老年女性骨质疏松症相关因素分析
摘要
骨质疏松症是以骨量减少、骨的微观结构退化为特征的致使骨的脆性增加以及易于发生骨折的一种全身性骨骼疾病。随着社会的进步、经济的发展、人民生活水平的提高,人均期望寿命普遍延长,老年女性的医疗卫生保健问题已成为一个重要的社会问题。而骨质疏松症是绝经后老年女性的常见病、多发病。它严重地威胁着老年女性的身体健康,由此引起的骨折除了给患者造成极大的痛苦外,对社会和家庭也带来了沉重的经济和生活负担。
本研究抽取长春市汽车产业开发区共1235名老年女性进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括老年女性人口社会学特征、健康相关行为、初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育次数、主诉现病史、主诉既往病史,同时进行骨密度及身高、体重、血压的测量。旨在了解长春市汽车产业开发区老年女性的骨质疏松症患病情况及其相关因素,为老年女性的疾病预防及治疗提供理论依据。
调查结果显示,老年女性的骨质疏松症患病率高;高龄、生育次数较多、吸烟、绝经年数较多是骨质疏松症的危险因素。经常活动、经常摄入钙和VitD含量较高的食物、高体质指数(BMI)是骨质疏松症的保护因素。
骨质疏松症已成为危害老年女性健康的慢性疾病,减少骨质疏松症的患病率不仅可以改善老年女性的生活质量,提高老年女性的健康水平,还可以减轻社会和家庭的生活和经济负担。
Background
As the decline of birth rate, death rate , longer life expectancy ,social development and the increased productivity, aging has become the inevitable result of development of human society. According to the UN survey, China has entered the ranks of aging society in 1999, in which the elderly population is already close to or more than 10%. Province Jilin had been an aging society early in 2003. With age, the elderly's health status and ability to self-care were reduced, chronic disease and disability prevalence rate increased.
With old women aging,their bodily functions continue to decline,especially after menopause,physical fitness is not optimistic,their health status can not be ignored.Osteoporosis is a common and frequently-occurring disease in postmenopausal elderly women. It is a serious threat to the health of older women, resulting fractures in addition to patients with great suffering, also brought a heavy burden on the economy and life of social and family. Objective
To explore relative factors of osteoporosis in old women, in order to provide a theoretical basis for early osteoporosis prevention and treatment for old women. On osteoporosis risk factors analysis,a theoretical basis was provided for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Bone mineral density database is gradually built around our country. Because bone mineral density around with their own characteristics, rules, Changchun as the provincial capital of Province Jilin, there is no established large-scale bone mineral density database. Therefore, this research is about osteoporosis-related factors of 1235 elderly women in Changchun Automobile Industrial Development Zone, in order to provide a theoretical basis for elderly women with osteoporosis treatment and prevention. Methods
The survey was organized by physicians of Bone Metabolism Laboratory of Fourth Hospital of Jilin University? General Hospital of FAW. Investigators unifiedly understood the problem of questionnaire , explained the significance of this investigation, obtained the consent of the survey, according to questionnaire, interviews was conducted by field surveys, questionnaires was completed by the interviewer. Investigation included the female aged population sociological characteristics, health-related behavior, menarche age, menopause age, number of births, the chief complaint of present and past illness history. At the same time professional and technical personnel determined ulna and radius bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA),using the U.S. Osteometer Medi Tech produced DTX-200 bone mineral density measuring instrument. And height, weight and blood pressure were measured.
Results
Will be investigated 1235 elderly women were divided into 3 groups by age which were 60 and over group, aged 65 and over group and 70 years and over group, showed that the proportion of elderly women of three groups was approaching. In marital status, there is even a high percentage of older women having spouse, reaching 72.1%, the divorce rate is very low, reaching 4.9%, however, if older women was widowed or divorced , the proportion of married women was only 21.4% .In the types of work, 65.8% of older women was workers before the retirement. In economic conditions, older women whose monthly income was less than 1,500 yuan accounted for 91.9%, the overall view of older women's income is not ideal. Old women surveyed generally has low education level, 41.1% of older women with illiteracy and primary school education only. Older women living with their spouses and children has high proportion, reaching 80.7%.
The osteoporosis prevalence of 1235 cases of elderly women aged 60 and above of the Changchun Automobile Industrial Development Zone derived from bone mineral density measurements was 34.2%, the overall prevalence of osteoporosis is higher.
Age , frequency of procreation ,whether take in marine products and milk frequently, whether smoking or not, postmenopausal years, activity amount and BMI were correlated with bone mass composition(P<0.05). Present medical history and past medical history were correlated with bone mass composition(P<0.05).Aging,over birth,smoking and more menopause years are risk factors for OP. Regular activity,frequent intake of milk and marine product and high body mass index(BMI)are protective factor for OP.Non-condition logistic regressive analysis demonstrates that age(OR=1.066) and postmenopausal years (OR=1.057) were negatively correlated with osteoporosis , BMI (OR<1)were positively correlated with osteoporosis.
Conclusions
1.The osteoporosis prevalence in older women who were surveyed was 34.2%, higher than a nationwide survey in 2002, in which the prevalence of osteoporosis reached 12.4%.
2.Aging,over birth,smoking and more menopause years are risk factors for OP.
3.Regular activity,frequent intake of food which has a lot of calcium and VitD are protective factor for OP.
4. High body mass index(BMI)are protective factor for OP.
本研究抽取长春市汽车产业开发区共1235名老年女性进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括老年女性人口社会学特征、健康相关行为、初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育次数、主诉现病史、主诉既往病史,同时进行骨密度及身高、体重、血压的测量。旨在了解长春市汽车产业开发区老年女性的骨质疏松症患病情况及其相关因素,为老年女性的疾病预防及治疗提供理论依据。
调查结果显示,老年女性的骨质疏松症患病率高;高龄、生育次数较多、吸烟、绝经年数较多是骨质疏松症的危险因素。经常活动、经常摄入钙和VitD含量较高的食物、高体质指数(BMI)是骨质疏松症的保护因素。
骨质疏松症已成为危害老年女性健康的慢性疾病,减少骨质疏松症的患病率不仅可以改善老年女性的生活质量,提高老年女性的健康水平,还可以减轻社会和家庭的生活和经济负担。
Background
As the decline of birth rate, death rate , longer life expectancy ,social development and the increased productivity, aging has become the inevitable result of development of human society. According to the UN survey, China has entered the ranks of aging society in 1999, in which the elderly population is already close to or more than 10%. Province Jilin had been an aging society early in 2003. With age, the elderly's health status and ability to self-care were reduced, chronic disease and disability prevalence rate increased.
With old women aging,their bodily functions continue to decline,especially after menopause,physical fitness is not optimistic,their health status can not be ignored.Osteoporosis is a common and frequently-occurring disease in postmenopausal elderly women. It is a serious threat to the health of older women, resulting fractures in addition to patients with great suffering, also brought a heavy burden on the economy and life of social and family. Objective
To explore relative factors of osteoporosis in old women, in order to provide a theoretical basis for early osteoporosis prevention and treatment for old women. On osteoporosis risk factors analysis,a theoretical basis was provided for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Bone mineral density database is gradually built around our country. Because bone mineral density around with their own characteristics, rules, Changchun as the provincial capital of Province Jilin, there is no established large-scale bone mineral density database. Therefore, this research is about osteoporosis-related factors of 1235 elderly women in Changchun Automobile Industrial Development Zone, in order to provide a theoretical basis for elderly women with osteoporosis treatment and prevention. Methods
The survey was organized by physicians of Bone Metabolism Laboratory of Fourth Hospital of Jilin University? General Hospital of FAW. Investigators unifiedly understood the problem of questionnaire , explained the significance of this investigation, obtained the consent of the survey, according to questionnaire, interviews was conducted by field surveys, questionnaires was completed by the interviewer. Investigation included the female aged population sociological characteristics, health-related behavior, menarche age, menopause age, number of births, the chief complaint of present and past illness history. At the same time professional and technical personnel determined ulna and radius bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA),using the U.S. Osteometer Medi Tech produced DTX-200 bone mineral density measuring instrument. And height, weight and blood pressure were measured.
Results
Will be investigated 1235 elderly women were divided into 3 groups by age which were 60 and over group, aged 65 and over group and 70 years and over group, showed that the proportion of elderly women of three groups was approaching. In marital status, there is even a high percentage of older women having spouse, reaching 72.1%, the divorce rate is very low, reaching 4.9%, however, if older women was widowed or divorced , the proportion of married women was only 21.4% .In the types of work, 65.8% of older women was workers before the retirement. In economic conditions, older women whose monthly income was less than 1,500 yuan accounted for 91.9%, the overall view of older women's income is not ideal. Old women surveyed generally has low education level, 41.1% of older women with illiteracy and primary school education only. Older women living with their spouses and children has high proportion, reaching 80.7%.
The osteoporosis prevalence of 1235 cases of elderly women aged 60 and above of the Changchun Automobile Industrial Development Zone derived from bone mineral density measurements was 34.2%, the overall prevalence of osteoporosis is higher.
Age , frequency of procreation ,whether take in marine products and milk frequently, whether smoking or not, postmenopausal years, activity amount and BMI were correlated with bone mass composition(P<0.05). Present medical history and past medical history were correlated with bone mass composition(P<0.05).Aging,over birth,smoking and more menopause years are risk factors for OP. Regular activity,frequent intake of milk and marine product and high body mass index(BMI)are protective factor for OP.Non-condition logistic regressive analysis demonstrates that age(OR=1.066) and postmenopausal years (OR=1.057) were negatively correlated with osteoporosis , BMI (OR<1)were positively correlated with osteoporosis.
Conclusions
1.The osteoporosis prevalence in older women who were surveyed was 34.2%, higher than a nationwide survey in 2002, in which the prevalence of osteoporosis reached 12.4%.
2.Aging,over birth,smoking and more menopause years are risk factors for OP.
3.Regular activity,frequent intake of food which has a lot of calcium and VitD are protective factor for OP.
4. High body mass index(BMI)are protective factor for OP.
引文
[1]文凯,王治伦.骨质疏松症概述[J].地方病通报,2000,15(4):91–93.
[2]朱旭萍.峰值骨量形成的某些影响因素[J].国外医学(生理、病理科学与临床分册),2000,20(l):15–19.
[3]李海丰.可注射性材料防治骨质疏松性骨折[J].国外医学(骨科学分册),2001,22(4):209–211.
[4]商颖.骨质疏松症的防治[J].上海预防医学杂志,1997,9(12):552–553.
[5]Dahlman TC. Osteoporotic fractures and the recurrence of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the Puerperium in 184 women under going thromboprophylaxis with heparin[J]. Am J obstet Gynecol,1993,168(4):1265–70.
[6]吕静美.老年脊柱骨质疏松症的诊治[J].海南医学, 2004, 7(1): 94.
[7]Patrick Holford,范志红,译.The Optimum Nutrition Bible[M].海口:南海出版公司,2008:213–214.
[8]李新民,宋艳.合理营养与骨质疏松症的预防[J].中国现代药物应用,2007,1(1):53.
[9]Marsh AG,Sanchez TV,Michelsen O,et a1.Vegetarian life style and bone mineral density[J].Am J Clin Nutr,1988,48:837.
[10]屠冠军,范广宇,吕刚,等. 100例原发性骨质疏松的致病危险因素分析[J].颈腰痛杂志, 1999, 20(2): 145.
[11]邱明才.骨质疏松研究的现状与展望[J].中华医学杂志,2001,81(14):338–340.
[12]翰琳,李继平.我国老年人口面临的健康问题及相关对策[J].中国卫生事业管理, 2004, 11:702–704.
[13]黄河浪,黄鹏,王国平,等.人口老龄化现状及相关卫生问题的思考[J].疾病控制杂志, 2005, 9(5): 400–402.
[14]杨雪.欧盟国家人口老龄化及其对社会经济政策的影响[J].人口学刊,2002, 5:52–55.
[15]陈亘.东亚地区人口老龄化特征分析[J].南方人口, 2002, 17(1): 42–47.
[16]陈爱梅,许晓辉.中国人口老龄化的状况分析[J].长春理工大学学报(社会科学版),2003, 16(4): 42–44.
[17]王森.我国人口老龄化的特点、前景和对策分析[J].石家庄经济学院学报, 2006, 29(2):170–173.
[18]朱云成主编.中国城市人口[M].广州:中山大学出版社, 1998: 251.
[19]吉林老龄网. http//www.cnca.org.cn
[20]刘忠厚.骨矿与临床[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2006(9):57.
[21]桂世勋.中国高龄老年人口生活质量研究[J].南方人口,2001, 16(4):1-8.
[22]余平,胡小丽,王兰,等.贵阳市社区老年人慢性病及其危险因素的调[J].中国全科医学杂志, 2003, 3(2): 119–121.
[23]于普林,邓亚中. 1998、1999年全国城乡年人死因顺位[J].中华老年医学杂志, 2001, 20(1):691.
[24]李增林,于普林,时秋宽,等.北京市部分地区城乡老年人便秘的现况调查[J].中国老年学杂志, 2000, 20(1): 1–21.
[25]于普林,黄魏宁.我国部分城市老年患病情况调查[J].中华流行病学杂志, 2001, 22(1): 34–371.
[26]张雨林,等.年老性骨质疏松[J].老年学杂志,1991,11(3):185-187.
[27]刘忠厚,潘子昂,王石麟.原发性骨质疏松症诊断标准的探讨[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,1997,3(3):l-15.
[28]余卫,秦明伟,邢小平,等.正常人腰椎骨密度不同测量方法的比较分析[J].中华放射学杂志,1999,33(5):320-321.
[29]何耀华,邱贵兴.骨质疏松诊断与骨密度测量[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,1998,4(2):66-70.
[30]何勇.骨密度测定技术的研究现状及进展[J].国外医学(放射医学核医学分册),2001,25(4):161-164.
[31]沈慧良,雍宜民,周玉芬,等.北京市老年人腰椎怀前臂骨密度调查及相关分析[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,1995,1(1):76-80.
[32]中国老年学学会骨质疏松委员会.中国人群骨质疏松诊疗手册(2007年版) [J] .中国骨质疏松杂志,2007,增刊:5-6.
[33]WHO. Guidelines for the eonduet of tobacco smoking surveys of the general Population[M]. WHO/SMO,1983: 14.
[34]马志华.西安市部分社区老年人健康与疾病状况的流行病学研究[D].西安:第四军医大学护理学院,2004.
[35]张绍艳,张典丰,兰莉,等. 1998-2002年哈尔滨市慢性非传染性疾病流行病学分析[J].中国慢性病预防与控制, 2004, 12 (2):64-66.
[36]尚健,李鸣,陈小红,等.老年人健康所需精神文化生活条件调查[J].中国老年学杂志, 2001, 21(3): 161-162.
[37]王建新,王祖华,王左明,等.威海市居民健康状况及其影响因素分析[J].中国经济, 2005, 18(7): 24-27.
[38]Weitzel MH.A test of the health promotion model with blue collar workers[J]. Nursing Research,1989,38(2):99-104 .
[39]林红,张拓红,杨辉,等.北京市895名老年人慢性病现状及其影响因素分析[J].中国慢性病预防与控制, 2002, 10(6): 270-272.
[40]李宁华,区品中,朱汉民,等.中国部分地区中老年人群原发性骨质疏松症患病率研究[J].中华骨科杂志,2002,21(5):275.
[41]Ensrud KE,Ewing SK,Stone KL,et al. Intentional and unintentional Weight loss increase bone loss and hip fracture risk in older women[J].Am Geriatr Soe, 2003 Dec,51(12): 1740-7.
[42]张亚利,苏康,任惠敏,等.北京市某社区87岁以上人群骨质疏松的现况调查和影响因素分析[J].全科医学杂志, 2003, 5(1): 13-16.
[43]韦朝晖,周美荷.绝经后骨质疏松患者的细胞因子、骨密度及雌激素水平的关系[J].放射免疫学杂志, 2008, 21(1): 49-50.
[44]杨金秋.骨质疏松的危险因素及其评估[J].福建医科大学学报, 2005, 39(2): 237-239.
[45]谢丽亚.中老年人骨质疏松症的患病危险因素调查[J].中国现代医生,2008, 46(15):104-105.
[46]朱敏嘉,王风,颜晓东,等.中老年妇女骨质疏松发病危险因素分析[J].中国老年学杂志,2002,22(4):249-250.
[47]李卫敏.骨折、钙和现代饮食[J].国外医学医学地理分册,2002,23(2).
[48]Neill TW,Silman AJ,Naves Diaz M.Influence of hormonal and reproductive Factors on the risk of vertebral deformity in European woman[J]. European Vertebra of osteoporosis study Group .osteoporosis Int,1997,7(l):72-8.
[49]TV Nguyen,JR Center,JA Eisman.Osteoporosis in elderly men and women:effects of dietary calcium,physical activity,and body mass index[J].J Bone Miner Res, 2000, 15(2):322-331.
[50]Susan JW,Hassanali V,Adam BJ,et al.Factors that affect bone mineral accrual in the adolescent growth spurt[J].J Nutri,2004,134(3):696-700.
[51]赵效国,刘文亚,邓晓帆等.不同民族及部分生活因子对骨密度的影响[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2003,9(3):193-196.
[52]Saija K,Pekka K,Heidi H,et al.Good maintenance of exercise–induced bonegain with decreased training of female tennis and Squash players:prospective5-year follow-up study of young and old starters and controls[J].J Bone MinerRes,2001,16(2):195-201.
[53]Joyce CH,Rosemary ER.Nutritional strategies to reduce the risk of osteoporosis [J]. Medsurg Nurs ,1999,8(5):281-295.
[54]Diane F,Walter CW,Graham AC.Calcium,vitaminD,milk consumption,and hip fracture:a prospective study among postmenopausal women[J].Am J Clin Nutri,2003,77:504-511.
[55]Sowers MR, Clark MK, Hollis B, et al. Radial bone mineral density in pre and postmenopausal women : a prospective study of rates and risk factors for bone loss[J]. Bone Miner Res, 2005,7(6):647-657.
[56]Tschopp O, Schmid C, SPeich R,et al. Pretransplantation bone disease in Patients with Primary Pulmonary hypertension [J]. Chest, 2006, 129 (4): 1002-1008 .
[57]Hatton R, Stinpel M, Chanbers TJ. AngiotensinⅡis generated from angiotensin I by bone cells and stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption in rats [J]. Endocrinol, 1992, 152(10): 5210 .
[58]陈方,吴铁,崔燎.卡托普利抗小鼠维甲酸性骨质疏松的作用探讨[J].中国药理学通报, 2002, 18 (5): 572-575 .
[59]秦俊法,李增禧.微量元素与高血压Ⅱ.微量元素在血压调控中的作用与机制[J].广东微量元素科学,2003,10(8):11.
[60]刘继洪,杨延斌,曹海伟,等.成年人骨密度、骨量、体重、年龄、身高、脂肪含量相互关系的研究[J].实用医学杂志,2002,18(2):146-7.
[61]Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, De Laet C, et al. Assessment of fracture risk[J].Osteoporos Int,2005,16:581-589.
[62]AngelaJS.An overview of osteoporosis[J].Altenr Ther Health Med,2004,10(2):26-34.
[2]朱旭萍.峰值骨量形成的某些影响因素[J].国外医学(生理、病理科学与临床分册),2000,20(l):15–19.
[3]李海丰.可注射性材料防治骨质疏松性骨折[J].国外医学(骨科学分册),2001,22(4):209–211.
[4]商颖.骨质疏松症的防治[J].上海预防医学杂志,1997,9(12):552–553.
[5]Dahlman TC. Osteoporotic fractures and the recurrence of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the Puerperium in 184 women under going thromboprophylaxis with heparin[J]. Am J obstet Gynecol,1993,168(4):1265–70.
[6]吕静美.老年脊柱骨质疏松症的诊治[J].海南医学, 2004, 7(1): 94.
[7]Patrick Holford,范志红,译.The Optimum Nutrition Bible[M].海口:南海出版公司,2008:213–214.
[8]李新民,宋艳.合理营养与骨质疏松症的预防[J].中国现代药物应用,2007,1(1):53.
[9]Marsh AG,Sanchez TV,Michelsen O,et a1.Vegetarian life style and bone mineral density[J].Am J Clin Nutr,1988,48:837.
[10]屠冠军,范广宇,吕刚,等. 100例原发性骨质疏松的致病危险因素分析[J].颈腰痛杂志, 1999, 20(2): 145.
[11]邱明才.骨质疏松研究的现状与展望[J].中华医学杂志,2001,81(14):338–340.
[12]翰琳,李继平.我国老年人口面临的健康问题及相关对策[J].中国卫生事业管理, 2004, 11:702–704.
[13]黄河浪,黄鹏,王国平,等.人口老龄化现状及相关卫生问题的思考[J].疾病控制杂志, 2005, 9(5): 400–402.
[14]杨雪.欧盟国家人口老龄化及其对社会经济政策的影响[J].人口学刊,2002, 5:52–55.
[15]陈亘.东亚地区人口老龄化特征分析[J].南方人口, 2002, 17(1): 42–47.
[16]陈爱梅,许晓辉.中国人口老龄化的状况分析[J].长春理工大学学报(社会科学版),2003, 16(4): 42–44.
[17]王森.我国人口老龄化的特点、前景和对策分析[J].石家庄经济学院学报, 2006, 29(2):170–173.
[18]朱云成主编.中国城市人口[M].广州:中山大学出版社, 1998: 251.
[19]吉林老龄网. http//www.cnca.org.cn
[20]刘忠厚.骨矿与临床[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2006(9):57.
[21]桂世勋.中国高龄老年人口生活质量研究[J].南方人口,2001, 16(4):1-8.
[22]余平,胡小丽,王兰,等.贵阳市社区老年人慢性病及其危险因素的调[J].中国全科医学杂志, 2003, 3(2): 119–121.
[23]于普林,邓亚中. 1998、1999年全国城乡年人死因顺位[J].中华老年医学杂志, 2001, 20(1):691.
[24]李增林,于普林,时秋宽,等.北京市部分地区城乡老年人便秘的现况调查[J].中国老年学杂志, 2000, 20(1): 1–21.
[25]于普林,黄魏宁.我国部分城市老年患病情况调查[J].中华流行病学杂志, 2001, 22(1): 34–371.
[26]张雨林,等.年老性骨质疏松[J].老年学杂志,1991,11(3):185-187.
[27]刘忠厚,潘子昂,王石麟.原发性骨质疏松症诊断标准的探讨[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,1997,3(3):l-15.
[28]余卫,秦明伟,邢小平,等.正常人腰椎骨密度不同测量方法的比较分析[J].中华放射学杂志,1999,33(5):320-321.
[29]何耀华,邱贵兴.骨质疏松诊断与骨密度测量[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,1998,4(2):66-70.
[30]何勇.骨密度测定技术的研究现状及进展[J].国外医学(放射医学核医学分册),2001,25(4):161-164.
[31]沈慧良,雍宜民,周玉芬,等.北京市老年人腰椎怀前臂骨密度调查及相关分析[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,1995,1(1):76-80.
[32]中国老年学学会骨质疏松委员会.中国人群骨质疏松诊疗手册(2007年版) [J] .中国骨质疏松杂志,2007,增刊:5-6.
[33]WHO. Guidelines for the eonduet of tobacco smoking surveys of the general Population[M]. WHO/SMO,1983: 14.
[34]马志华.西安市部分社区老年人健康与疾病状况的流行病学研究[D].西安:第四军医大学护理学院,2004.
[35]张绍艳,张典丰,兰莉,等. 1998-2002年哈尔滨市慢性非传染性疾病流行病学分析[J].中国慢性病预防与控制, 2004, 12 (2):64-66.
[36]尚健,李鸣,陈小红,等.老年人健康所需精神文化生活条件调查[J].中国老年学杂志, 2001, 21(3): 161-162.
[37]王建新,王祖华,王左明,等.威海市居民健康状况及其影响因素分析[J].中国经济, 2005, 18(7): 24-27.
[38]Weitzel MH.A test of the health promotion model with blue collar workers[J]. Nursing Research,1989,38(2):99-104 .
[39]林红,张拓红,杨辉,等.北京市895名老年人慢性病现状及其影响因素分析[J].中国慢性病预防与控制, 2002, 10(6): 270-272.
[40]李宁华,区品中,朱汉民,等.中国部分地区中老年人群原发性骨质疏松症患病率研究[J].中华骨科杂志,2002,21(5):275.
[41]Ensrud KE,Ewing SK,Stone KL,et al. Intentional and unintentional Weight loss increase bone loss and hip fracture risk in older women[J].Am Geriatr Soe, 2003 Dec,51(12): 1740-7.
[42]张亚利,苏康,任惠敏,等.北京市某社区87岁以上人群骨质疏松的现况调查和影响因素分析[J].全科医学杂志, 2003, 5(1): 13-16.
[43]韦朝晖,周美荷.绝经后骨质疏松患者的细胞因子、骨密度及雌激素水平的关系[J].放射免疫学杂志, 2008, 21(1): 49-50.
[44]杨金秋.骨质疏松的危险因素及其评估[J].福建医科大学学报, 2005, 39(2): 237-239.
[45]谢丽亚.中老年人骨质疏松症的患病危险因素调查[J].中国现代医生,2008, 46(15):104-105.
[46]朱敏嘉,王风,颜晓东,等.中老年妇女骨质疏松发病危险因素分析[J].中国老年学杂志,2002,22(4):249-250.
[47]李卫敏.骨折、钙和现代饮食[J].国外医学医学地理分册,2002,23(2).
[48]Neill TW,Silman AJ,Naves Diaz M.Influence of hormonal and reproductive Factors on the risk of vertebral deformity in European woman[J]. European Vertebra of osteoporosis study Group .osteoporosis Int,1997,7(l):72-8.
[49]TV Nguyen,JR Center,JA Eisman.Osteoporosis in elderly men and women:effects of dietary calcium,physical activity,and body mass index[J].J Bone Miner Res, 2000, 15(2):322-331.
[50]Susan JW,Hassanali V,Adam BJ,et al.Factors that affect bone mineral accrual in the adolescent growth spurt[J].J Nutri,2004,134(3):696-700.
[51]赵效国,刘文亚,邓晓帆等.不同民族及部分生活因子对骨密度的影响[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2003,9(3):193-196.
[52]Saija K,Pekka K,Heidi H,et al.Good maintenance of exercise–induced bonegain with decreased training of female tennis and Squash players:prospective5-year follow-up study of young and old starters and controls[J].J Bone MinerRes,2001,16(2):195-201.
[53]Joyce CH,Rosemary ER.Nutritional strategies to reduce the risk of osteoporosis [J]. Medsurg Nurs ,1999,8(5):281-295.
[54]Diane F,Walter CW,Graham AC.Calcium,vitaminD,milk consumption,and hip fracture:a prospective study among postmenopausal women[J].Am J Clin Nutri,2003,77:504-511.
[55]Sowers MR, Clark MK, Hollis B, et al. Radial bone mineral density in pre and postmenopausal women : a prospective study of rates and risk factors for bone loss[J]. Bone Miner Res, 2005,7(6):647-657.
[56]Tschopp O, Schmid C, SPeich R,et al. Pretransplantation bone disease in Patients with Primary Pulmonary hypertension [J]. Chest, 2006, 129 (4): 1002-1008 .
[57]Hatton R, Stinpel M, Chanbers TJ. AngiotensinⅡis generated from angiotensin I by bone cells and stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption in rats [J]. Endocrinol, 1992, 152(10): 5210 .
[58]陈方,吴铁,崔燎.卡托普利抗小鼠维甲酸性骨质疏松的作用探讨[J].中国药理学通报, 2002, 18 (5): 572-575 .
[59]秦俊法,李增禧.微量元素与高血压Ⅱ.微量元素在血压调控中的作用与机制[J].广东微量元素科学,2003,10(8):11.
[60]刘继洪,杨延斌,曹海伟,等.成年人骨密度、骨量、体重、年龄、身高、脂肪含量相互关系的研究[J].实用医学杂志,2002,18(2):146-7.
[61]Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, De Laet C, et al. Assessment of fracture risk[J].Osteoporos Int,2005,16:581-589.
[62]AngelaJS.An overview of osteoporosis[J].Altenr Ther Health Med,2004,10(2):26-34.