.
[15]OMG Response to the UML2.0 OCL Rfp[Z].2000.
[16]D H Akehurst,S Kent.A Relational Approach to Defining Transformations in a Metamodel[A]. The Unified Modeling Language 5th Int’1 Conf[C].2002.
[17]Bézivin J . From Object Composition to Model Transformation with the MDA. In : Proceedings of TOOLS’USA , IEEE TOOLS39 , Santa Barbara ,August 2001.
[18]尹剑飞,MDA环境下元建模的OMCR方法研究,华南理工大学博士学位论文, 2005.6.
[19]Caplat G,Sourrouille J-L. Model Mapping Using Formalism Extensions. IEEE Software. 2005. pages 44-51.
[20]Oldevik J , et al . Framework for model transformation and code generation. In : Proceedings of the Sixth International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference ( EDOC’02 ) , IEEE , 2002.
[21]http :/ / drops. dagstuhl . de/ opus/ volltexte/ 2005/ 11/ pdf/ 04101. SWM2. Paper . pdf.
[22]Sunye G, et al . Using UML Action Semantics for Executable Modeling and Beyond , Springer-Verlag , 2001. pages 433-447.
[23]Braun P ,Marschall F. Transforming Object Oriented Models with BOTL. Elect- ronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science ,2003 ,72 (3).
[24]Sendall S , et al . Model t ransformation : The heart and soul of Model-Driven Software Development . IEEE Software , 2003. pages 42-45.
[25]Agrawal A. Graph Rewriting And Transformation ( GReAT) : A Solution For The Model Integrated Computing (MIC)Bottleneck.18th IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE’03).
[26]Raistrick C. Applying MDA and UML in the Development of a Healthcare System. LNCS 3297 , Springer-Verlag , 2005. pages 203 -218.
[27]Duddy K, et al . Model Transformation : A declarative , reusable patterns approach. In:Proceedings of the Sevent IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference( EDOC’03).
[28]http:∥www.modelbased. net/ mda -tools.html.
[29]Guy Caplat.Jean Louis Sourrouille.Model Mapping in MDA[A].WISME 2002[C].2002.
[30]The Action Semantics Consortium. Action Semantics for the UML,ad /2001-03- 01.2001.
[31]D'aniel Varr'o, Andr'as Pataricza, UML Action Semantics for Model Tranformation Systems ,http://ww w.inf.mit.bme.hu/FTSRG/Publications/pp2003_vp.pdf.
[32]Anneke Kleppe,Jos Warmer,Wim Bast.MDA Explained:The Practice and Promise of the Model Driven Architecture.北京:人民邮电出版社,2004.02.
[33]Sun.JavaTM MetadataInterfaceSpecification,SunJSR-000040.2001.
[34]Jim Gray, "What next?:A dozen information-technology research goals",Journal of the ACM,Vol.50 ,Issue1,2003,pages 41-57.
[35]JamesRumbaugh,FourPrinciple for SoftwareDevelopment,2004.12.
[36]Hussmann, H., Demuth, B., Finger, F.: Modular Architecture for a ToolsetSupporting OCL,in:<
[37]Warmer, J,Kleppe, A., The Object Constraint Language. Precise Modeling with UML ,Addison-Wesley,1999.
[38]Ana Belen Garcia, Jason Mansell, David Sellier. From Customer Requirements to PIM :necessity and reality,2002.
[39]Mika Siikarla, Kai Koskimies .Open MDA Using Transformational Patterns, 2005.
[40]INSA, Bat. Blaise Pascal. Model Mapping in MDA 2003.http:/ /www.omg.org.
[41]Tony Clark, Andy Evans, Paul Sammut, James Willans. Applied Metamodelling : A Foundation for Language Driven Development,Version 0.1.Xactium ,2004.
[42]T.Gardner, C. Grifin, J. Koehler, R. Hauser: A review of OMG MOF 2.0 Query / Views/Transformations Submissions and Recommendations towards the final Standard, Meta-Modelling forMDAWorkshop,2003.
[43]EricCariou,Raphae Marvie,LionelSeinturier,LaurenceDuchien.OCL for the Specification of Model Transformation Contracts. Workshop on Integration and Transformation of UML models,2005.
[44]OptimaIJ White Paper:How paterns transform UML models into high-quality J2EE applications.
[45]陈晓燕,赵建华,李宣东.一个MDA支撑工具的设计与实现[J].计算机工程与设计, 2005,26(1):39-43.
[46]马浩海,高光来.基于图形语法的UML模型转换方法[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版), 2005,36(5):560-564.
[47]Flower, M., UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language, Addison Wesley, 2003,3dEdition.
[48]Birgit Demuth, Heinrich Hussmann, Sven Obermaier, Experiments with XMI-based Transformations of Software Models,in:OnlineProc.WTUML:Workshop on Transformations in UML (ETAPS 2001 Satellite Event),Genova, Apr.2001,http:/ /ase.arc.nasa.gov/wtuml0l/.
[49]P.Braun andF.Marschall.The Bi-directional Object-Oriented Transformation Language.Technical Report, Technischen Universit¨at M¨unchenTUM-10307,May 2003.
[50]Sheena R Judson,Robert B France,Doris L Carver.Specifying Model transformations at the Metamodel level[A].Proc of the Workshop in Software Model Engineering[C].2003.
[51]Richard Hubert.Convergent Architecture:Building Model-Driven J2EE Systemswith UML.北京:电子I业出版社,2003.11.
[52]E .Cariou, R.Ma rvie, L.Se inturier, and L. Duchien. Model TransformationContracts and their Definition in UML and OCL .Technical Report 200408,LIFL,April 2004.
[53]吴春水,唐胜群.MDA中从PIM到PSM的模型转换.计算机工程2004.02第30卷第3期:1-3.
[54]董建武. MDA:新一代软件互操作体系结构.计算机工程2003.02第29卷第2期: 3 -5.
[55]董建武,模型驱动体系结构的剖析及应用(硕士论文),浙江大学,2002.03.
[56]杨贤哲,模型驱动架构在J2EE平台上的应用研究(硕士论文),武汉大学,2004.05.
[57]模型驱动架构中的模型转换技术研究.http://www.mdachina.net2004.
[58]D.l1.Akehurst,Stuart Kent.A Relational Approach to Defining Transformations in a Metamodel.UML2002,LNCS2 460,pages 243-258.
[59]Stephen J.Mellor,Marc J.Balcer.Exectuable UML:A Foundation for ModelDriven Architecure.北京:科学出版社,2003.05.
[60]Jorn Bettin,Ideas for a Concrete Visual Syntax for Model-to-Model Transformations. http://www.softmetaware.com/oopsla2003/bettin.pdf ,2003.
[61]David S.Frankel.应用MDA鲍志云译.人民邮电出版社,2003.
[62]Gamma, E., Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides. Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Addison-Wesley, 1994.
[63]QVT-Partners: Revised submission for MOF 2.0 Query / Views / Transformations RFP (2003) On-line at http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/doc?ad/03-08-08.pdf.