地图中文字标注的分离与矫正
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摘要
本文针对地图中文字标注的提取与识别，提出了一种有效的图文
分割算法，可以有效的处理地图中文字标注与图形相连，甚至相交情
况的图文分离。同时对地图中文字标注书写方向不定的情况提出了一
种自动水平矫正算法，可以自动计算出各文字标注与水平成角，并完
成反向旋转变换，矫正书写方向成为水平方向，最终使其成为完全可
以由现有OCR软件识别的形式。本文所给出的算法已在实际GIS
项目中得到成功应用。
For the separation and recognition of the characters in
maps, this paper presents an efficient separation algorithm,
which can separate the characters from the other elements in
maps, even they are connected or crossed. In addition, this
paper presents a rectification algorithm, which can
automatically rectify' all characters, which have some angles
with horizon. Some existing efficient OCR software can use the
rectification result. The algorithms have been successfiilly used
in GIS projects.
分割算法，可以有效的处理地图中文字标注与图形相连，甚至相交情
况的图文分离。同时对地图中文字标注书写方向不定的情况提出了一
种自动水平矫正算法，可以自动计算出各文字标注与水平成角，并完
成反向旋转变换，矫正书写方向成为水平方向，最终使其成为完全可
以由现有OCR软件识别的形式。本文所给出的算法已在实际GIS
项目中得到成功应用。
For the separation and recognition of the characters in
maps, this paper presents an efficient separation algorithm,
which can separate the characters from the other elements in
maps, even they are connected or crossed. In addition, this
paper presents a rectification algorithm, which can
automatically rectify' all characters, which have some angles
with horizon. Some existing efficient OCR software can use the
rectification result. The algorithms have been successfiilly used
in GIS projects.
引文
[1]L.D, Harmon. Automatic Recognition of Print and Script. Proc. IEEE 60.1165-1176.1972
[2]T.W. Ridler and S. Calvard, Picture Thresholding Using and Iterative Selection Method.IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet. 8(8).630-632.1978
[3]Liu Jiming, Y. Yuan and Suen Ching Y..Chinese Document Layout Analysis Based on Adaptive Split-and Merge and Qualitative Spatial Reasoning.Pattern Recognition. Vol.30(8). 1265-1278.1997
[4]M. Shridhar and A. Badreldin, Recognition of Isolated and Simply Connected Handwritten Numerals. Pattern Recognition. 19.1-12.1986
[5]V. K. Govindan and A.P. Shivaprasad. Character Recognition-a Review. Pattern Recognition. 23.671-683.1990
[6]Hu M.K. Visual Pattern Recognition by Moment Invanants. IRE Trans.Information Theory. IT-8.179-187.1962
[7]Dudani S A. Breeding K. J., McGhee R. B. Aircraft Identification by Moment Invariants. IEEE Trans. Computer. C-26.39-45.1983
[8]Zahn C T. Poskies R. T. Fourier Descriptors for Plane Closed Cures. IEEE Trans. Computer. C-21. 269-281.1972
[9]Persoon E., Fu K. S.Shape Descrimination Using Fourier Descriptors.IEEE Trans System Man Cybern. SMC-7.388-397.1977
[10]Pavlidis T. Algorithms for Graphics and Image Processing.Computer Science Press. 1982
[11]Kwok D C. A Thinning Algorithms by Contour Generation. CACM.13.471-494.1988
[12]Li X B. Bason A. Variable-Solution Character Thinning. Pattern Recognition Letters. 12.241-248.1991
[13]S. Mori, K. Yamamoto and M. Yasuda. Research on Machine Recognition of Hand-Printed Characters, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 6.386-405.1984
[14]J. L. Blue, G. T. Candela, P. J. Grother, R. Chellappa and C. L. Wilson.Evaluation of Pattern Classifiers for fingerprint and OCR Applications, Pattern Recognition. 27.485-501.1994
[15]L. Lam and C. Y. Suen. Structural Classification and Relaxation Matching of Totally Unconstrained Handwritten Aip-Code Numbers. Pattern Recognition. 21.19-31.1988
[16]Zs. M. Kovacs and P. Guerrieri. Massively-Parallel Hand-Written Character Recognition Based on The Distance Transform. Pattern Recognition. 28.293-301.1995
[17]Jason Zhu, Tao Hong and Tao Hong and Jonathan J. Hull. Image -Baded Keyword Recognition in Oriental Language Document Images. Pattern Recognition. 30(8). 1293-1300.1997
[18]T. Aliyama and N. Hgita. Automated Entry System for Printed Documents. Pattern Recognition. 23(11). 1141-1154.1990
[19]Gyeonghwan Kim and Venu Govindaraju. Hardwritten Phrase Recognition as Applied to Street Name Images. Pattern Recognition.31(1).41-51.1998
[20]J. C. Simon. Off-line Cursive Word Recognition. Proc. IEEE. 80(7).1150-1161.1992
[21]Zhixin Shi, Venu Govindaraju. Segmentation and Recognition of Connected Handweitted Numeral Strings. Pattern Recognition. 30(9). 1501-1504.1997
[22]vijay Nagasamy an Noshir A. Langrana. Engineering Drawing Processing and Vectorization System. Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing. 49.379 -397.1990
[23]F. Kimura and M. Shridhar. Segmentation-Recognition Algorithm for Handwritten Numeral Strings. Machine Vision. Appl.5.199-210.1992
[24]J.M.Westall and M. S. Narasimha. Vertax Directed Segmentation of Handwritten Numerals. Pattern Recognition. 26(10). 1473-1486.1993
[25]Xiao Li and Anup Basu. Variable-Resolution Character Thinning. Pattern Recognition. Lett.12.241-248.1991
[26]R.Y.Wu and W.H.Tsai. A New One-Pass Parallel Thinning Algorithm for Binary Images. Pattern Recognition. Lett. 13.716-723.1992
[27]邓雁萍，李介谷．图像分割的性能估计．模式识别与人工智能9(2)．144-148．1996
[28]周杰等．基于小波特征的图像匹配方法．模式识别与人工智能9(2)．125-129．1996
[29]杨凤等．手写体汉字联机识别系统的研究与开发．模式识别与人工智官邑．12(1)．122-124．1999
[30]刘迎健，戴如为．在线手写体汉字识别的字形结构排序法．自动化学报．14(3)．207-213，1988
[31]吴佑寿，丁晓青．汉字识别原理方法与实现．高等教育出版社．1992
[32]沈定刚等，子波变换在旋转不变性目标识别中的应用．模式识别与人工智能．8(1)．15-20．1995
[33]王松等．无约束手写体数字识别的预处理算法．模式识别与人工智能．10(3)．243-250．1997
[34]Roland T. Chin and Hong-Khoon Wan. A One -Pass Thinning Algorithm and Its Parallel Implementation, Compffter Vision Graphics and Image Processing. 40.30-40.1987
[35]苏春光，徐杰，王鸿谷．地图及工程图纸得矢量化方法．小型微型计算机系统．17(5)．6-11．1996
[36]C. W. Liao and J. S. Huang. A Transformed Invariant Matching Algorithm for Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition. Pattern Recognition.23.1167-1188.1990
[37]胡友兰，黄树槐，常明．机械工程图自动输入与计算机理解技术。小型微型计算机系统．17(12)．38-42．1996
[38]吴健康．数字图像分析．人民邮电出版社．1989
[39]晶辰工作室．最流行图像格式实用参考手册．电子工业出版社，1998
[40]David I. Kruglinski. Programming VisualC++. Microsoft Press, 1999
[41]Microsoft Cop.. Visual C++ 6.0 MFC Library Reference. Microsoft Press,1999
[42]王煦法，庄镇泉，王东生．C语言图像处理程序设计．中国科学技术大学出版社．1994
[43]C.H.Leung, Y. S. Cheung and y. L. Wang, A Knowledgebased Stroke-Matching Method for Chinese Character Recognition. IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybern. SMC17(6)1987
[44]Dov Dori, Asystactic. Geometric Approach to Recognition of Dimensions in Engineering Machine Drawings. Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing.47.271-291.1989
[45]陈建国，罗伯鹏等，对扫描图像的一种新型图文分离方法．全国计算机辅助设计绘图与制造'94会议论文．
[46]沈亮，程乾生．一种新的文字细化算法．模式识别与人工智能．Vol．10．No3．pp．234-237．1997
[47]Shi Z.,Venu G.. Segmentation And Recognition of Connected Handwritten Numeral Strings. Pattern Recognition. Vol.30.No.9.pp.1501-1504.1997
[2]T.W. Ridler and S. Calvard, Picture Thresholding Using and Iterative Selection Method.IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet. 8(8).630-632.1978
[3]Liu Jiming, Y. Yuan and Suen Ching Y..Chinese Document Layout Analysis Based on Adaptive Split-and Merge and Qualitative Spatial Reasoning.Pattern Recognition. Vol.30(8). 1265-1278.1997
[4]M. Shridhar and A. Badreldin, Recognition of Isolated and Simply Connected Handwritten Numerals. Pattern Recognition. 19.1-12.1986
[5]V. K. Govindan and A.P. Shivaprasad. Character Recognition-a Review. Pattern Recognition. 23.671-683.1990
[6]Hu M.K. Visual Pattern Recognition by Moment Invanants. IRE Trans.Information Theory. IT-8.179-187.1962
[7]Dudani S A. Breeding K. J., McGhee R. B. Aircraft Identification by Moment Invariants. IEEE Trans. Computer. C-26.39-45.1983
[8]Zahn C T. Poskies R. T. Fourier Descriptors for Plane Closed Cures. IEEE Trans. Computer. C-21. 269-281.1972
[9]Persoon E., Fu K. S.Shape Descrimination Using Fourier Descriptors.IEEE Trans System Man Cybern. SMC-7.388-397.1977
[10]Pavlidis T. Algorithms for Graphics and Image Processing.Computer Science Press. 1982
[11]Kwok D C. A Thinning Algorithms by Contour Generation. CACM.13.471-494.1988
[12]Li X B. Bason A. Variable-Solution Character Thinning. Pattern Recognition Letters. 12.241-248.1991
[13]S. Mori, K. Yamamoto and M. Yasuda. Research on Machine Recognition of Hand-Printed Characters, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 6.386-405.1984
[14]J. L. Blue, G. T. Candela, P. J. Grother, R. Chellappa and C. L. Wilson.Evaluation of Pattern Classifiers for fingerprint and OCR Applications, Pattern Recognition. 27.485-501.1994
[15]L. Lam and C. Y. Suen. Structural Classification and Relaxation Matching of Totally Unconstrained Handwritten Aip-Code Numbers. Pattern Recognition. 21.19-31.1988
[16]Zs. M. Kovacs and P. Guerrieri. Massively-Parallel Hand-Written Character Recognition Based on The Distance Transform. Pattern Recognition. 28.293-301.1995
[17]Jason Zhu, Tao Hong and Tao Hong and Jonathan J. Hull. Image -Baded Keyword Recognition in Oriental Language Document Images. Pattern Recognition. 30(8). 1293-1300.1997
[18]T. Aliyama and N. Hgita. Automated Entry System for Printed Documents. Pattern Recognition. 23(11). 1141-1154.1990
[19]Gyeonghwan Kim and Venu Govindaraju. Hardwritten Phrase Recognition as Applied to Street Name Images. Pattern Recognition.31(1).41-51.1998
[20]J. C. Simon. Off-line Cursive Word Recognition. Proc. IEEE. 80(7).1150-1161.1992
[21]Zhixin Shi, Venu Govindaraju. Segmentation and Recognition of Connected Handweitted Numeral Strings. Pattern Recognition. 30(9). 1501-1504.1997
[22]vijay Nagasamy an Noshir A. Langrana. Engineering Drawing Processing and Vectorization System. Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing. 49.379 -397.1990
[23]F. Kimura and M. Shridhar. Segmentation-Recognition Algorithm for Handwritten Numeral Strings. Machine Vision. Appl.5.199-210.1992
[24]J.M.Westall and M. S. Narasimha. Vertax Directed Segmentation of Handwritten Numerals. Pattern Recognition. 26(10). 1473-1486.1993
[25]Xiao Li and Anup Basu. Variable-Resolution Character Thinning. Pattern Recognition. Lett.12.241-248.1991
[26]R.Y.Wu and W.H.Tsai. A New One-Pass Parallel Thinning Algorithm for Binary Images. Pattern Recognition. Lett. 13.716-723.1992
[27]邓雁萍，李介谷．图像分割的性能估计．模式识别与人工智能9(2)．144-148．1996
[28]周杰等．基于小波特征的图像匹配方法．模式识别与人工智能9(2)．125-129．1996
[29]杨凤等．手写体汉字联机识别系统的研究与开发．模式识别与人工智官邑．12(1)．122-124．1999
[30]刘迎健，戴如为．在线手写体汉字识别的字形结构排序法．自动化学报．14(3)．207-213，1988
[31]吴佑寿，丁晓青．汉字识别原理方法与实现．高等教育出版社．1992
[32]沈定刚等，子波变换在旋转不变性目标识别中的应用．模式识别与人工智能．8(1)．15-20．1995
[33]王松等．无约束手写体数字识别的预处理算法．模式识别与人工智能．10(3)．243-250．1997
[34]Roland T. Chin and Hong-Khoon Wan. A One -Pass Thinning Algorithm and Its Parallel Implementation, Compffter Vision Graphics and Image Processing. 40.30-40.1987
[35]苏春光，徐杰，王鸿谷．地图及工程图纸得矢量化方法．小型微型计算机系统．17(5)．6-11．1996
[36]C. W. Liao and J. S. Huang. A Transformed Invariant Matching Algorithm for Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition. Pattern Recognition.23.1167-1188.1990
[37]胡友兰，黄树槐，常明．机械工程图自动输入与计算机理解技术。小型微型计算机系统．17(12)．38-42．1996
[38]吴健康．数字图像分析．人民邮电出版社．1989
[39]晶辰工作室．最流行图像格式实用参考手册．电子工业出版社，1998
[40]David I. Kruglinski. Programming VisualC++. Microsoft Press, 1999
[41]Microsoft Cop.. Visual C++ 6.0 MFC Library Reference. Microsoft Press,1999
[42]王煦法，庄镇泉，王东生．C语言图像处理程序设计．中国科学技术大学出版社．1994
[43]C.H.Leung, Y. S. Cheung and y. L. Wang, A Knowledgebased Stroke-Matching Method for Chinese Character Recognition. IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybern. SMC17(6)1987
[44]Dov Dori, Asystactic. Geometric Approach to Recognition of Dimensions in Engineering Machine Drawings. Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing.47.271-291.1989
[45]陈建国，罗伯鹏等，对扫描图像的一种新型图文分离方法．全国计算机辅助设计绘图与制造'94会议论文．
[46]沈亮，程乾生．一种新的文字细化算法．模式识别与人工智能．Vol．10．No3．pp．234-237．1997
[47]Shi Z.,Venu G.. Segmentation And Recognition of Connected Handwritten Numeral Strings. Pattern Recognition. Vol.30.No.9.pp.1501-1504.1997