离子液体中分子有序组合体的研究
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摘要
表面活性剂的自组装是一门重要学科,在材料制备、药物载体、分离、制药以及分散等领域都有着重要的应用。近些年,表面活性剂分子在离子液体中形成的聚集体引起了各国研究者的极大兴趣,这主要是基于离子液体独一无二的优良性质。离子液体具有特殊的物理化学性质,如低挥发性,宽的电化学窗口,不可燃性,高热稳定性以及宽泛的液态范围等。与传统的挥发性有机溶剂相比,离子液体被誉为环境友好溶剂,这主要是由于它们的不挥发性可以阻止对环境的污染。离子液体已经被广泛的应用于有机合成,化学分离,纳米材料制备以及聚合物导电凝胶等领域。它们的性质可以通过调整阴离子、阳离子以及阳离子上取代基的改变来满足不同的需要。离子液体中的表面活性剂分子的自组装的重要意义在于它们不仅可以在离子液体中增溶很多物质,而且可以扩展离子液体的应用。
本论文主要研究的是表面活性剂在离子液体中形成的聚集体的物理化学性质。论文的主要内容如下:
第一章主要介绍了当前工作的研究背景,回顾了表面活性剂和离子液体的发展历程,接下来又对表面活性剂在离子液体中形成的聚集体的研究现状进行了简单的概述,为本论文的研究提供了理论基础和技术支持。最后,阐述了本论文选题的科学意义。
第二章主要研究了离子液微乳液的微观性质。首先,研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(bmimBF_4)、非离子表面活性剂辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚(TX-100)以及甲苯三元体系的相行为,然后用传统的电导方法划分出了bmimBF_4/甲苯(IL/O)、双连续以及甲苯/bmimBF_4(O/IL)三个微乳液的微观结构区域。动态光散射(DLS)也证实了离子液微乳液的形成。我们通过紫外光谱研究了IL/O微乳液的微观极性,用甲基橙(MO)和亚甲基蓝(MB)作为吸收探针。研究结果表明离子液微乳液的微观极性随着bmimBF_4含量的增加而增大,但是当离子液池形成以后,微乳液中离子液池的体积随bmimBF_4含量的增加而增大但是极性不变。此外,紫外光谱也表明了无机盐Ni(NO_3)_2,CoCl_2,CuCl_2和生物大分子核黄素都能增溶到当前研究的IL/O的微乳液液滴中。接下来用微量热的方法研究了IL/环己烷微乳液的液滴之间相互作用的第二维利系数。离子液微乳液的稀释热用等温滴定量热(ITC)得到,基于硬球相互作用潜能假设理论和一个二次多项式,液滴之间相互作用的第二维利系数就可以通过稀释热和离子液微乳液液滴的数量密度得到。这样得到的第二维利系数的正确性用不同的IL/环己烷微乳液(含无机盐和不含无机盐的)的电导阈值进行了证明。所求得的第二维利系数带来的信息表明离子液微乳液液滴之间的相互作用要远远大于传统微乳液的,这可能是由离子液微乳液的大粒径所导致的。
第三章主要研究了极性溶剂的加入对离子液微乳液微结构的影响。首先研究了以三乙胺做为连续相的新型离子液微乳液中,三乙胺不仅是一种有机溶剂,同时也是一种Lewis碱,可以作为催化剂,也可以参加很多有机反应。在当前的微乳液中,bmimBF_4液滴被碱性环境包围着,因此它在作为碱性催化反应的微反应器等方面有重要的潜在应用。其次我们研究了少量水的加入对离子液微乳液的影响。紫外光谱表明,加入的水分子不存在微乳液的离子液池中,红外光谱也证明了这个结果。核磁谱图分析进一步表明加入的水分子增溶在连续相三乙胺中,并在周围环境中释放出OH~-。少量的OH~-也能够进入到离子液微乳液的栅栏层中,因此得到了OH~-的连续界面。然后研究了用离子液微乳液制备金属材料的可能性,结果表明,在形成的离子液微乳液中可以制备金属氧化物以及氢氧化物,而这在传统的微乳液中是不可能得到的。接下来研究了分子量为400的聚乙二醇(PEG-400)的加入对bmimBF_4/TX-100/环己烷离子液微乳液微结构的影响。研究发现,随着PEG-400的加入,导致了离子液微乳液液滴的尺寸呈线性增长,这与胶束溶胀的现象是一致的,表明PEG-400仅仅增溶到了离子液微乳液的极性核的内部。红外光谱分析证实了加入的PEG-400减小了TX-100的EO基团的氧原子和bmimBF_4的咪唑阳离子之间正电荷的静电作用力。同时,PEG-400的氧原子也与咪唑正离子存在相互作用。这些结果表明有少量的PEG-400也进入到了离子液微乳液的栅栏层中。电导实验说明,离子液微乳液的电导值随着PEG-400的加入而降低,这是因为绝缘的PEG-400的加入稀释了导电的极性核,表明PEG-400仅仅增溶到了离子液微乳液的内部,粘度实验也证实了这个结果。
第四章研究了阳离子氟表面活性剂(FC-4)在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑类离子液体中的聚集行为。首先研究了FC-4在bmimBF_4和bmimPF_6中不同温度时的表面张力曲线,得到了一系列的表面性质,包括吸附效率(pC_(20)),表面压(Π_(cmc)),饱和吸附量(Γ_(max))以及油水界面的最小分子截面积(A_(min))。通过比较氟表面活性剂和传统的碳氢表面活性剂,我们发现氟表面活性剂在离子液体中的表面活性要远远优于传统的碳氢表面活性剂在其中的表面活性。通过CAC与温度的关系,我们计算出了聚集体形成的热力学参数。这些热力学参数表明FC-4在bmimBF_4中形成的聚集体是传统的胶束,但是FC-4在bmimPF_6中形成的聚集体是溶液中离散的FC-4分子形成的纳米液滴,核磁结果也进一步证实了上述结论。接下来,我们又研究了FC-4在bmimTf_2N中的聚集行为。表面张力、FF-TEM电镜、~(19)F-NMR、~1H-NMR和FT-IR实验一致表明:ⅰ)FC-4阳离子与Tf_2N阴离子形成了电子对,ⅱ)离子对通过联合形成预胶束,ⅲ)到临界胶束浓度(CMC)时预胶束转变为胶束。通过CMC与温度的关系得到胶束形成的热力学参数表明,表面活性剂疏水尾巴与bmimTf_2N的疏溶剂作用力比其他离子液体要小得多,这也就说明了为什么其他表面活性剂在bmimTf_2N中难以形成胶束。FC-4能够在bmimTf_2N中形成聚集体则归咎于表面活性剂阳离子和离子液阴离子之间形成的离子对。
The self-assembly of surfactant molecules is of fundamental interest and is important in many applications such as nanomaterial synthesis,drug delivery,separation,pharmaceutical formulation,and other dispersant technologies.Recently,aggregations of amphiphilic molecules in ionic liquids(ILs) have received more and more attention due to the attractive properties of ILs.ILs have special physical and chemical properties such as low volatility, wide electrochemical window,nonflammability,high thermal stability,and wide liquid range. Compared to traditional volatile organic solvents,ILs are regarded as environmentally benign solvents,since their nonvolatility can prevent environmental pollution.ILs have been widely applied in organic synthesis,chemical separation,nanomaterial preparation,and polymer gel electrolytes.Even though their properties can be modified to satisfy the requirements by suitable selection of cation,anion,and cation substituent,molecular assemblies formed in ILs are of great interest because the aggregates are expected to solubilize many insoluble substances in ILs and widen the IL applications.
This dissertation is focused on the investigations of the physical and chemical properties of ionic liquid based surfactant aggregates.The outline and contents of this dissertation are as follows:
Chapter one is a brief introduction of the research background of this work,in which a review of ILs and surfactant are present,and then the history and recent progress in the surfactant aggregates associated with ILs are reviewed from a worldwide angle of view.The objective and the scientific significance of this doctoral dissertation are also pointed out at the end of this part.
In Chapter two,the micro-properties of IL microemulsions were investigated in detail. Firstly,the phase behavior of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate(bmimBF_4), p-octylpolyethylene glycol phenyl ether(TX-100) and toluene system was investigated and micro-regions of bmimBF_4-in-toluene(IL/O),bicontinuous and toluene-in-bmimBF_4(O/IL) were identified by traditional electrical conductivity measurements.Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed the formation of the IL microemulsions.The micropolarities of the IL/O microemulsions were investigated by the UV-Vis spectroscopy using the methyl orange(MO) and methylene blue(MB) as absorption probes.The results indicated that the polarity of the IL/O microemulsion increased only before the IL pools were formed,whereas a relatively fixed polar microenvironment was obtained in the IL pools of the microemulsions.Moreover, UV-Vis spectroscopy has also shown that ionic salt compounds such as Ni(NO_3)_2,COCl_2, CuCl_2 and biochemical reagent riboflavin could be solubilized into the IL/O microemulsion droplets.Then the second virial coefficient of the IL/ cyclohexane microemulsion was obtained using microcalorimetry.The dilution heat of the microemulsion solutions was measured by isothermal titration microcalorimetry(ITC) and the second virial coefficient was derived from the dilution heat and the number density of the IL microemulsion solutions, based on a hard-sphere interaction potential assumption and a function of the second-order polynomial.The validity of the second virial coefficient was confirmed by the percolation behavior of different ionic liquid microemulsion solutions of Triton X-100 in cyclohexane with or without added salts.The information of second virial coefficient shows that the interactions between ionic liquid microemulsion droplets are much stronger than those of traditional microemulsions,which may be attributed to the relatively larger size of the microemulsion droplets.
In chapter three,the effects of polar solvents on the microstructure of IL microemulsions were studied.A novel IL microemulsion consisting of bmimBF_4 and Triton X-100 was prepared and triethylamine was used either as organic solvent or a Lewis base.The dispersed microdroplets of bmimBF_4 were surrounded by a base environment and thus are potentially useful as the microreactors for base-catalyzed reactions.The addition of small amounts of water to the IL microemulsions was intensively investigated.UV/Vis spectra first showed that the added water molecules did not appear in the IL pools of the microemulsions,which was then confirmed by FTIR spectra.~1H NMR spectroscopic analysis further indicated that the added water binds to the continuous triethylamine to form a surrounding OH~- base environment.Small amounts of the OH~- thus formed entered the palisade layers of the IL microemulsions and a continuous base interface was provided.The possibility of using the IL microemlusions to prepare metal materials was also discussed and the results indicated that it is possible for the microemulsions to prepare their metal hydroxides and additionally their oxide materials in the microemulsions,while it is impossible for these to be obtained in the traditional microemulsions.Then the effect of a common polymer,polyethylene glycol with molecular weight of 400(PEG-400) on the microstructure of bmimBF_4/TX-100/cyclohexane IL reverse microemulsion has been investigated.The addition of PEG-400 leaded to the linear increase of the microemulsion droplet size,in accordance with the observation of dispersed phase,showing that PEG-400 was only solubilized into the polar interior of the IL microemulsions.FTIR spectroscopic analysis indicated that the addition of PEG-400 decreased the electrostatic interaction between the oxygen atoms of OE units and the positive electrical charged imidazolium cation of bmimBF_4.At the same time,the oxygen atoms of PEG-400 can also interact with the imidazolium cation.These results suggested that small amounts of PEG-400 entered the palisade layers of the IL microemulsion.The conductivity of the IL reverse microemulsions was decreased owing to the dilution of conducting polar cores by the addition of insulative PEG-400,indicating that PEG-400 was only solubilized into the reverse IL microemulsion interior.The conclusion was further supported by viscosity measurement.
In chapter four,aggregation behaviors of a fluorinated surfactant(FC-4) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids were investigated.Firstly,the aggregation behavior of FC-4 was studied by surface tension measurements in bmimBF_4 and bmimPF_6 at various temperatures.A series of surface properties,including adsorption efficiency(pC_(20)), effectiveness of surface tension reduction(Π_(cmc)),maximum surface excess concentration (Γ_(max)) and minimum surface area/molecule(A_(min)) at the air-water interface were estimated. By comparing the fluorinated surfactant with traditional surfactants,we deduced that the surface activity of the fluorinated surfactant in ILs was superior to the activity of traditional surfactants.From the CAC values and their temperature dependence,we estimated the thermodynamic parameters of aggregate formation.The thermodynamic parameters indicate that the aggregate of FC-4 in bmimBF_4 is a traditional micelle,while the aggregate of FC-4 in bmimPF_6 is nano-droplets composed of FC-4 molecules segregated from the solution phase. These results were further confirmed by ~1H NMR measurements.Next,the aggregation behavior of FC-4 in bmimTf_2N was studied.Surface tension,freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy,~(19)F-NMK,~1H-NMR and FT-IR measurements revealed thatⅰ) the FC-4 cation forms an ion-pair with the Tf_2N anion,ⅱ) the ion-pairs undergo association to form pre-micellar aggregates,andⅲ) the pre-micellar aggregates transform into micelles at the critical micelle concentration(CMC).The thermodynamic parameters for micelle formation derived from the temperature dependence of the CMC demonstrated that the solvophobic interaction between the solvophobic tails of the surfactant molecules is rather weak in bmimTf_2N compared with other ionic liquids,in accordance with the observation that surfactants do not readily form micelles in bmimTf_2N.The fact that FC-4 forms micelles in such an inconvenient solvent is attributed to the ion-pair formation between the surfactant cation and the ionic liquid anion.
本论文主要研究的是表面活性剂在离子液体中形成的聚集体的物理化学性质。论文的主要内容如下:
第一章主要介绍了当前工作的研究背景,回顾了表面活性剂和离子液体的发展历程,接下来又对表面活性剂在离子液体中形成的聚集体的研究现状进行了简单的概述,为本论文的研究提供了理论基础和技术支持。最后,阐述了本论文选题的科学意义。
第二章主要研究了离子液微乳液的微观性质。首先,研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(bmimBF_4)、非离子表面活性剂辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚(TX-100)以及甲苯三元体系的相行为,然后用传统的电导方法划分出了bmimBF_4/甲苯(IL/O)、双连续以及甲苯/bmimBF_4(O/IL)三个微乳液的微观结构区域。动态光散射(DLS)也证实了离子液微乳液的形成。我们通过紫外光谱研究了IL/O微乳液的微观极性,用甲基橙(MO)和亚甲基蓝(MB)作为吸收探针。研究结果表明离子液微乳液的微观极性随着bmimBF_4含量的增加而增大,但是当离子液池形成以后,微乳液中离子液池的体积随bmimBF_4含量的增加而增大但是极性不变。此外,紫外光谱也表明了无机盐Ni(NO_3)_2,CoCl_2,CuCl_2和生物大分子核黄素都能增溶到当前研究的IL/O的微乳液液滴中。接下来用微量热的方法研究了IL/环己烷微乳液的液滴之间相互作用的第二维利系数。离子液微乳液的稀释热用等温滴定量热(ITC)得到,基于硬球相互作用潜能假设理论和一个二次多项式,液滴之间相互作用的第二维利系数就可以通过稀释热和离子液微乳液液滴的数量密度得到。这样得到的第二维利系数的正确性用不同的IL/环己烷微乳液(含无机盐和不含无机盐的)的电导阈值进行了证明。所求得的第二维利系数带来的信息表明离子液微乳液液滴之间的相互作用要远远大于传统微乳液的,这可能是由离子液微乳液的大粒径所导致的。
第三章主要研究了极性溶剂的加入对离子液微乳液微结构的影响。首先研究了以三乙胺做为连续相的新型离子液微乳液中,三乙胺不仅是一种有机溶剂,同时也是一种Lewis碱,可以作为催化剂,也可以参加很多有机反应。在当前的微乳液中,bmimBF_4液滴被碱性环境包围着,因此它在作为碱性催化反应的微反应器等方面有重要的潜在应用。其次我们研究了少量水的加入对离子液微乳液的影响。紫外光谱表明,加入的水分子不存在微乳液的离子液池中,红外光谱也证明了这个结果。核磁谱图分析进一步表明加入的水分子增溶在连续相三乙胺中,并在周围环境中释放出OH~-。少量的OH~-也能够进入到离子液微乳液的栅栏层中,因此得到了OH~-的连续界面。然后研究了用离子液微乳液制备金属材料的可能性,结果表明,在形成的离子液微乳液中可以制备金属氧化物以及氢氧化物,而这在传统的微乳液中是不可能得到的。接下来研究了分子量为400的聚乙二醇(PEG-400)的加入对bmimBF_4/TX-100/环己烷离子液微乳液微结构的影响。研究发现,随着PEG-400的加入,导致了离子液微乳液液滴的尺寸呈线性增长,这与胶束溶胀的现象是一致的,表明PEG-400仅仅增溶到了离子液微乳液的极性核的内部。红外光谱分析证实了加入的PEG-400减小了TX-100的EO基团的氧原子和bmimBF_4的咪唑阳离子之间正电荷的静电作用力。同时,PEG-400的氧原子也与咪唑正离子存在相互作用。这些结果表明有少量的PEG-400也进入到了离子液微乳液的栅栏层中。电导实验说明,离子液微乳液的电导值随着PEG-400的加入而降低,这是因为绝缘的PEG-400的加入稀释了导电的极性核,表明PEG-400仅仅增溶到了离子液微乳液的内部,粘度实验也证实了这个结果。
第四章研究了阳离子氟表面活性剂(FC-4)在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑类离子液体中的聚集行为。首先研究了FC-4在bmimBF_4和bmimPF_6中不同温度时的表面张力曲线,得到了一系列的表面性质,包括吸附效率(pC_(20)),表面压(Π_(cmc)),饱和吸附量(Γ_(max))以及油水界面的最小分子截面积(A_(min))。通过比较氟表面活性剂和传统的碳氢表面活性剂,我们发现氟表面活性剂在离子液体中的表面活性要远远优于传统的碳氢表面活性剂在其中的表面活性。通过CAC与温度的关系,我们计算出了聚集体形成的热力学参数。这些热力学参数表明FC-4在bmimBF_4中形成的聚集体是传统的胶束,但是FC-4在bmimPF_6中形成的聚集体是溶液中离散的FC-4分子形成的纳米液滴,核磁结果也进一步证实了上述结论。接下来,我们又研究了FC-4在bmimTf_2N中的聚集行为。表面张力、FF-TEM电镜、~(19)F-NMR、~1H-NMR和FT-IR实验一致表明:ⅰ)FC-4阳离子与Tf_2N阴离子形成了电子对,ⅱ)离子对通过联合形成预胶束,ⅲ)到临界胶束浓度(CMC)时预胶束转变为胶束。通过CMC与温度的关系得到胶束形成的热力学参数表明,表面活性剂疏水尾巴与bmimTf_2N的疏溶剂作用力比其他离子液体要小得多,这也就说明了为什么其他表面活性剂在bmimTf_2N中难以形成胶束。FC-4能够在bmimTf_2N中形成聚集体则归咎于表面活性剂阳离子和离子液阴离子之间形成的离子对。
The self-assembly of surfactant molecules is of fundamental interest and is important in many applications such as nanomaterial synthesis,drug delivery,separation,pharmaceutical formulation,and other dispersant technologies.Recently,aggregations of amphiphilic molecules in ionic liquids(ILs) have received more and more attention due to the attractive properties of ILs.ILs have special physical and chemical properties such as low volatility, wide electrochemical window,nonflammability,high thermal stability,and wide liquid range. Compared to traditional volatile organic solvents,ILs are regarded as environmentally benign solvents,since their nonvolatility can prevent environmental pollution.ILs have been widely applied in organic synthesis,chemical separation,nanomaterial preparation,and polymer gel electrolytes.Even though their properties can be modified to satisfy the requirements by suitable selection of cation,anion,and cation substituent,molecular assemblies formed in ILs are of great interest because the aggregates are expected to solubilize many insoluble substances in ILs and widen the IL applications.
This dissertation is focused on the investigations of the physical and chemical properties of ionic liquid based surfactant aggregates.The outline and contents of this dissertation are as follows:
Chapter one is a brief introduction of the research background of this work,in which a review of ILs and surfactant are present,and then the history and recent progress in the surfactant aggregates associated with ILs are reviewed from a worldwide angle of view.The objective and the scientific significance of this doctoral dissertation are also pointed out at the end of this part.
In Chapter two,the micro-properties of IL microemulsions were investigated in detail. Firstly,the phase behavior of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate(bmimBF_4), p-octylpolyethylene glycol phenyl ether(TX-100) and toluene system was investigated and micro-regions of bmimBF_4-in-toluene(IL/O),bicontinuous and toluene-in-bmimBF_4(O/IL) were identified by traditional electrical conductivity measurements.Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed the formation of the IL microemulsions.The micropolarities of the IL/O microemulsions were investigated by the UV-Vis spectroscopy using the methyl orange(MO) and methylene blue(MB) as absorption probes.The results indicated that the polarity of the IL/O microemulsion increased only before the IL pools were formed,whereas a relatively fixed polar microenvironment was obtained in the IL pools of the microemulsions.Moreover, UV-Vis spectroscopy has also shown that ionic salt compounds such as Ni(NO_3)_2,COCl_2, CuCl_2 and biochemical reagent riboflavin could be solubilized into the IL/O microemulsion droplets.Then the second virial coefficient of the IL/ cyclohexane microemulsion was obtained using microcalorimetry.The dilution heat of the microemulsion solutions was measured by isothermal titration microcalorimetry(ITC) and the second virial coefficient was derived from the dilution heat and the number density of the IL microemulsion solutions, based on a hard-sphere interaction potential assumption and a function of the second-order polynomial.The validity of the second virial coefficient was confirmed by the percolation behavior of different ionic liquid microemulsion solutions of Triton X-100 in cyclohexane with or without added salts.The information of second virial coefficient shows that the interactions between ionic liquid microemulsion droplets are much stronger than those of traditional microemulsions,which may be attributed to the relatively larger size of the microemulsion droplets.
In chapter three,the effects of polar solvents on the microstructure of IL microemulsions were studied.A novel IL microemulsion consisting of bmimBF_4 and Triton X-100 was prepared and triethylamine was used either as organic solvent or a Lewis base.The dispersed microdroplets of bmimBF_4 were surrounded by a base environment and thus are potentially useful as the microreactors for base-catalyzed reactions.The addition of small amounts of water to the IL microemulsions was intensively investigated.UV/Vis spectra first showed that the added water molecules did not appear in the IL pools of the microemulsions,which was then confirmed by FTIR spectra.~1H NMR spectroscopic analysis further indicated that the added water binds to the continuous triethylamine to form a surrounding OH~- base environment.Small amounts of the OH~- thus formed entered the palisade layers of the IL microemulsions and a continuous base interface was provided.The possibility of using the IL microemlusions to prepare metal materials was also discussed and the results indicated that it is possible for the microemulsions to prepare their metal hydroxides and additionally their oxide materials in the microemulsions,while it is impossible for these to be obtained in the traditional microemulsions.Then the effect of a common polymer,polyethylene glycol with molecular weight of 400(PEG-400) on the microstructure of bmimBF_4/TX-100/cyclohexane IL reverse microemulsion has been investigated.The addition of PEG-400 leaded to the linear increase of the microemulsion droplet size,in accordance with the observation of dispersed phase,showing that PEG-400 was only solubilized into the polar interior of the IL microemulsions.FTIR spectroscopic analysis indicated that the addition of PEG-400 decreased the electrostatic interaction between the oxygen atoms of OE units and the positive electrical charged imidazolium cation of bmimBF_4.At the same time,the oxygen atoms of PEG-400 can also interact with the imidazolium cation.These results suggested that small amounts of PEG-400 entered the palisade layers of the IL microemulsion.The conductivity of the IL reverse microemulsions was decreased owing to the dilution of conducting polar cores by the addition of insulative PEG-400,indicating that PEG-400 was only solubilized into the reverse IL microemulsion interior.The conclusion was further supported by viscosity measurement.
In chapter four,aggregation behaviors of a fluorinated surfactant(FC-4) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids were investigated.Firstly,the aggregation behavior of FC-4 was studied by surface tension measurements in bmimBF_4 and bmimPF_6 at various temperatures.A series of surface properties,including adsorption efficiency(pC_(20)), effectiveness of surface tension reduction(Π_(cmc)),maximum surface excess concentration (Γ_(max)) and minimum surface area/molecule(A_(min)) at the air-water interface were estimated. By comparing the fluorinated surfactant with traditional surfactants,we deduced that the surface activity of the fluorinated surfactant in ILs was superior to the activity of traditional surfactants.From the CAC values and their temperature dependence,we estimated the thermodynamic parameters of aggregate formation.The thermodynamic parameters indicate that the aggregate of FC-4 in bmimBF_4 is a traditional micelle,while the aggregate of FC-4 in bmimPF_6 is nano-droplets composed of FC-4 molecules segregated from the solution phase. These results were further confirmed by ~1H NMR measurements.Next,the aggregation behavior of FC-4 in bmimTf_2N was studied.Surface tension,freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy,~(19)F-NMK,~1H-NMR and FT-IR measurements revealed thatⅰ) the FC-4 cation forms an ion-pair with the Tf_2N anion,ⅱ) the ion-pairs undergo association to form pre-micellar aggregates,andⅲ) the pre-micellar aggregates transform into micelles at the critical micelle concentration(CMC).The thermodynamic parameters for micelle formation derived from the temperature dependence of the CMC demonstrated that the solvophobic interaction between the solvophobic tails of the surfactant molecules is rather weak in bmimTf_2N compared with other ionic liquids,in accordance with the observation that surfactants do not readily form micelles in bmimTf_2N.The fact that FC-4 forms micelles in such an inconvenient solvent is attributed to the ion-pair formation between the surfactant cation and the ionic liquid anion.
引文
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