外来种喜旱莲子草的入侵生态学
|
摘要
从南美引入我国的喜旱莲子草是一种水陆两栖的外来入侵植物。该种分布广,常以中空的茎在水面形成漂浮植毡层。喜旱莲子草快速的生长和扩散能力已对生态系统和社会经济发展造成严重影响。然而,目前对于喜旱莲子草的入侵机制研究较少。本文针对喜旱莲子草的无性繁殖、生态适应和其对乡土水生植物的影响进行了研究,以分析喜旱莲子草入侵机理。
陆生型喜旱莲子草的地下根茎系统非常庞大,繁殖能力强。肉质根数随着土壤深度的增加而减少,0—10cm土层中根数最多;10—20cm深度的肉质根最粗;生物量集中分布在0—30cm深的土层中。肉质根上的不定芽数以0—10cm的最多(1260个)。喜旱莲子草地下茎主要存在于0-20cm深的土层中,地下茎上的腋芽数量在0-10cm土层最多。肉质根萌生幼芽的能力与其直径和生物量成正相关。肉质根浸水后产生了大量的不定芽。绝大部分不定芽在土壤中可以分枝。
喜旱莲子草漂浮植毡层搁浅在陆地上越冬后,植毡层上层的匍匐茎失水干枯,而下层的匍匐茎能正常越冬。越冬植毡层中的匍匐茎根据含水量分为三类:干枯茎、萎蔫茎和鲜茎。所有的茎浸水4周以后,比较各类型茎的繁殖能力。结果表明:干枯茎已失去繁殖能力,鲜茎繁殖能力最大。喜旱莲子草属于先萌芽后生根型植物,这种机制有利于喜旱莲子草在水体中扩散。
光照和牧食是影响外来种入侵的两个重要因子。在对喜旱莲子草进行遮荫和刈割处理的试验中发现:遮荫对未刈割植株的叶数和叶生物量没有影响,但明显减少了刈割植株的叶数和叶生物量。遮荫增加了所有植株的叶面积,并使更多的生物量分配到叶上,抑制了肉质根的形成,减少了茎生物量、根茎比(R/S)、相对生长速率(RGR)和肉质根生物量比(TRMR),但对茎生物量比(SMR)和细根生物量比(FRMR)没有明显影响。无论是在遮荫下还是在全日照下,刈割除对茎生物量有明显影响外,对根粗、最大根长、细根重、SLA、LAR、R/S和生物量分配都没有影响。另外刈割使生长于遮荫环境下的植株RGR、节数、茎长度和叶生物量降低。
许多外来入侵植物的光合能力强,水分利用效率(WUE)和光利用效率(LUE)比乡土植物高。对处于尘长早期、盛花期(或生长中期)和花果期的水尘型与陆生型喜旱莲子草及乡土水生植物李氏禾、菰和芦苇的光合特性进行了测定。结果
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. is an exotic aquatic-terrestrial plant that was introduced into China from South America. This species distributes widely and often extends hollow stems over the surface of the water, forming interwoven, floating mats. The capacity of growing and spreading rapidly of this species have caused many disadvantage to ecosystem and development of society and economy. However, the mechanisms of its invasion are not clear. This paper studied asexual reproduction, ecological adaptation and the effects on native aquatic plants of A. philoxeroides in order to analyze its invasion mechanisms.The system of root and underground stems of terrestrial A. philoxeroides is huge, and the reproduction capacity of which is high. Thick root numbers of A. philoxeroides were decreased with increasing soil depth. The maximal number and diameter of thick root were found in 0-10cm and 10-20cm depths respectively. Most of thick root biomass was found in 0-30cm depths. The maximal number of adventitious bud (1260 buds) was found in 0-10cm depths. Underground stems mainly distributed in 0-20cm depths. However, The axillary buds generated from underground stem were mainly distributed in 0-10cm depths. The positive relation between the capacity of generating bud and the thick root diameter as well as the thick root biomass was found. A large number of adventitious bud generated when thick root sinked into water. Most of adventitious buds branched before they emerged soil.After the floating-mat of A. philoxeroides stayed on the land and experienced the winter, the prostrate stems could be separate into 3 types according to water content: air-dry stems, wither stems and fresh stems. All the stems were sinked into water for 4 weeks in order to study the reproduction capacity of stems. The results showed that: Air-dry stems had no capacity of reproduction, but fresh stems had the maximal capacity. The mechanisms of generating bud earlier than that of root would help A. philoxeroides disperse in the water.Light and grazing are the two important factors that influence the invasion of exotic plants. The work of the effect of shading and mowing on A. philoxeroides showed that: shading had no effect on leaf number and leaf biomass of unmown plants, but on mown plants. SLA, LAR and leaf biomass was increased by shading treatments.
Shading led to lower stem biomass. thick root biomass, R/S. RGR and TRMR. but had no effects on SMR and FRMR. Mowing had no effects on thick root thickness, maximal root length, fine root biomass, SLA. LAR, R/S and biomass allocation, but on stem biomass of plants that both grew in shading and full sunlight habitats. In addition, mowing led to lower RGR, internodes number, shoot length and leaf biomass of plants grew in shading habitats.Photosynthetic capacity, water use efficiency (WUE) and light use efficiency (LUE) of many invasive exotic plants were greater than native plants. Photosynthetic parameters of aquatic A. philoxeroides, terrestrial A. philoxeroides, L. hexandra, Z. latifolia and P. communis during early growth stages, florescence (or middle growth stages) and flower-fruit stages were measured. The results showed that: Midday depressions of aquatic A. philoxeroides and terrestrial A. philoxeroides were not found in April, but found in June. Midday depressions of terrestrial A. philoxeroides also occurred in October, and which of L. hexandra, Z. latifolia and P. communis did not occur at any growth stage except in April. The mean value of photosynthetic rate, 7r and LUE of aquatic A. philoxeroides and terrestrial A. philoxeroides expressed on a day were greater than that of three native aquatic plants during every growth stage. The value of maximal photosynthetic rate of A. philoxeroides was similar to C4 plants, and which was greater than 3 native aquatic plants. The mean value of WUE of aquatic A. philoxeroides expressed on a day was the maximal in April, and which only lower than Z latifolia in June. The values of apparent quantum yield (AQY) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) of aquatic A. philoxeroides and terrestrial A. philoxeroides were higher than that of 3 native aquatic plants. On the other hand, there were no differences in dark respiration rates (Rd) and light compensation point (LCP) between A. philoxeroides and 3 native aquatic plants. Light saturation point (LSP) of aquatic A. philoxeroide and terrestrial A. philoxeroides was similar to that of Z latifolia and P. communis, but greater than that of L. hexandra. CO2 compensation point (CCP) of aquatic A. philoxeroides was the minimal. CO2 saturation point (CSP) of aquatic A. philoxeroides and terrestrial A. philoxeroides was similar to that of Z latifolia, but lower than that of L. hexandra and P. communis, respectively.There were 13 native species (including 3 life forms: free-floating, emergent and submersed) co-existed in the floating mats of A. philoxeroides in Changgang cannal, and which belonged to 12 genera, 10 families. There were 2 species belong to Hydrocharitaceae, Najadaceae and Gramineae respectively, and only 1 species belong
to other families. The biomass of emergent plants was the maximal and that o\' submersed plants was minimal, respectively.There were significant effects on the leaf width, spacer length, root length, plant height and leaf number of//, dubia caused by the mats of A. philoxeroides. However, the mat of A. philoxeroides had no effect on the leaf length, biomass per plant and clones number of H. dubia. The branch level, branches number, plant biomass and plant height of P. malaianus were decreased significantly when grew under the mats of A. philoxeroides. Plant density, winter bud density, leaf number and plant biomass of V. spinulosa were decreased with increasing the biomass of A. philoxeroides. Furthermore, no significant variation in plant height of V. spinulosa that grew under and outside the mat was found. The biomass per winter bud was increased when plants grew under the mat.
陆生型喜旱莲子草的地下根茎系统非常庞大,繁殖能力强。肉质根数随着土壤深度的增加而减少,0—10cm土层中根数最多;10—20cm深度的肉质根最粗;生物量集中分布在0—30cm深的土层中。肉质根上的不定芽数以0—10cm的最多(1260个)。喜旱莲子草地下茎主要存在于0-20cm深的土层中,地下茎上的腋芽数量在0-10cm土层最多。肉质根萌生幼芽的能力与其直径和生物量成正相关。肉质根浸水后产生了大量的不定芽。绝大部分不定芽在土壤中可以分枝。
喜旱莲子草漂浮植毡层搁浅在陆地上越冬后,植毡层上层的匍匐茎失水干枯,而下层的匍匐茎能正常越冬。越冬植毡层中的匍匐茎根据含水量分为三类:干枯茎、萎蔫茎和鲜茎。所有的茎浸水4周以后,比较各类型茎的繁殖能力。结果表明:干枯茎已失去繁殖能力,鲜茎繁殖能力最大。喜旱莲子草属于先萌芽后生根型植物,这种机制有利于喜旱莲子草在水体中扩散。
光照和牧食是影响外来种入侵的两个重要因子。在对喜旱莲子草进行遮荫和刈割处理的试验中发现:遮荫对未刈割植株的叶数和叶生物量没有影响,但明显减少了刈割植株的叶数和叶生物量。遮荫增加了所有植株的叶面积,并使更多的生物量分配到叶上,抑制了肉质根的形成,减少了茎生物量、根茎比(R/S)、相对生长速率(RGR)和肉质根生物量比(TRMR),但对茎生物量比(SMR)和细根生物量比(FRMR)没有明显影响。无论是在遮荫下还是在全日照下,刈割除对茎生物量有明显影响外,对根粗、最大根长、细根重、SLA、LAR、R/S和生物量分配都没有影响。另外刈割使生长于遮荫环境下的植株RGR、节数、茎长度和叶生物量降低。
许多外来入侵植物的光合能力强,水分利用效率(WUE)和光利用效率(LUE)比乡土植物高。对处于尘长早期、盛花期(或生长中期)和花果期的水尘型与陆生型喜旱莲子草及乡土水生植物李氏禾、菰和芦苇的光合特性进行了测定。结果
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. is an exotic aquatic-terrestrial plant that was introduced into China from South America. This species distributes widely and often extends hollow stems over the surface of the water, forming interwoven, floating mats. The capacity of growing and spreading rapidly of this species have caused many disadvantage to ecosystem and development of society and economy. However, the mechanisms of its invasion are not clear. This paper studied asexual reproduction, ecological adaptation and the effects on native aquatic plants of A. philoxeroides in order to analyze its invasion mechanisms.The system of root and underground stems of terrestrial A. philoxeroides is huge, and the reproduction capacity of which is high. Thick root numbers of A. philoxeroides were decreased with increasing soil depth. The maximal number and diameter of thick root were found in 0-10cm and 10-20cm depths respectively. Most of thick root biomass was found in 0-30cm depths. The maximal number of adventitious bud (1260 buds) was found in 0-10cm depths. Underground stems mainly distributed in 0-20cm depths. However, The axillary buds generated from underground stem were mainly distributed in 0-10cm depths. The positive relation between the capacity of generating bud and the thick root diameter as well as the thick root biomass was found. A large number of adventitious bud generated when thick root sinked into water. Most of adventitious buds branched before they emerged soil.After the floating-mat of A. philoxeroides stayed on the land and experienced the winter, the prostrate stems could be separate into 3 types according to water content: air-dry stems, wither stems and fresh stems. All the stems were sinked into water for 4 weeks in order to study the reproduction capacity of stems. The results showed that: Air-dry stems had no capacity of reproduction, but fresh stems had the maximal capacity. The mechanisms of generating bud earlier than that of root would help A. philoxeroides disperse in the water.Light and grazing are the two important factors that influence the invasion of exotic plants. The work of the effect of shading and mowing on A. philoxeroides showed that: shading had no effect on leaf number and leaf biomass of unmown plants, but on mown plants. SLA, LAR and leaf biomass was increased by shading treatments.
Shading led to lower stem biomass. thick root biomass, R/S. RGR and TRMR. but had no effects on SMR and FRMR. Mowing had no effects on thick root thickness, maximal root length, fine root biomass, SLA. LAR, R/S and biomass allocation, but on stem biomass of plants that both grew in shading and full sunlight habitats. In addition, mowing led to lower RGR, internodes number, shoot length and leaf biomass of plants grew in shading habitats.Photosynthetic capacity, water use efficiency (WUE) and light use efficiency (LUE) of many invasive exotic plants were greater than native plants. Photosynthetic parameters of aquatic A. philoxeroides, terrestrial A. philoxeroides, L. hexandra, Z. latifolia and P. communis during early growth stages, florescence (or middle growth stages) and flower-fruit stages were measured. The results showed that: Midday depressions of aquatic A. philoxeroides and terrestrial A. philoxeroides were not found in April, but found in June. Midday depressions of terrestrial A. philoxeroides also occurred in October, and which of L. hexandra, Z. latifolia and P. communis did not occur at any growth stage except in April. The mean value of photosynthetic rate, 7r and LUE of aquatic A. philoxeroides and terrestrial A. philoxeroides expressed on a day were greater than that of three native aquatic plants during every growth stage. The value of maximal photosynthetic rate of A. philoxeroides was similar to C4 plants, and which was greater than 3 native aquatic plants. The mean value of WUE of aquatic A. philoxeroides expressed on a day was the maximal in April, and which only lower than Z latifolia in June. The values of apparent quantum yield (AQY) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) of aquatic A. philoxeroides and terrestrial A. philoxeroides were higher than that of 3 native aquatic plants. On the other hand, there were no differences in dark respiration rates (Rd) and light compensation point (LCP) between A. philoxeroides and 3 native aquatic plants. Light saturation point (LSP) of aquatic A. philoxeroide and terrestrial A. philoxeroides was similar to that of Z latifolia and P. communis, but greater than that of L. hexandra. CO2 compensation point (CCP) of aquatic A. philoxeroides was the minimal. CO2 saturation point (CSP) of aquatic A. philoxeroides and terrestrial A. philoxeroides was similar to that of Z latifolia, but lower than that of L. hexandra and P. communis, respectively.There were 13 native species (including 3 life forms: free-floating, emergent and submersed) co-existed in the floating mats of A. philoxeroides in Changgang cannal, and which belonged to 12 genera, 10 families. There were 2 species belong to Hydrocharitaceae, Najadaceae and Gramineae respectively, and only 1 species belong
to other families. The biomass of emergent plants was the maximal and that o\' submersed plants was minimal, respectively.There were significant effects on the leaf width, spacer length, root length, plant height and leaf number of//, dubia caused by the mats of A. philoxeroides. However, the mat of A. philoxeroides had no effect on the leaf length, biomass per plant and clones number of H. dubia. The branch level, branches number, plant biomass and plant height of P. malaianus were decreased significantly when grew under the mats of A. philoxeroides. Plant density, winter bud density, leaf number and plant biomass of V. spinulosa were decreased with increasing the biomass of A. philoxeroides. Furthermore, no significant variation in plant height of V. spinulosa that grew under and outside the mat was found. The biomass per winter bud was increased when plants grew under the mat.
引文
1.陈洪达,何楚华.武昌东湖水生维管束植物生物量及其渔业上的合理利用问题.水生生物学集刊.1975,5:410-419.
2.陈倬.空心苋雄蕊雌化的现象.植物学报.1964,12:133-136.
3.崔骁勇,杜占池,王艳芬.内蒙古半干旱草原区沙地植物群落光合特征的动态研究.植物生态学报.2000,24:541-546.
4.高增祥,季荣,徐汝梅,谢宝瑜,李典谟.外来种入侵的过程、机理和预测.生态学报.2003,23:559-570.
5.中国国家环境保护总局,中国科学院.关于发布中国第一批入侵物种名单的通知.环发2003,第11号.
6.郭水良,方芳,黄华,强胜.外来入侵植物北美车前繁殖及光合生理生态学研究.植物生态学报.2004,28:787-793.
7.胡玉佳,毕培熙.薇甘菊生活史及其对除莠剂的反应.中山大学学报(自然科学版).1994,33:88-89.
8.黄华,郭水良.一枝黄花属三种欧洲入侵种的生态学研究概况.广西科学.2004.11:69-74.
9.李宏文,张纬,Chien P.K.不同光照强度的紫外光对几种水生植物的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.苏州城建环保学院学报.1996,9:45-48.
10.李学宝,何光源,吴振斌等.凤眼莲、水花生若干光合作用参数与酶类的研究.水生生物学报.1995,19:333-337.
11.李扬汉.中国杂草志.北京:中国农业出版社.1998,81-82.
12.林会成,强胜.空心莲子草营养繁殖特性研究.上海农业学报.2004.20:96-101.
13.林金成,强胜,吴海荣.外来入侵杂草空心莲子草对植物生物多样性的影响.农村生态环境.2005,21:28-32.
14.林金成,强胜,吴海荣,段惠.水花生[Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.) Griseb.].杂草科学.2003,3:36-38.
15.娄远来,王庆亚,邓渊钰,魏岚.空心莲子草根中异常结构及不定芽的发育解剖学研究.广西植物.2004,24:125-127.
16.陆永进,郑红,周恒昌.农达与使它隆复配防除水花生的效果.杂草科学.1996,2:28-35.
17.马瑞燕,王韧.不同生态型的喜旱莲子草对莲草直胸跳甲化蛹能力的影响.植物生态学报.2004,28:24-30.
18.潘瑞炽,董愚得主编.植物生理学.第3版.北京:高等教育出版社.1995,16-17.
19.尚以顺,陆燕萍.水花生净防除空心莲子草的效果.中国草地.1997,1:76-79.
20.沈俊明,金丽华,冒宇翔,韩娟,张学友.整形素防除水花生的应用.农药.2000,5:43-44.
21.苏丽,朱金松.空心莲子草地下茎津提掖对几种常见杂草种子萌发率的影响.杂草科学.2003,4:7-9.
22.谭万忠.空心莲子草对几种作物的损失测定.杂草学报.1994,8:28-31.
23.陶勇,陈少凤,江明喜.空心莲子草对水分变化的形态适应研究.长江流域资源与环境.2004,13:454-459.
24.王瑞,王印政.外来物种入侵、扩散过程与机制.见:徐汝梅,叶万辉主编,生物入侵理论与实践.北京:科学出版社.2003,76-98.
25.温达志,叶万辉,冯惠玲,蔡楚雄.外来入侵杂草薇甘菊及其伴生种基本光合特性的比较.热带亚热带植物学报.2000,8:139-146.
26.温晓刚,林世青,匡廷云.高温胁迫对光系统Ⅱ异质性的影响.生物物理学报.1996,12:714-718.
27.吴刚,于丹,涂芒辉,夏盛林,重云霄,康辉.武汉东湖石龙芮生长和种群动态研究.水生生物学报.1999,23:211-216.
28.吴克强.初谈滇池流域的生态失调.国内湖泊(水库)协作网通讯.1993,1:47-49.
29.吴彦琼,胡玉佳.外来植物南美蟛蜞菊、裂叶牵牛和五爪金龙的光合特性.生态学报.2004,24:2334-2339.
30.吴珍泉.温度对空心莲子草叶甲生长发育的影响.应用生态学报.1997,8:191-184
31.夏汉平,刘世忠,敖恩修.香根草等三种植物的抗盐性比较.应用与环境生物学报.2000,6:7-17.
32.向梅梅,曾永三,刘任,陈圣清,蔡军宏,游明龙.莲子草假隔链格孢的寄主范围及对空心莲子草的控制作用.植物病理学报.2002,3:286-287.
33.许凯扬,叶万辉,段学武,苏新国,徐志防.PEG诱导水分胁迫下喜旱莲子草的生理适应性.浙江大学学报.2004,30:271-277.
34.徐汝梅,叶万辉.生物入侵理论与实践.北京:科学出版社.2003,1-11.
35.杨永清,于丹,耿显华,李永科.梁子湖苦草繁殖体的分布及其萌发初步研究.水生生物学报.2004,28:396-401.
36.尹仁国.1992.蔬菜地空心莲子草的发生及危害.杂草科学.1992,1:13.
37.余柳青,陆永良,根本正之,清水矩宏,王鸣遥,徐青.稻田环境植物多样性研究.中国水稻科学.1999,13:254-256.
38.余叔文.植物生理学和分子生物学.北京:科学出版社.1992,236-243.
39.张彪,金银根,淮虎银等.两种生境条件下空心莲子草叶片解剖结构比较.杂草科学.2001,4:6-7.
40.张格成,李继祥,陈秀华.空心莲子草主要生物学特性研究.杂草科学.1993,2:10-12.
41.张胜华.空心莲子草的防治.植保技术与推广.1994,5:13.
42.张陶,王英祥,张中义.柱隔孢属二新种.菌物系统.2002,21:185-187.
43.张秀艳,叶永忠,张小平,李登煜,杜卫兵.空心莲子草的生殖及入侵特性.河南科学.2004,22:60-62.
44.周进,陈家宽.刈割频度对普通野生稻实验种群的影响.植物生态学报.1996.20:371-378.
45.周凌云,李清义,戴伦膺.武昌东湖水生维管束植物区系的初步调查.武汉大学学报.1963,121-131.
46.朱金文,朱国念,刘乾开,王章根.草甘磷在空心莲子草中的吸收与传导特性.浙江农业学报.2002,14:265-268.
47.朱金文,吴慧明,朱国念.雾滴大小与施药液量对草甘磷在空心莲子草叶片沉积的影响.农药学学报.2001,6:63-66.
48.祖元刚,王文杰,杨逢建,赵则海,曹建国.紫茎泽兰叶片气体交换的气孔调节 特性:对其入侵能力的意义.林业科学. 2005, 41: 25-35.
49. Ali M.M.. Murphy K.J. & Langendorff J. Interrelations of river ship traffic with aquatic plants in the River Nile. Upper Egypt. Hydrobiologia. 1999, 415: 93-100.
50. Asaeda T., Sultana M, Manatunge J. & Fujino T. The effect of epiphytic algae on the growth and production of Potamogeton perfoliatus L. in two light conditions. Environmental & Experimental Botany. 2004, 52: 225-238.
51. Azzoni R., Giordani G, Bartoli M., Welsh D.T. & Viaroli P. Iron, sulphur and phosphorus cycling in the rhizosphere sediments of a eutrophic Ruppia cirrhosa meadow (Valle Smarlacca, Italy). Journal of Sea Research. 2001, 45:15-26.
52. Baker H.G. Weeds-native and introduced. Journal of California Horticulture Society. 1962,23:97-104.
53. Baker H.G. Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds. In: Baker, H. G., Stebbins G.L. (eds). The genetics of colonizing species. 1965, Academic Press, New York, pp. 147-172.
54. Baker H.G. The evolution of weeds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 1974,7: 1-24.
55. Barko J.W. Adams M.S. & Clesceri N.L. Environmental factors and their consideration in the management of submersed aquatic vegetation: A review. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1986, 24: 1-10.
56. Barko J.W., Smart R.M. & McFarland D.G. Interactive effects of environmental conditions on the growth of submersed aquatic macrophytes. Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 1991,6: 199-207.
57. Barrat-Segretain M.H. Invasive species in the Rhone River floodplain (France): replacement of Elodea canadensis Michx. by Elodea nuttallii St. John in two former river channels. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie. 2001, 152: 237-251.
58. Barrat-Segretain M.H., Bornette G. & Hering-Vilas-Boas. Comparative abilities of vegetative regenration among aquatic plants growing in disturbed habitats. Aquatic Botany. 1998,60:201-211.
59. Barrat-Segretain M.H., Henry C.P. & Bornette G. Regeneration and colonisation of aquatic plants fragments in relation to the disturbance frequency of their habitat. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie. 1999, 145: 111-127.
60. Barret S.C.H. Crop mimicry in weeds. Economical Botany. 1983. 37:255-282.
61. Bazzaz F.A., Chiariello N.R., Coley P.D. & Pitelka L.F. Allocating resources to
reproduction and defence. Bioscience. 1987, 37: 58-67.
62. Blanch S.J.. Gant G.G. & Walker, K.F. Growth and recruitment in Vallisneria americana as related to average irradiance in the water column. Aquatic Botany. 1998,61:181-205.
63. Blossey B. & Notzold R. Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive nonindigenous plants: a hypothesis. Journal of Ecology. 1995, 83: 887-889.
64. Bolanos J.A. & Longstreth D.J. Salinity Effects on Water Potential Components and Bulk Elastic Modulus of Alternanthera Philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.. Plant Physiology. 1984,75:281-284.
65. Boylen C.W. Eichler L.W. & Madsen J.D. Loss of native aquatic plant species in a community dominated by Eurasian watermilfoil. Hydrobiologia. 1999, 415: 207-211.
66. Baruch Z. & Golodstein G. Leaf construction cost, nutrient concentration, and net CO_2 assimilation of native and invasive species in Hawaii. Oecologia. 1999, 121: 183-192.
67. Balagtas-Burow G.E., Moroney J.V. & Longstreth D.J. Growth and osmotic adjustment of cultured suspension cells from Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb after an abrupt increase in salinity. Journal of Experimental Botany. 1993, 44: 673-679.
68. Bowmer, K.H. & Eberbach, P.L. Conversion of super(14)C-glyphosate to carbon dioxide by alligator weed . Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1995, 33: 27-29.
69. Brown J.L. Vogia malloi, a newly introduced Pyralid (Lepidoptera) for the control of alligator weed. 1973, Ph.D. thesis, University of Florida, USA.
70. Brown R.L. & Peet R.K. Diversity and invasibility of southern Appalachian plant communities. Ecology. 2003, 84: 32-39.
71. Buckingham, G.R., Boucias, D & Theriot, R.F. Reintroduction of the alligatorweed flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila Selman and Vogt) into the United States from Argentina. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1983, 21(2): 101-102.
72. Burkhalter A.L.P., Lazor L., Beach R.L. et al. Aquatic Weed identification and control manual. Bureau of Aquatic Plant Research Control. 1972, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Tallahassee, USA. pp. 41-2.
73. Burns J.H. A comparison of invasive and non-invasive dayflowers
(Commelinaceae) across experimental nutrient and water gradients. Diversity & Distributions. 2004, 10: 387-397.
74. Burton P.J.& Bazzaz F.A. Ecophysiological responses of tree seedlings invading different patches of old-field vegetation. Journal of Ecology. 1995, 83:99-112.
75. Caldwell M.M, Dean T.J., Nowak R.S., Dzurec R.S. & Richards J.H. Bunchgrass architecture, light interception and water use efficiency: assessment by fibre optic point quadrats and gas exchange. Oecologia. 1983, 59:178-184.
76. Caldwell M.M., Richards J.H., Johnson D.A., Nowak R.S. & Dzurec R.S. Coping with herbivory: photosynthetic capacity and resource allocation in two semiarid Agropyron bunchgrasses. Oecologia. 1981, 50: 14-24.
77. Carter V., Rybicki NB. & Turtora M. Effect of increasing photon irradiance on the growth of Vallisneria americana in the tidal Potomac River. Aquatic Botany. 1996, 54: 337-345.
78. Carson W.P. & Barrett G.W. Succession in old-field plant communities: effects of contrasting types of nutrient enrichment. Ecology. 1988, 69: 984-994.
79. Center T.D. & Balciunas J. The effects of water quality on the distribution of alligator weed and water hyacinth. United States Army Engineers Waterways Experimental Station Technical Report. 1975, 10:B3-B13.
80. Chazdon R.L., Pearcy R.W., Lee D.W. & Fetcher N. Photosynthetic responses of tropical forest plants to contrasting light environments. In: Mulkey, S., Chazdon, R.L., Smith, A.P., (eds.), Tropical plant ecophysiology. 1996, New York, USA: Chapman and Hall. pp. 5-55.
81. Chester E.W. Alligatorweed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. in Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. 1988, 49: 140-142.
82. Christensen P.E. & Burrows N.D. Fire: an old tool with a new use. In: Groves R.H. & Burdon J.J. (eds.), Ecology of biological invasions: an Australian perspective. 1986, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, Australia, pp. 57-66.
83. Cook R.E. Growth and development in clonal plants. Jackson J.B.C., Buss L.W. & Cook R.E (eds.), Population biology and evolution of clonal organisms 1985, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 259-296.
84. Cook C.D.K. Dispersion in aquatic and amphibious vascular plants. In: Crawford, R.M.M. (eds.), Plant Life in aquatic and amphibious habitats. Special Publication
British Ecological Society, vol. 5. 1987. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, England, pp. 179-190.
85. Coulson, J.R. Biological control of alligarorweed, 1959-1972. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1977, 1547:98.
86. Coupland R.T., Selleck, G.W. & Alex J.F. Distribution of vegetative buds on the underground parts of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Canadian Journal Agricultural Science. 1955, 34:161-167.
87. Crawley M.J. What makes a community invasible? In: Gray A.J. Crawley M.J. & Edwards P.J. (eds.), Colonization, succession and stability. 1987, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 429-453.
88. Crawley M.J., Brown S.L., Heard M.S. & Edwards G.R. Invasion-resistance in experimental grassland communities: species richness or species identity? Ecology Letter. 1999,2: 140-148.
89. Cronin G. & Lodge D.M. Effects of light and nutrient availability on the growth, allocation, carbon/nitrogen balance, phenolic chemistry, and resistance to herbivory of two freshwater macrophytes. Oecologia. 2003, 137:32-41.
90. Cronk, Q.C.B., et al., Plant invaders. London: Chapman & Hall. 1995. pp. 136-137.
91. Dansereau P. & Segadas V.F. Ecology study of the peat bogs of eastern North America I structure and evolution of vegetation. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1952,30:490-520.
92. D'Antonio C. M. & Levine J.M. Elton revisited: a review of evidence linking diversity and invasibility. Oikos. 1999, 87: 15-26.
93. Davis G.J. & Brinson M.M. Responses of submersed vascular plant communities to environmental change. FWS/OBS-79/33. 1980, pp. 70.
94. De Hertogh AA. & Le Nard M. The physiology of flower bulbs. 1993, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
95. Dietz Hansjorg, Kohler Alexander & Ullmann Isolde. Regeneration growth of the invasive clonal forb Rorippa austriaca (Brassicaceae) in relation to fertilization and interspecific competition. Plant Ecology. 2002, 158: 171-182.
96. Dietz H. & Steinlein T. The impact of anthropogenic disturbance on life stage transitions and stand regeneration of the invasive alien plant Bunias orientalis L. In: Edwards K., Kowarik I., Starfinger U. & Williamson M. (eds.). Plant
invasions - ecological mechanisms and human responses. 1998. Backhuys Publishers. Leiden, pp. 169-184.
97. Drake J.A.. Mooney H.A., DiCastri F., Groves R.H.. Kruger F.J., Rejmanek M. & Williamson M. Biological invasions: a global perspective. 1989, John Wiley and Sons. Chichester, England.
98. Durand L.A. & Goldstein G. Photosynthesis, photoinhibition, and nitrogen use efficiency in native and invasive tree ferns in Hawaii. Oecologia. 2001, 126: 345-354.
99. Ellenberg H. Vegetation mitteleuropas mitden. 1982. Alpen Ulmer Stuttgart.
100. Elton C.S. The Ecology of invasions by animals and plants. 1958, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London.
101. Ellis A.R., Hubbell S.P. & Potvin C. In situ field measurements of photosynthetic rates of tropical tree species: A test of the functional group hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Botany. 2000, 178: 1336-1347.
102. Farquhar G.D., von Caemmerer S. & Berry J.A. A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO_2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta. 1980, 149: 78-90.
103. Farquhar G.D. & Sharkey T.D. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 1982, 33: 317-345.
104. Fitter A.H. Acquisition and utilization of resources. In: Crawley M.J., ed. Plant ecology. 1986, Oxford: Blackwell Scientic Publications. 375-405.
105. Gangstad E.O. Weed control methods for river basin management. 1978, CRC Press, West Palm Beach, FL.
106. Garbari F. & Pedulla M.L. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (Amaranthaceae), a new species for the exotic flora of Italy. Webbia. 2001, 56: 139-143.
107. Gerlach J.D. & Rice K.J. Testing life history correlates of invasiveness using congeneric plant species. Ecological Applications. 2003, 13: 167-179.
108. Goldsborough W.J.& Kemp W.M. Light responses of a submersed macrophyte: implications for survival in turbid tidal waters. Ecology. 1988, 69: 1775-1786.
109. Grace J.B. The adaptive significance of clonal reproduction in angiosperms: an aquatic perspective. Aquatic Botany. 1993,44: 159-180.
110. Grime J.P. The role of plasticity in exploiting environmental heterogeneity. In: Caldwell M.M., Pearcy R.W. (eds.), Exploitation of environmental heterogeneity by plants: ecophysiological processes above and below ground. 1994, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1-19.
111. Grotkopp E., Rejmanek M. & Rost T.L. Toward a causal explanation of plant invasiveness: seedling growth and life-history strategies of 29 pine (Pinus) species. American Naturalist. 2002, 159: 396-419.
112. Groves R.H. Plant invasions of Australia: an over view. In: Groves, R.H. and Burdon, J.J. (eds.), Ecology of biological invasions. 1986, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Yew York. pp. 137-149.
113. Han S.S., Halevy A.H., Sachs R.M. & Reid M.S. Flowering and corm yield of brodiaea in response to temperature, photoperiod, corm size, and planting depth. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 1991, 116: 19-22.
114. Harrington R.A., Brown B.J. & Reich P.B. Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in southern Wisconsin. I. Relationship of leaf characteristics, resource availability, and phenology to seasonal patterns of carbon gain. Oecologia. 1989a, 80: 356-367.
115. Harrington R.A., Brown B.J., Reich P.B. & Fownes J.H. Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in southern Wisconsin. II. Annual growth and carbon gain. Oecologia. 1989b, 80:368-373.
116. Hector A., Dobson K., Minns A., Bazeley-White E. & Lawton J.H. Community diversity and invasion resistance: An experimental test in a grassland ecosystem and a review of comparable studies. Ecological Research. 2001, 16: 819-831.
117. Herms D.A. & Mattson W.J. The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend. Quarterly Review of Biology. 1992, 67: 283-335.
118. Hester A.J. & Hobbs L.J. Influence of fire and soil nutrients on native and non-native annuals at remnant vegetation edges in the Western Australiat wheatbelt. Journal of Vegetation Science. 1992, 3:101-108.
119. Higgins S.I. & Richardson D.M. Pine invasions in the southern hemisphere: modelling interactions between organism, environment and disturbance. Plant Ecology. 1998, 135:79-93.
120. Hikosaka K., Sudoh S. & Hirose T. Light acquisition and use by individuals competing in a dense stand of an annual herb, Xanthium canadense. Oecologia. 1999, 118:388-396.
121. Hobbs I.L.J., Gulmon S.L., Hobbs V.J. & Mooney H.A. Effects of fertilizer addition and subsequent gopher disturbance on a serpentine annual grassland
community. Oecologia. 1988. 75: 291-295.
122. Hobbs R.J. & Huenneke L.F. Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation. Conservation Biology. 1992, 6: 324-337.
123. Hobbs I.L.J. & Mooney H.A. Community and population dynamics of serpentine grassland annuals in relation to gopher disturbances. Oecologia. 1985, 67: 342-351.
124. Hobbs I.L.J.& Mooney H.A. Effects of rainfall variability and gopher disturbance on serpentine annual grassland dynamics in N. California. Ecology. 1991,72:59-68.
125. Hood W.G. & Naiman R.J. Vulnerability of riparian zones to invasion by exotic vascular plants. Plant Ecology. 2000, 148: 105-114.
126. Hoover D.T. Reproductive ecology of two submersed macrophytes in varying pH regimes, M.A. Thesis. State University of New York, Binghamton. 1984. pp. 87.
127. Horvath D.P. The role of specific plant organs and polar auxin transport in correlative inhibition of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) root buds. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1998, 76:1227-1231.
128. Horvath D.P. Role of mature leaves in inhibition of root buds growth in Euphorbia esula L.Weed Science. 1999, 47: 544-550.
129. Howard G.W. & Harley K.L.S. How do floating aquatic weeds affect wetland conservation and development? How can these effects be minimized? Wetland Ecology & Management. 1998, 5: 215-225.
130. Huber H., Fijan A. & During H.J. A comparative study of spacer plasticity in erect and stoloniferous herbs. Oikos. 1998, 81: 576-586.
131. Huenneke L.F., Hamburg S.P. Koide I.L., Mooney H.A. & Vitousek P.M. Effects of soil resources on plant invasion and community structure in Californian serpentine grassland. Ecology. 1990, 71: 478-491.
132. Huffman R.T. & Lonard R.I. Successional patterns on floating vegetation mats in a southwestern Arkansas bald cypress swamp. Castanea. 1983, 48: 73-78.
133. Huston M. & Smith T. Plant succession: life history and competition. The American Naturalist. 1987, 130: 168-198.
134. Hutchings M.J. & De Kroon H. Foraging in plants: the role of morphological plasticity in resource acquisition. Advance in Ecological Research. 1994, 25: 159-238.
135. Jackson R.B., Canadell J., Ehleringer J.R., Mooney H.A., Sala O.E. & Schulze
E.D. A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia 1996, 108: 389-411.
136. Jones M.B. Photosynthetic responses of C_3 and C_4 wetland species in a tropical swamp. Journal of Ecology. 1988, 76: 253-262.
137. Julien M.H. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. In: Groves, R. H., Shepherd, R.C.H. and Richardson, R.C. (eds.), The Biology of Australian Weeds. 1995, pp. 1-12.
138. Julien M.H. & Bourne A.S. Alligator weed is spreading in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly. 1988, 3: 91-96.
139. Julien M.H & Chan R.R. Biological control of alligator weed: Unsuccessful attempts to control terrestrial growth using the flea beetle Disonycha argentinensis (Col.: Chrysomelidae). Entomophaga. 1992, 37: 215-221.
140. Julien M.H., Bourne A.S. & Low V.H.K. Growth of the weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martius) Grisebach, (alligater weed) in aquatic and terrestrial habitats in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly. 1992, 7: 102-108.
141. Julien M.H., Skaratt B. & Maywald G.F. Potential geographical distribution of alligator weed and its biological control by Afasocles hygrophila. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1995, 33: 55-60.
142. Kay, S.H. Impact of early-season migrations of alligatorweed stemborers on alligatorweed populations in North Carolina. Abstracts of the Aquatic plant Mangement society, Inc.Thirty-Second annual. Meeting and International Symposium on the biology and management of aquatic plants. 1992,15
143. Keane R.M. & Crawley M.J. Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2002, 17: 164-170.
144. Keeler K.H. Can genetically engineered crops become weeds? Bio/Technology. 1989,7:1134-1139.
145. Kennedy T.A., Naeem S., Howe K.M., Knops J.M.H., Tilman D. & Reich P. Biodiversity as a barrier to ecological invasion. Nature. 2002, 417: 636-638.
146. Klimes L., Klimesova J., Hendriks R. & van Groenendael J. Clonal plant architecture: a comparative analysis of form and function. In: de Kroon H. and van Groenendael J. (eds.), The ecology and evolution of clonal Plants. 1997, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 1 -29.
147. Klimes L. & Klimesva J. Root sprouting in Rumex acetosella under different nutrient levels. Plant Ecology. 1999, 141: 33-39.
148. Kloot P.M. The naturalized flora of South Australia 4. Its manner of introduction. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. 1987. 10: 223-240.
149. Korschgen C.E., Green W.L. & Kenow K.P. Effects of irradiance on growth and winter bud production by Vallisneria americana and consequences to its abundance and distribution. Aquatic Botany. 1997, 58: 1-9
150. Kowarik I. Time lags in biological invasions with regard to the success and failure of alien species. In: Pysek, P., Prach, K., Rejmanek, M. & Wade, M. (eds.), Plant invasions: general aspects and special problems. 1995, SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 15-38.
151. Krusi B.O. & Wein R.W. Experimental studies on the resiliency of floating Typha mats in a freshwater marsh. Journal of Ecology. 1988, 76: 60-72.
152. Kunii H. Characteristics of the winter growth of detached Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John in Japan. Aquatic Botany. 1981, 11: 57-66.
153. Kunii H. The critical water temperature for the active growth of Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John. Jpn. Journal of Ecology. 1982, 32: 111-112.
154. Kurtz J.C., Yates D.F., Macauley J.M., Quarles R.L., Genthner F.J., Chancy C.A. & Devereux R. Effects of light reduction on growth of the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria americana and the community of root-associated heterotrophic bacteria. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology. 2003, 4151: 1-20.
155. Larcher W. Physiological plant ecology. 1987, New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
156. Lavorel S., Prieur-Richard A.H. & Grigulis K. Invasibility and diversity of plant communities, from patterns to processes. Diversity & Distributions. 1999, 5: 41-49.
157. Lehtila K. Modelling compensatory regrowth with bud dormancy and gradual activation of buds. Evolutionary Ecology. 2000, 14 (4-6): 315-330.
158. Levine J.M. & D'Antonio C. Elton revisited: a review of evidence linking diversity and invasibility. Oikos. 1999, 87:15-26.
159. Levine J.M. Species diversity and biological invasions: relating local process to community pattern. Science. 2000, 288: 252-254.
160. Levine J.M., Kennedy T. & Naeem S. Neighbourhood scale effects of species diversity on biological invasions and their relationship to community patterns. In: Loreau, M., Naeem, S. & Inchausti, P. (eds). Biodiversity and ecosystem
functioning. 2002. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 114-126.
161. Li B. Shibuya T., Yogo Y. & Hara T. Effects of ramet clipping and nutrient availability on growth and biomass allocation of yellow nutsedge. Fxological Research. 2004, 19:603-612.
162. Livingston R.J., McGlynn S.E. & Niu X. Factors controlling seagrass growth in a gulf coastal system: water quality and light. Aquatic Botany. 1998, 60: 135-159.
163. Longbrake A.C.W. & McCarthy B.C. Biomass allocation and resprouting ability of princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa: Scrophulariaceae) across a light gradient. American Midland Naturalist. 2001, 146: 388-403.
164. Longstreth D.J. & Mason C.B. The effect of light on growth and dry matter allocation patterns of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Botany Gazette. 1984, 145: 105-109.
165. Longstreth D.J., Bolanos J.A. & Smith J.E. Salinity effects on photosynthesis and growth in Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Plant Physiology. 1984,75:1044-1047.
166. Longstreth D.J., Bolanos J.A. & Goddard R.H. Photosynitetic rate and mesophyll surface area in expanding leaves of Alternanthera philoxeroides growth at two light levels. Americal Journal of Botany. 1985, 72: 14-19.
167. Lonsdale W.M. Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility. Ecology. 1999,80: 1522-1536.
168. Loreti J., Oesterheld M. & Sala O. Lack of intraspecific variation in resistance to defoliation in a grass that evolved under light grazing pressure. Plant Ecology. 2001,157: 195-202.
169. Lubke M.A. & Cavers P.B. Studies of vegetative regeneration in Saponaria officinalis L. (soapwort) and Silene cucubalus Wibel (bladder campion). Canadian Field Naturalist. 1970, 84: 43-47.
170. Lym R.G. The Biology and integrated management of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) on North Dakota rangeland. Weed Technology. 1998, 12: 367-373.
171. Mack R.N. Plant naturalizations and invasions in the Eastern United States: 1634-1860. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2003, 90: 77-90.
172. Mack R.N. & Erneberg M. The United States naturalized flora: largely the product of deliberate introductions. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2002,89: 176-189.
173. Mack R.N.. Simberloff D. & Lonsdale W.M. Biotic invasions: cause, epidemiology, global consequences and control. Ecological Applications. 2000, 10:698-710.
174. Madsen J.D., Sutherland J.W., Bloomfield J.A., Eichler L.W. & Boylen C.W. The decline of native vegetation under dense Eurasian watermilfoil canopies. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1991, 29: 94-99.
175. Maillet J. & Lopez-Garcia C. What criteria might be relevant to predict the invasive capacity of a new agricultural weed? The case of invasive American species in France. Weed Research. 2000, 40:11-26.
176. Martinkova J., Klimesova J. & Mihulka S. Resprouting after disturbance: an experimental study with the short-lived monocarpic herbs. Folia Geobotanica. 2004a, 39:1-12.
177. Martinkova, J., Kocvarova, M., Klimesova, J. Resprouting after disturbance in the short-lived herb Rorippa palustris (Brassicaceae): an experiment with juveniles. Acta Oecologica. 2004b, 25: 143-150.
178. Martinez M.D., Nunez F.J., Terrazas T. Del Mar Ruiz P.L., Trinidad S.A., Trejo L.C. & Larque S.A. Plastic response to clipping in two species of Amaranthus from the Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico. Genetic Resources & Crop Evolution. 1999,46:225-234.
179. Maun H. & Cavers P.B. The regenerative capacity of root cuttings of Taraxacum officinale under natural conditions. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1979, 57: 1783-1791.
180. Mcdowell S.C.L. Photosynthetic characteristics of invasive and noninvasive species of Rubus (Rosaceae). American Journal Botany. 2002, 89: 1431-1438.
181. McIntyre G.I. Developmental studies on Euphorbia esula. The influence of the nitrogen supply on correlative inhibition of root bud activity. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1972, 50: 949-956.
182. Ladjal M., Epron D. & Durcrey M. Effects of drought preconditioning on thermotolerance of photosystem II and susceptibility of photosynthesis to heat stress in cedar seedlings. Tree Physiology. 2000, 20: 1235-1241.
183. Meiners S.J., Pickett S.T.A. & Cadenasso M.L. Effects of plant invasions on the species richness of abandoned agricultural land. Ecography. 2001, 24: 633-644.
184. Menzie C.A. Growth of the aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum in a littoral
area of the Hudson River estuary. Aquatic Botany. 1979, 6:365-375.
185. Methy M. Alpert P. & Roy J. Effects of light quality and quantity on growth of the clonal plant Eichhornia crassipes. Oecologia. 1990, 84: 265-271.
186. Meyer A. The experimental demography of clonal plants: a case study of the invading species Solidago altissima L. 1992, PhD thesis, Basel Switzerland: University of Basel.
187. Meyer A.H & Schmid B. Seed dynamics and seedlings establishment in the invading perennial Solidago altissima under different experimental treatments. Journal of Ecology. 1999, 87(1): 28-41.
188. Miller T.E., Kneitel J.M. & Burns J.H. Effect of community structure on invasion success and rate. Ecology. 2002. 83: 898-905.
189. Mitchell C.E. & Power A.G. Release of invasive plants from fungal and viral pathogens. Nature. 2003, 421: 625-627.
190. Mogie M. & Hutchings M.J. Phytogeny, ontogeny and clonal growth in vascular plants. In: van Groenendael J. & de Kroon H. (eds.), Clonal growth in plants: Regulation and function. 1990, The Hague, The Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing. 3-22.
191. Mooney H.A. & Cleland E.E. The evolutionary impact of invasive species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 2001, 98: 5446-5451.
192. Muraoka H., Uchida M., Mishio M., Nakatsubo T., Kanda H. & Koizumi H. Leaf photosynthetic characteristics and net primary production of the polar willow (Salix polaris) in a high arctic polar semi-desert, Ny-Alesund, Savalbard. Canadian Journal of Botany. 2002, 80: 1193-1202.
193. Murphy K.J. & Eaton J.W. Effects of pleasure-boat traffic on macrophyte growth in canals. Journal of Applied Ecology. 1983, 20: 713-729.
194. Navas M.L. & Gamier E. Plasticity of whole plant and leaf traits in Rubia peregrina in response to light, nutrient and water availability. Acta Oecologica. 2002,23:375-383.
195. Niinemets U. Adaptive adjustments to light in foliage and whole plant characteristics depend on relative age in the perennial herb Leontodon hispidus. New Phytologist. 2004, 162: 683-696.
196. Nijs I. Ferris R. & Blum H. Stomatal regulatin in a changing climate: A field study using free air temperature increase (FATI) and free air CO_2 enrichment
(FACE). Plant. Cell & Environment. 1997. 20: 1041-1050.
197. Noda H.. Muraoka H. & Washitani I. Morphological and physiological acclimation responses to contrasting light and water regimes in Primula sieboldii. Ecological Research. 2004, 19: 331-340.
198. Novoplansky A., Cohen D. & Sachs T. Responses of an annual plant to temporal changes in light environment: an interplay between plasticity and determination. Oikos. 1994,69:437-446.
199. Oliver J.D. A review of the biology of the giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell). Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1993, 31: 227-231.
200. Ondok J.P. & Closure J. Net photosynthesis is and dark respiration in stand of Phragmites communis Trin. Calculated of a model. Ⅱ: Results . Photsynthetica. 1978,12:336-343.
201. Osmond C.B. & Grace S.C. Perspectives on photoinhibition and photorespiration in the field: quintessential inefficiencies of the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis. Journal of Experiment Botany. 1995, 46:1351-1362.
202. Palumbi S.R. Humans as the world's greatest evolutionary force. Science. 2001, 293:1786-1790.
203. Parker I.M., Simberloff D., Lonsdale W.M., Goodell K., Wonham M., Kareiva P.M., Willamson M.H., Von Holle B., Moyle P.B., Byers J.E. & Goldwasser L. Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders. Biological Invasion. 1999, 1: 3-19.
204. Pattison R.R., Goldstein G. & Ares A. Growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of invasive and native Hawaiian rainforest species. Oecologia. 1998, 117:449-459.
205. Peterson R.L. The initiation and development of root buds. In: Torrey J.G. and Clarkson T.D. (eds.), The development and function of roots. 1975, Academic Press. London, pp. 125-161.
206. Poorter H. & Nagel O. The role of biomass allocation in the growth response of plants to different levels of light, CO_2, nutrients and water: a quantitative review. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2000, 27: 595-607.
207. Raju M.V.S., Stevens T.A. & Coupland R.T. On the regeneration of root fragments of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Weed Research. 1964, 4: 2-11.
208. Reichard S.H. & Hamilton C.W. Predicting invasions of woody plants
introduced into North America. Conservation Biology. 1997, 11:193-203.
209. Rejmanek M. & Richardson D.M. What attributes make some plant species more invasive? Ecology. 1996,77: 1655-1661.
210. Rejmanek M. & Rosen E. Influence of colonizing shrubs on species-area relationships in alvar plant communities. Journal of Vegetation Science. 1992, 3: 625-630.
211. Richardson D.M. Plant invasion ecology-dispatches from the front line. Diversity and Distributions. 2004, 10: 315-319.
212. Richardson D.M., Williams P.A. & Hobbs R.J. Pine invasions in the Southern Hemisphere: determinants of spread and invadability. Journal of Biogeography. 1994,21:511-527.
213. Rickey M.A. & Anderson R.C. Effects of nitrogen addition on the invasive grass Phragmites australis and a native competitor Spartina pectinata. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2004, 41: 888-896.
214. Roche B.F., Jr, Roche C.T. & Chapman R.C. Impacts of grassland habitat on yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) invasion. Northwest Science. 1994, 68: 86-96.
215. Rogers W.E. & Simann E. Effects of simulated herbivory and resources on Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum, Euphorbiaceae) invasion of native coastal prairie. American Journal of Botany. 2003, 90: 243-249.
216. Rybicki N.B. & Carter V. Effect of sediment depth and sediment type on the survival of Vallineria americ Michx growth from tubers. Aquatic Botany. 1986, 24:233-240.
217. Sakai A.K., Allendorf F.W., Holt J.S., Lodge D.M., Molofsky J., With K.A. et al. The population biology of invasive species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 2001, 32: 305-332.
218. Sainty G.T. Aquatic Plant identification guide. Water conservation and irrigation commission of New South Wales, North Sydney. 1973, 69-70.
219. Sainty G, McCorkelle G. & Julien M. Control and spread of Alligator Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., in Australia: lessons for other regions. Wetlands Ecology & Mangement. 1998, 5: 195-201.
220. Salaiz T.A., Horst G.L. & Shearman R.C. Mowing height and vertical mowing frequency effects on putting green quality. Crop Science. 1995, 35: 1422-1425.
221. Salisbury F.B. & Ross C.W. Plant physiology. 1992, Wadsworth Publishing Co.,
Belmont. C.A.
222. Sands. D.P.A., Kassulke, RC & Harley. KLS. Host specificity of Disonycha argentinensis (Col.: Chrysomelidae), an agent for the biological control of Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) in Australia. Entomophaga. 1982, 27(2): 163-172.
223. Santamanana L. & Rodnguez-girones A. Hiding from swans: optimal burial depth of sago pondweed tubers foraged by Beweick's swans. Journal of Ecology. 2002,90:303-315.
224. Sara A.I. & Katsuo O.A. Vegetative propagation capacity of Alternanthera philoxeroides in crop soils. Ecologia Austral. 1996, 6 (1): 9-16.
225. Schierenbeck K.A. Comparative ecological and genetic studies between a native (Lonicera sempervirens L.) and an introduced congener (L. japonica Thunb.). 1992, PhD thesis, Washington State University, Pullman flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu
226. Schweitzer J.A. & Larson K.C. Greater morphological plasticity of exotic honeysuckle species may make them better invaders than native species. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 1999, 126: 15-23.
227. Sculthorpe C.D. The biology of aquatic vascular plants. 1967, Edward Arnold. London, pp. 610.
228. Selleck G.W., Coupland R.T. & Frankton C. Leafy spurge in Saskatchewan. Ecological Monographs. 1962, 32: 1-29.
229. Shea K. & Chesson P. Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 2002,17: 170-176.
230. Siemann E. & Rogers W.E. Genetic differences in growth of an invasive tree species. Ecology Letters. 2001, 4: 514-518.
231. Smith C.W. & Tunison J.T. Fire and alien plants in Hawaii: Research and management implications for native ecosystems. In: Stone C.P., Smith C.W. & Tunison, J.T. (eds.), Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii. Managenment and Research. 1992, University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Studies Unit, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. pp. 394-408.
232. Smith C.M. and Walters L.J. Fragmentation as a strategy for caulerpa species: fates of fragments and implications for management of an invasive weed. Marine Ecology. 1999, 20(3-4): 307-319.
233. Somodi I. & Botta-Dukat Z. Determinants of floating island vegetation and
succession in a recently flooded shallow lake. Kis-Balaton (Hungary). Aquatic Botany. 2004, 79: 357-366.
234. Steinlein T., Dietz H. & Ullmann I. Growth patterns of Bunias orientalis (Brassicaceae) underlying its rising dominance in some native plant assemblages. Vegetatio. 1996,125:73-82.
235. Stohlgren T.J., Binkley D., Chong G.W., Kalken M.A., Schell L.D., Bull K.A., Otsuki, Y., Newman G., Bashkin M. & Son Y. Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity. Ecological Monographs. 1999, 69: 25-46.
236. Tallis J.H. Changes in wetland communities Ecosystems of the world Vol 4 A Mires Swamp Bog Fen and Moor General Studies (eds. by Gore A.J.P.). 1983, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amesterdam. pp. 311-129.
237. Tan W.Z., Li Q.J. & Qing L. Biological control of alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) with a Fusarium sp. Biological Control. 2002, 47: 463-179.
238. Tilman D. Community invasibility, recruitment limitation, and grassland biodiversity. Ecology. 1997, 78: 81-92.
239. Tilman D. The ecological consequences of changesin biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology. 1999, 80: 1455-1474.
240. Thebaud C, Finzi A.C., Affre L., Debussche M. & Escarre J. Assessing why two introduced Conyza differ in their ability to invade Mediterranean old fields. Ecology. 1996, 77:791-804.
241. Thompson J.N. Rapid evolution as an ecological process. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 1998,13: 329-332.
242. Thorgeirsson H. & Richards J.H. Root elongation rate and water extraction by two aridland bunchgrasses, Agropyron spicatum and Agropyron desertorum. 1983,64:159.
243. Tiley G.E.D. & Philip B. Observations on flowering and seed production in Heracleum mantegazzianum in relation to control. In: Brock J.H., Wade M.. Pysek P. and Green D. (eds.). Plant invasions-studies from North America and Europe. 1997, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 123-137.
244. Tuomi J., Nilsson P. & Astrom M. Plant compensatory responses: bud dormancy as an adaptation to herbivory. Ecology. 1994, 75:1429-1436.
245. Urbas P. & Zobel K. Adaptive and inevitable morphological plasticity of three herbaceous species in a multi-species community: field experiment with manipulated nutrients and light. Acta Oecologica. 2000, 21:139-147.
246. Usher M.B. Biological invasions into tropical nature reserves. In: Ramakrishnan, P.S. (eds.), Ecology of Biological invasion in the Tropics. 1991, pp.21-34.
247. Van Dijk, G.M. & Van Vierssen W. Survival of a Potamogelon pectinatus L. population under various light conditions in a shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Veluwe) in The Netherlands. Aquatic Botany. 1991, 39: 121-129.
248. Van Dijk G.M., Breukelaar A.W. & Gijlstra R. Impact of light climate history on seasonal dynamics of a field population of Potamogeton pectinatus L. during a three year period (1986-1988). Aquatic Botany. 1992,43: 17-41.
249. Van Auken O.W. & Bush J.K. Prosopis glandulosa growth: influence of nutrients and simulated grazing of Bouteloua curtipendula. Ecology. 1989, 70: 512-516.
250. Van Hinsberg A. & van Tienderen P. Variation in growth form in relation to spectral light quality (red/far-red ratio) in Plantago lanceolata L. in sun and shade populations. Oecologia. 1997, 111: 452-459.
251. Van T.K. & Steward K.K. Longevity of monoecious hydrilla propagules. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1990, 28:74-76.
252. Veneklaas E.J. & Poorter L. Growth and carbon partitioning of tropical tree seedlings in contrasting light environments. In: Lambers H., Poorter H., Van Vuuren I.M.M., (eds.), Inherent variation in plant growth, physiological mechanisms and ecological consequences. 1998, Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 337-361.
253. Vitousek P.M. Biological invasions and ecosystem properties: can species make a difference? In: Mooney, H.A., Drake. J.A. (eds.), Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. 1986, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. pp. 163-176.
254. Vitousek P.M. Biological invasions and ecosystem processes: towards an integration of population biology and ecosystem studies. Oikos. 1990, 57: 7-13.
255. Vitousek P.M., Loope L.L. & Stone C.P. Introduced species in Hawaii: biological effects and opportunities for ecological research. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 1987, 2: 224-227.
256. Walker D.A. Automated measurement of leaf photosynthetic O_2 evolution as a function of photon flux density. Philosophical trascations of the Royal Society London B. 1989,323,313-326.
257. Walters M.B., Kruger E.L. & Reich P.B. Relative growth rate in relation to physiological and morphological traits for northern hardwood tree seedlings: species, light environment and ontogenetic considerations. Oecologia. 1993, 96:
219-231.
258. Wang B.R., Li W.G. & Wang J.B. Genetic diversity of Alternanthera philoxeroides in China. Aquatic Botany. 2005, 81: 277-283.
259. Watada A.A., Luriab G. & Borochovb A. Aconitum: effects of environmental conditions and tuber size on growth, flowering and tuber production. Journal of Horiculturae Scientia. 1999, 81: 135-147.
260. Weber E. & Schmid B. Das Neophytenproblem. Dissertationes Botanicae. 1993, 196:209-227.
261. Williams A.E., Duthie H.C. & Hecky R.E. Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria: Why did it vanish so quickly and will it return? Aqutic Botany. 2005, 81: 300-314.
262. Williams D.G. & Black R.A. Phenotypic variation in contrasting temerature environments: growth and photosynthesis in Pennisetum setaceum from different altitudes on Havaii. Function Ecology. 1993, 7: 623-633.
263. Williams D.G. & Black R.A. Drought response of a native and introduced Hawaiian grass. Oecologia. 1994, 97: 512-519.
264. Williams D.G., Mack R.N. & Black R.A. Ecophysiology of introduced Pennisetum setaceum on Hawaii: the role of phenotypic plasticity. Ecology. 1995, 76: 1569-1580.
265. Williamson M. Biological invasions. 1996, Chapman & Hall.London, England.
266. Witkowski E.T.F. & Wilson M. Changes in density, biomass, seed production and soil seed banks of the non-native invasive plant, Chromolaena odorata, along a 15 year chronosequence. Plant Ecology. 2001, 152: 13-27.
267. Whitmore T.C. A review of some aspects of tropical rain forest seedling ecology with suggestions for further enquiry. In: Swaine M.D. (eds.), The ecology of eropical forest tree seedlings. 1996, Paris: Parthenon Publishing Group. 3-39.
268. Wolfe L.M. Why alien invaders succeed: support for the escape-from-enemy hypothesis. American Naturalist. 2002, 160: 705-711.
269. Xu C.Y., Zhang W.J., Fu C.Z. & Lu B.R. Genetic diversity of alligator weed in China by RAPD analysis. Biodiversity Conservation. 2003, 12: 637-645.
270. Yamashita N., Ishida A., Kushima H. & Tanaka N. Acclimation to sudden increase in light favouring an invasive over native trees in subtropical islands, Japan. Oecologia. 2000, 125: 412-419.
271. Ye W.H., Li J., Cao H.L. & Ge X.J. Genetic uniformity of Alternanthera philoxeroides in South China. Weed Research. 2003, 43: 297-302.
272. Yela J.L. & Lawton J.H. Insect herbivore loads on native and introduced plants; a preliminary study. Entomologia Experimenta et Applicata. 1997. 85: 275-279.
273. Yelverton F. Seasonal rooting and mowing height effects on 'Penncross' bentgrass in the southern United States. Turfax. 1999, 7, 4.
274. Young J.A., Palmquist D.E. & Wotring S.O. The invasive nature of Lepidium latifolium: a review. In: Brock J.H., Wade M., Pysek P. and Green D. (eds.), Plant invasions-studies from North America and Europe. 1997, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 59-68.
275. Yurkonis K.A. & Meiners S.J. Invasion impacts local species turnover in a successional system. Ecology Letters. 2004, 7: 764-769.
2.陈倬.空心苋雄蕊雌化的现象.植物学报.1964,12:133-136.
3.崔骁勇,杜占池,王艳芬.内蒙古半干旱草原区沙地植物群落光合特征的动态研究.植物生态学报.2000,24:541-546.
4.高增祥,季荣,徐汝梅,谢宝瑜,李典谟.外来种入侵的过程、机理和预测.生态学报.2003,23:559-570.
5.中国国家环境保护总局,中国科学院.关于发布中国第一批入侵物种名单的通知.环发2003,第11号.
6.郭水良,方芳,黄华,强胜.外来入侵植物北美车前繁殖及光合生理生态学研究.植物生态学报.2004,28:787-793.
7.胡玉佳,毕培熙.薇甘菊生活史及其对除莠剂的反应.中山大学学报(自然科学版).1994,33:88-89.
8.黄华,郭水良.一枝黄花属三种欧洲入侵种的生态学研究概况.广西科学.2004.11:69-74.
9.李宏文,张纬,Chien P.K.不同光照强度的紫外光对几种水生植物的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.苏州城建环保学院学报.1996,9:45-48.
10.李学宝,何光源,吴振斌等.凤眼莲、水花生若干光合作用参数与酶类的研究.水生生物学报.1995,19:333-337.
11.李扬汉.中国杂草志.北京:中国农业出版社.1998,81-82.
12.林会成,强胜.空心莲子草营养繁殖特性研究.上海农业学报.2004.20:96-101.
13.林金成,强胜,吴海荣.外来入侵杂草空心莲子草对植物生物多样性的影响.农村生态环境.2005,21:28-32.
14.林金成,强胜,吴海荣,段惠.水花生[Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.) Griseb.].杂草科学.2003,3:36-38.
15.娄远来,王庆亚,邓渊钰,魏岚.空心莲子草根中异常结构及不定芽的发育解剖学研究.广西植物.2004,24:125-127.
16.陆永进,郑红,周恒昌.农达与使它隆复配防除水花生的效果.杂草科学.1996,2:28-35.
17.马瑞燕,王韧.不同生态型的喜旱莲子草对莲草直胸跳甲化蛹能力的影响.植物生态学报.2004,28:24-30.
18.潘瑞炽,董愚得主编.植物生理学.第3版.北京:高等教育出版社.1995,16-17.
19.尚以顺,陆燕萍.水花生净防除空心莲子草的效果.中国草地.1997,1:76-79.
20.沈俊明,金丽华,冒宇翔,韩娟,张学友.整形素防除水花生的应用.农药.2000,5:43-44.
21.苏丽,朱金松.空心莲子草地下茎津提掖对几种常见杂草种子萌发率的影响.杂草科学.2003,4:7-9.
22.谭万忠.空心莲子草对几种作物的损失测定.杂草学报.1994,8:28-31.
23.陶勇,陈少凤,江明喜.空心莲子草对水分变化的形态适应研究.长江流域资源与环境.2004,13:454-459.
24.王瑞,王印政.外来物种入侵、扩散过程与机制.见:徐汝梅,叶万辉主编,生物入侵理论与实践.北京:科学出版社.2003,76-98.
25.温达志,叶万辉,冯惠玲,蔡楚雄.外来入侵杂草薇甘菊及其伴生种基本光合特性的比较.热带亚热带植物学报.2000,8:139-146.
26.温晓刚,林世青,匡廷云.高温胁迫对光系统Ⅱ异质性的影响.生物物理学报.1996,12:714-718.
27.吴刚,于丹,涂芒辉,夏盛林,重云霄,康辉.武汉东湖石龙芮生长和种群动态研究.水生生物学报.1999,23:211-216.
28.吴克强.初谈滇池流域的生态失调.国内湖泊(水库)协作网通讯.1993,1:47-49.
29.吴彦琼,胡玉佳.外来植物南美蟛蜞菊、裂叶牵牛和五爪金龙的光合特性.生态学报.2004,24:2334-2339.
30.吴珍泉.温度对空心莲子草叶甲生长发育的影响.应用生态学报.1997,8:191-184
31.夏汉平,刘世忠,敖恩修.香根草等三种植物的抗盐性比较.应用与环境生物学报.2000,6:7-17.
32.向梅梅,曾永三,刘任,陈圣清,蔡军宏,游明龙.莲子草假隔链格孢的寄主范围及对空心莲子草的控制作用.植物病理学报.2002,3:286-287.
33.许凯扬,叶万辉,段学武,苏新国,徐志防.PEG诱导水分胁迫下喜旱莲子草的生理适应性.浙江大学学报.2004,30:271-277.
34.徐汝梅,叶万辉.生物入侵理论与实践.北京:科学出版社.2003,1-11.
35.杨永清,于丹,耿显华,李永科.梁子湖苦草繁殖体的分布及其萌发初步研究.水生生物学报.2004,28:396-401.
36.尹仁国.1992.蔬菜地空心莲子草的发生及危害.杂草科学.1992,1:13.
37.余柳青,陆永良,根本正之,清水矩宏,王鸣遥,徐青.稻田环境植物多样性研究.中国水稻科学.1999,13:254-256.
38.余叔文.植物生理学和分子生物学.北京:科学出版社.1992,236-243.
39.张彪,金银根,淮虎银等.两种生境条件下空心莲子草叶片解剖结构比较.杂草科学.2001,4:6-7.
40.张格成,李继祥,陈秀华.空心莲子草主要生物学特性研究.杂草科学.1993,2:10-12.
41.张胜华.空心莲子草的防治.植保技术与推广.1994,5:13.
42.张陶,王英祥,张中义.柱隔孢属二新种.菌物系统.2002,21:185-187.
43.张秀艳,叶永忠,张小平,李登煜,杜卫兵.空心莲子草的生殖及入侵特性.河南科学.2004,22:60-62.
44.周进,陈家宽.刈割频度对普通野生稻实验种群的影响.植物生态学报.1996.20:371-378.
45.周凌云,李清义,戴伦膺.武昌东湖水生维管束植物区系的初步调查.武汉大学学报.1963,121-131.
46.朱金文,朱国念,刘乾开,王章根.草甘磷在空心莲子草中的吸收与传导特性.浙江农业学报.2002,14:265-268.
47.朱金文,吴慧明,朱国念.雾滴大小与施药液量对草甘磷在空心莲子草叶片沉积的影响.农药学学报.2001,6:63-66.
48.祖元刚,王文杰,杨逢建,赵则海,曹建国.紫茎泽兰叶片气体交换的气孔调节 特性:对其入侵能力的意义.林业科学. 2005, 41: 25-35.
49. Ali M.M.. Murphy K.J. & Langendorff J. Interrelations of river ship traffic with aquatic plants in the River Nile. Upper Egypt. Hydrobiologia. 1999, 415: 93-100.
50. Asaeda T., Sultana M, Manatunge J. & Fujino T. The effect of epiphytic algae on the growth and production of Potamogeton perfoliatus L. in two light conditions. Environmental & Experimental Botany. 2004, 52: 225-238.
51. Azzoni R., Giordani G, Bartoli M., Welsh D.T. & Viaroli P. Iron, sulphur and phosphorus cycling in the rhizosphere sediments of a eutrophic Ruppia cirrhosa meadow (Valle Smarlacca, Italy). Journal of Sea Research. 2001, 45:15-26.
52. Baker H.G. Weeds-native and introduced. Journal of California Horticulture Society. 1962,23:97-104.
53. Baker H.G. Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds. In: Baker, H. G., Stebbins G.L. (eds). The genetics of colonizing species. 1965, Academic Press, New York, pp. 147-172.
54. Baker H.G. The evolution of weeds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 1974,7: 1-24.
55. Barko J.W. Adams M.S. & Clesceri N.L. Environmental factors and their consideration in the management of submersed aquatic vegetation: A review. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1986, 24: 1-10.
56. Barko J.W., Smart R.M. & McFarland D.G. Interactive effects of environmental conditions on the growth of submersed aquatic macrophytes. Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 1991,6: 199-207.
57. Barrat-Segretain M.H. Invasive species in the Rhone River floodplain (France): replacement of Elodea canadensis Michx. by Elodea nuttallii St. John in two former river channels. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie. 2001, 152: 237-251.
58. Barrat-Segretain M.H., Bornette G. & Hering-Vilas-Boas. Comparative abilities of vegetative regenration among aquatic plants growing in disturbed habitats. Aquatic Botany. 1998,60:201-211.
59. Barrat-Segretain M.H., Henry C.P. & Bornette G. Regeneration and colonisation of aquatic plants fragments in relation to the disturbance frequency of their habitat. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie. 1999, 145: 111-127.
60. Barret S.C.H. Crop mimicry in weeds. Economical Botany. 1983. 37:255-282.
61. Bazzaz F.A., Chiariello N.R., Coley P.D. & Pitelka L.F. Allocating resources to
reproduction and defence. Bioscience. 1987, 37: 58-67.
62. Blanch S.J.. Gant G.G. & Walker, K.F. Growth and recruitment in Vallisneria americana as related to average irradiance in the water column. Aquatic Botany. 1998,61:181-205.
63. Blossey B. & Notzold R. Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive nonindigenous plants: a hypothesis. Journal of Ecology. 1995, 83: 887-889.
64. Bolanos J.A. & Longstreth D.J. Salinity Effects on Water Potential Components and Bulk Elastic Modulus of Alternanthera Philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.. Plant Physiology. 1984,75:281-284.
65. Boylen C.W. Eichler L.W. & Madsen J.D. Loss of native aquatic plant species in a community dominated by Eurasian watermilfoil. Hydrobiologia. 1999, 415: 207-211.
66. Baruch Z. & Golodstein G. Leaf construction cost, nutrient concentration, and net CO_2 assimilation of native and invasive species in Hawaii. Oecologia. 1999, 121: 183-192.
67. Balagtas-Burow G.E., Moroney J.V. & Longstreth D.J. Growth and osmotic adjustment of cultured suspension cells from Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb after an abrupt increase in salinity. Journal of Experimental Botany. 1993, 44: 673-679.
68. Bowmer, K.H. & Eberbach, P.L. Conversion of super(14)C-glyphosate to carbon dioxide by alligator weed . Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1995, 33: 27-29.
69. Brown J.L. Vogia malloi, a newly introduced Pyralid (Lepidoptera) for the control of alligator weed. 1973, Ph.D. thesis, University of Florida, USA.
70. Brown R.L. & Peet R.K. Diversity and invasibility of southern Appalachian plant communities. Ecology. 2003, 84: 32-39.
71. Buckingham, G.R., Boucias, D & Theriot, R.F. Reintroduction of the alligatorweed flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila Selman and Vogt) into the United States from Argentina. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1983, 21(2): 101-102.
72. Burkhalter A.L.P., Lazor L., Beach R.L. et al. Aquatic Weed identification and control manual. Bureau of Aquatic Plant Research Control. 1972, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Tallahassee, USA. pp. 41-2.
73. Burns J.H. A comparison of invasive and non-invasive dayflowers
(Commelinaceae) across experimental nutrient and water gradients. Diversity & Distributions. 2004, 10: 387-397.
74. Burton P.J.& Bazzaz F.A. Ecophysiological responses of tree seedlings invading different patches of old-field vegetation. Journal of Ecology. 1995, 83:99-112.
75. Caldwell M.M, Dean T.J., Nowak R.S., Dzurec R.S. & Richards J.H. Bunchgrass architecture, light interception and water use efficiency: assessment by fibre optic point quadrats and gas exchange. Oecologia. 1983, 59:178-184.
76. Caldwell M.M., Richards J.H., Johnson D.A., Nowak R.S. & Dzurec R.S. Coping with herbivory: photosynthetic capacity and resource allocation in two semiarid Agropyron bunchgrasses. Oecologia. 1981, 50: 14-24.
77. Carter V., Rybicki NB. & Turtora M. Effect of increasing photon irradiance on the growth of Vallisneria americana in the tidal Potomac River. Aquatic Botany. 1996, 54: 337-345.
78. Carson W.P. & Barrett G.W. Succession in old-field plant communities: effects of contrasting types of nutrient enrichment. Ecology. 1988, 69: 984-994.
79. Center T.D. & Balciunas J. The effects of water quality on the distribution of alligator weed and water hyacinth. United States Army Engineers Waterways Experimental Station Technical Report. 1975, 10:B3-B13.
80. Chazdon R.L., Pearcy R.W., Lee D.W. & Fetcher N. Photosynthetic responses of tropical forest plants to contrasting light environments. In: Mulkey, S., Chazdon, R.L., Smith, A.P., (eds.), Tropical plant ecophysiology. 1996, New York, USA: Chapman and Hall. pp. 5-55.
81. Chester E.W. Alligatorweed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. in Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. 1988, 49: 140-142.
82. Christensen P.E. & Burrows N.D. Fire: an old tool with a new use. In: Groves R.H. & Burdon J.J. (eds.), Ecology of biological invasions: an Australian perspective. 1986, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, Australia, pp. 57-66.
83. Cook R.E. Growth and development in clonal plants. Jackson J.B.C., Buss L.W. & Cook R.E (eds.), Population biology and evolution of clonal organisms 1985, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 259-296.
84. Cook C.D.K. Dispersion in aquatic and amphibious vascular plants. In: Crawford, R.M.M. (eds.), Plant Life in aquatic and amphibious habitats. Special Publication
British Ecological Society, vol. 5. 1987. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, England, pp. 179-190.
85. Coulson, J.R. Biological control of alligarorweed, 1959-1972. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1977, 1547:98.
86. Coupland R.T., Selleck, G.W. & Alex J.F. Distribution of vegetative buds on the underground parts of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Canadian Journal Agricultural Science. 1955, 34:161-167.
87. Crawley M.J. What makes a community invasible? In: Gray A.J. Crawley M.J. & Edwards P.J. (eds.), Colonization, succession and stability. 1987, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 429-453.
88. Crawley M.J., Brown S.L., Heard M.S. & Edwards G.R. Invasion-resistance in experimental grassland communities: species richness or species identity? Ecology Letter. 1999,2: 140-148.
89. Cronin G. & Lodge D.M. Effects of light and nutrient availability on the growth, allocation, carbon/nitrogen balance, phenolic chemistry, and resistance to herbivory of two freshwater macrophytes. Oecologia. 2003, 137:32-41.
90. Cronk, Q.C.B., et al., Plant invaders. London: Chapman & Hall. 1995. pp. 136-137.
91. Dansereau P. & Segadas V.F. Ecology study of the peat bogs of eastern North America I structure and evolution of vegetation. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1952,30:490-520.
92. D'Antonio C. M. & Levine J.M. Elton revisited: a review of evidence linking diversity and invasibility. Oikos. 1999, 87: 15-26.
93. Davis G.J. & Brinson M.M. Responses of submersed vascular plant communities to environmental change. FWS/OBS-79/33. 1980, pp. 70.
94. De Hertogh AA. & Le Nard M. The physiology of flower bulbs. 1993, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
95. Dietz Hansjorg, Kohler Alexander & Ullmann Isolde. Regeneration growth of the invasive clonal forb Rorippa austriaca (Brassicaceae) in relation to fertilization and interspecific competition. Plant Ecology. 2002, 158: 171-182.
96. Dietz H. & Steinlein T. The impact of anthropogenic disturbance on life stage transitions and stand regeneration of the invasive alien plant Bunias orientalis L. In: Edwards K., Kowarik I., Starfinger U. & Williamson M. (eds.). Plant
invasions - ecological mechanisms and human responses. 1998. Backhuys Publishers. Leiden, pp. 169-184.
97. Drake J.A.. Mooney H.A., DiCastri F., Groves R.H.. Kruger F.J., Rejmanek M. & Williamson M. Biological invasions: a global perspective. 1989, John Wiley and Sons. Chichester, England.
98. Durand L.A. & Goldstein G. Photosynthesis, photoinhibition, and nitrogen use efficiency in native and invasive tree ferns in Hawaii. Oecologia. 2001, 126: 345-354.
99. Ellenberg H. Vegetation mitteleuropas mitden. 1982. Alpen Ulmer Stuttgart.
100. Elton C.S. The Ecology of invasions by animals and plants. 1958, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London.
101. Ellis A.R., Hubbell S.P. & Potvin C. In situ field measurements of photosynthetic rates of tropical tree species: A test of the functional group hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Botany. 2000, 178: 1336-1347.
102. Farquhar G.D., von Caemmerer S. & Berry J.A. A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO_2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta. 1980, 149: 78-90.
103. Farquhar G.D. & Sharkey T.D. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 1982, 33: 317-345.
104. Fitter A.H. Acquisition and utilization of resources. In: Crawley M.J., ed. Plant ecology. 1986, Oxford: Blackwell Scientic Publications. 375-405.
105. Gangstad E.O. Weed control methods for river basin management. 1978, CRC Press, West Palm Beach, FL.
106. Garbari F. & Pedulla M.L. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (Amaranthaceae), a new species for the exotic flora of Italy. Webbia. 2001, 56: 139-143.
107. Gerlach J.D. & Rice K.J. Testing life history correlates of invasiveness using congeneric plant species. Ecological Applications. 2003, 13: 167-179.
108. Goldsborough W.J.& Kemp W.M. Light responses of a submersed macrophyte: implications for survival in turbid tidal waters. Ecology. 1988, 69: 1775-1786.
109. Grace J.B. The adaptive significance of clonal reproduction in angiosperms: an aquatic perspective. Aquatic Botany. 1993,44: 159-180.
110. Grime J.P. The role of plasticity in exploiting environmental heterogeneity. In: Caldwell M.M., Pearcy R.W. (eds.), Exploitation of environmental heterogeneity by plants: ecophysiological processes above and below ground. 1994, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1-19.
111. Grotkopp E., Rejmanek M. & Rost T.L. Toward a causal explanation of plant invasiveness: seedling growth and life-history strategies of 29 pine (Pinus) species. American Naturalist. 2002, 159: 396-419.
112. Groves R.H. Plant invasions of Australia: an over view. In: Groves, R.H. and Burdon, J.J. (eds.), Ecology of biological invasions. 1986, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Yew York. pp. 137-149.
113. Han S.S., Halevy A.H., Sachs R.M. & Reid M.S. Flowering and corm yield of brodiaea in response to temperature, photoperiod, corm size, and planting depth. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 1991, 116: 19-22.
114. Harrington R.A., Brown B.J. & Reich P.B. Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in southern Wisconsin. I. Relationship of leaf characteristics, resource availability, and phenology to seasonal patterns of carbon gain. Oecologia. 1989a, 80: 356-367.
115. Harrington R.A., Brown B.J., Reich P.B. & Fownes J.H. Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in southern Wisconsin. II. Annual growth and carbon gain. Oecologia. 1989b, 80:368-373.
116. Hector A., Dobson K., Minns A., Bazeley-White E. & Lawton J.H. Community diversity and invasion resistance: An experimental test in a grassland ecosystem and a review of comparable studies. Ecological Research. 2001, 16: 819-831.
117. Herms D.A. & Mattson W.J. The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend. Quarterly Review of Biology. 1992, 67: 283-335.
118. Hester A.J. & Hobbs L.J. Influence of fire and soil nutrients on native and non-native annuals at remnant vegetation edges in the Western Australiat wheatbelt. Journal of Vegetation Science. 1992, 3:101-108.
119. Higgins S.I. & Richardson D.M. Pine invasions in the southern hemisphere: modelling interactions between organism, environment and disturbance. Plant Ecology. 1998, 135:79-93.
120. Hikosaka K., Sudoh S. & Hirose T. Light acquisition and use by individuals competing in a dense stand of an annual herb, Xanthium canadense. Oecologia. 1999, 118:388-396.
121. Hobbs I.L.J., Gulmon S.L., Hobbs V.J. & Mooney H.A. Effects of fertilizer addition and subsequent gopher disturbance on a serpentine annual grassland
community. Oecologia. 1988. 75: 291-295.
122. Hobbs R.J. & Huenneke L.F. Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation. Conservation Biology. 1992, 6: 324-337.
123. Hobbs I.L.J. & Mooney H.A. Community and population dynamics of serpentine grassland annuals in relation to gopher disturbances. Oecologia. 1985, 67: 342-351.
124. Hobbs I.L.J.& Mooney H.A. Effects of rainfall variability and gopher disturbance on serpentine annual grassland dynamics in N. California. Ecology. 1991,72:59-68.
125. Hood W.G. & Naiman R.J. Vulnerability of riparian zones to invasion by exotic vascular plants. Plant Ecology. 2000, 148: 105-114.
126. Hoover D.T. Reproductive ecology of two submersed macrophytes in varying pH regimes, M.A. Thesis. State University of New York, Binghamton. 1984. pp. 87.
127. Horvath D.P. The role of specific plant organs and polar auxin transport in correlative inhibition of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) root buds. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1998, 76:1227-1231.
128. Horvath D.P. Role of mature leaves in inhibition of root buds growth in Euphorbia esula L.Weed Science. 1999, 47: 544-550.
129. Howard G.W. & Harley K.L.S. How do floating aquatic weeds affect wetland conservation and development? How can these effects be minimized? Wetland Ecology & Management. 1998, 5: 215-225.
130. Huber H., Fijan A. & During H.J. A comparative study of spacer plasticity in erect and stoloniferous herbs. Oikos. 1998, 81: 576-586.
131. Huenneke L.F., Hamburg S.P. Koide I.L., Mooney H.A. & Vitousek P.M. Effects of soil resources on plant invasion and community structure in Californian serpentine grassland. Ecology. 1990, 71: 478-491.
132. Huffman R.T. & Lonard R.I. Successional patterns on floating vegetation mats in a southwestern Arkansas bald cypress swamp. Castanea. 1983, 48: 73-78.
133. Huston M. & Smith T. Plant succession: life history and competition. The American Naturalist. 1987, 130: 168-198.
134. Hutchings M.J. & De Kroon H. Foraging in plants: the role of morphological plasticity in resource acquisition. Advance in Ecological Research. 1994, 25: 159-238.
135. Jackson R.B., Canadell J., Ehleringer J.R., Mooney H.A., Sala O.E. & Schulze
E.D. A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia 1996, 108: 389-411.
136. Jones M.B. Photosynthetic responses of C_3 and C_4 wetland species in a tropical swamp. Journal of Ecology. 1988, 76: 253-262.
137. Julien M.H. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. In: Groves, R. H., Shepherd, R.C.H. and Richardson, R.C. (eds.), The Biology of Australian Weeds. 1995, pp. 1-12.
138. Julien M.H. & Bourne A.S. Alligator weed is spreading in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly. 1988, 3: 91-96.
139. Julien M.H & Chan R.R. Biological control of alligator weed: Unsuccessful attempts to control terrestrial growth using the flea beetle Disonycha argentinensis (Col.: Chrysomelidae). Entomophaga. 1992, 37: 215-221.
140. Julien M.H., Bourne A.S. & Low V.H.K. Growth of the weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martius) Grisebach, (alligater weed) in aquatic and terrestrial habitats in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly. 1992, 7: 102-108.
141. Julien M.H., Skaratt B. & Maywald G.F. Potential geographical distribution of alligator weed and its biological control by Afasocles hygrophila. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1995, 33: 55-60.
142. Kay, S.H. Impact of early-season migrations of alligatorweed stemborers on alligatorweed populations in North Carolina. Abstracts of the Aquatic plant Mangement society, Inc.Thirty-Second annual. Meeting and International Symposium on the biology and management of aquatic plants. 1992,15
143. Keane R.M. & Crawley M.J. Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2002, 17: 164-170.
144. Keeler K.H. Can genetically engineered crops become weeds? Bio/Technology. 1989,7:1134-1139.
145. Kennedy T.A., Naeem S., Howe K.M., Knops J.M.H., Tilman D. & Reich P. Biodiversity as a barrier to ecological invasion. Nature. 2002, 417: 636-638.
146. Klimes L., Klimesova J., Hendriks R. & van Groenendael J. Clonal plant architecture: a comparative analysis of form and function. In: de Kroon H. and van Groenendael J. (eds.), The ecology and evolution of clonal Plants. 1997, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 1 -29.
147. Klimes L. & Klimesva J. Root sprouting in Rumex acetosella under different nutrient levels. Plant Ecology. 1999, 141: 33-39.
148. Kloot P.M. The naturalized flora of South Australia 4. Its manner of introduction. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. 1987. 10: 223-240.
149. Korschgen C.E., Green W.L. & Kenow K.P. Effects of irradiance on growth and winter bud production by Vallisneria americana and consequences to its abundance and distribution. Aquatic Botany. 1997, 58: 1-9
150. Kowarik I. Time lags in biological invasions with regard to the success and failure of alien species. In: Pysek, P., Prach, K., Rejmanek, M. & Wade, M. (eds.), Plant invasions: general aspects and special problems. 1995, SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 15-38.
151. Krusi B.O. & Wein R.W. Experimental studies on the resiliency of floating Typha mats in a freshwater marsh. Journal of Ecology. 1988, 76: 60-72.
152. Kunii H. Characteristics of the winter growth of detached Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John in Japan. Aquatic Botany. 1981, 11: 57-66.
153. Kunii H. The critical water temperature for the active growth of Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John. Jpn. Journal of Ecology. 1982, 32: 111-112.
154. Kurtz J.C., Yates D.F., Macauley J.M., Quarles R.L., Genthner F.J., Chancy C.A. & Devereux R. Effects of light reduction on growth of the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria americana and the community of root-associated heterotrophic bacteria. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology. 2003, 4151: 1-20.
155. Larcher W. Physiological plant ecology. 1987, New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
156. Lavorel S., Prieur-Richard A.H. & Grigulis K. Invasibility and diversity of plant communities, from patterns to processes. Diversity & Distributions. 1999, 5: 41-49.
157. Lehtila K. Modelling compensatory regrowth with bud dormancy and gradual activation of buds. Evolutionary Ecology. 2000, 14 (4-6): 315-330.
158. Levine J.M. & D'Antonio C. Elton revisited: a review of evidence linking diversity and invasibility. Oikos. 1999, 87:15-26.
159. Levine J.M. Species diversity and biological invasions: relating local process to community pattern. Science. 2000, 288: 252-254.
160. Levine J.M., Kennedy T. & Naeem S. Neighbourhood scale effects of species diversity on biological invasions and their relationship to community patterns. In: Loreau, M., Naeem, S. & Inchausti, P. (eds). Biodiversity and ecosystem
functioning. 2002. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 114-126.
161. Li B. Shibuya T., Yogo Y. & Hara T. Effects of ramet clipping and nutrient availability on growth and biomass allocation of yellow nutsedge. Fxological Research. 2004, 19:603-612.
162. Livingston R.J., McGlynn S.E. & Niu X. Factors controlling seagrass growth in a gulf coastal system: water quality and light. Aquatic Botany. 1998, 60: 135-159.
163. Longbrake A.C.W. & McCarthy B.C. Biomass allocation and resprouting ability of princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa: Scrophulariaceae) across a light gradient. American Midland Naturalist. 2001, 146: 388-403.
164. Longstreth D.J. & Mason C.B. The effect of light on growth and dry matter allocation patterns of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Botany Gazette. 1984, 145: 105-109.
165. Longstreth D.J., Bolanos J.A. & Smith J.E. Salinity effects on photosynthesis and growth in Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Plant Physiology. 1984,75:1044-1047.
166. Longstreth D.J., Bolanos J.A. & Goddard R.H. Photosynitetic rate and mesophyll surface area in expanding leaves of Alternanthera philoxeroides growth at two light levels. Americal Journal of Botany. 1985, 72: 14-19.
167. Lonsdale W.M. Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility. Ecology. 1999,80: 1522-1536.
168. Loreti J., Oesterheld M. & Sala O. Lack of intraspecific variation in resistance to defoliation in a grass that evolved under light grazing pressure. Plant Ecology. 2001,157: 195-202.
169. Lubke M.A. & Cavers P.B. Studies of vegetative regeneration in Saponaria officinalis L. (soapwort) and Silene cucubalus Wibel (bladder campion). Canadian Field Naturalist. 1970, 84: 43-47.
170. Lym R.G. The Biology and integrated management of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) on North Dakota rangeland. Weed Technology. 1998, 12: 367-373.
171. Mack R.N. Plant naturalizations and invasions in the Eastern United States: 1634-1860. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2003, 90: 77-90.
172. Mack R.N. & Erneberg M. The United States naturalized flora: largely the product of deliberate introductions. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2002,89: 176-189.
173. Mack R.N.. Simberloff D. & Lonsdale W.M. Biotic invasions: cause, epidemiology, global consequences and control. Ecological Applications. 2000, 10:698-710.
174. Madsen J.D., Sutherland J.W., Bloomfield J.A., Eichler L.W. & Boylen C.W. The decline of native vegetation under dense Eurasian watermilfoil canopies. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1991, 29: 94-99.
175. Maillet J. & Lopez-Garcia C. What criteria might be relevant to predict the invasive capacity of a new agricultural weed? The case of invasive American species in France. Weed Research. 2000, 40:11-26.
176. Martinkova J., Klimesova J. & Mihulka S. Resprouting after disturbance: an experimental study with the short-lived monocarpic herbs. Folia Geobotanica. 2004a, 39:1-12.
177. Martinkova, J., Kocvarova, M., Klimesova, J. Resprouting after disturbance in the short-lived herb Rorippa palustris (Brassicaceae): an experiment with juveniles. Acta Oecologica. 2004b, 25: 143-150.
178. Martinez M.D., Nunez F.J., Terrazas T. Del Mar Ruiz P.L., Trinidad S.A., Trejo L.C. & Larque S.A. Plastic response to clipping in two species of Amaranthus from the Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico. Genetic Resources & Crop Evolution. 1999,46:225-234.
179. Maun H. & Cavers P.B. The regenerative capacity of root cuttings of Taraxacum officinale under natural conditions. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1979, 57: 1783-1791.
180. Mcdowell S.C.L. Photosynthetic characteristics of invasive and noninvasive species of Rubus (Rosaceae). American Journal Botany. 2002, 89: 1431-1438.
181. McIntyre G.I. Developmental studies on Euphorbia esula. The influence of the nitrogen supply on correlative inhibition of root bud activity. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1972, 50: 949-956.
182. Ladjal M., Epron D. & Durcrey M. Effects of drought preconditioning on thermotolerance of photosystem II and susceptibility of photosynthesis to heat stress in cedar seedlings. Tree Physiology. 2000, 20: 1235-1241.
183. Meiners S.J., Pickett S.T.A. & Cadenasso M.L. Effects of plant invasions on the species richness of abandoned agricultural land. Ecography. 2001, 24: 633-644.
184. Menzie C.A. Growth of the aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum in a littoral
area of the Hudson River estuary. Aquatic Botany. 1979, 6:365-375.
185. Methy M. Alpert P. & Roy J. Effects of light quality and quantity on growth of the clonal plant Eichhornia crassipes. Oecologia. 1990, 84: 265-271.
186. Meyer A. The experimental demography of clonal plants: a case study of the invading species Solidago altissima L. 1992, PhD thesis, Basel Switzerland: University of Basel.
187. Meyer A.H & Schmid B. Seed dynamics and seedlings establishment in the invading perennial Solidago altissima under different experimental treatments. Journal of Ecology. 1999, 87(1): 28-41.
188. Miller T.E., Kneitel J.M. & Burns J.H. Effect of community structure on invasion success and rate. Ecology. 2002. 83: 898-905.
189. Mitchell C.E. & Power A.G. Release of invasive plants from fungal and viral pathogens. Nature. 2003, 421: 625-627.
190. Mogie M. & Hutchings M.J. Phytogeny, ontogeny and clonal growth in vascular plants. In: van Groenendael J. & de Kroon H. (eds.), Clonal growth in plants: Regulation and function. 1990, The Hague, The Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing. 3-22.
191. Mooney H.A. & Cleland E.E. The evolutionary impact of invasive species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 2001, 98: 5446-5451.
192. Muraoka H., Uchida M., Mishio M., Nakatsubo T., Kanda H. & Koizumi H. Leaf photosynthetic characteristics and net primary production of the polar willow (Salix polaris) in a high arctic polar semi-desert, Ny-Alesund, Savalbard. Canadian Journal of Botany. 2002, 80: 1193-1202.
193. Murphy K.J. & Eaton J.W. Effects of pleasure-boat traffic on macrophyte growth in canals. Journal of Applied Ecology. 1983, 20: 713-729.
194. Navas M.L. & Gamier E. Plasticity of whole plant and leaf traits in Rubia peregrina in response to light, nutrient and water availability. Acta Oecologica. 2002,23:375-383.
195. Niinemets U. Adaptive adjustments to light in foliage and whole plant characteristics depend on relative age in the perennial herb Leontodon hispidus. New Phytologist. 2004, 162: 683-696.
196. Nijs I. Ferris R. & Blum H. Stomatal regulatin in a changing climate: A field study using free air temperature increase (FATI) and free air CO_2 enrichment
(FACE). Plant. Cell & Environment. 1997. 20: 1041-1050.
197. Noda H.. Muraoka H. & Washitani I. Morphological and physiological acclimation responses to contrasting light and water regimes in Primula sieboldii. Ecological Research. 2004, 19: 331-340.
198. Novoplansky A., Cohen D. & Sachs T. Responses of an annual plant to temporal changes in light environment: an interplay between plasticity and determination. Oikos. 1994,69:437-446.
199. Oliver J.D. A review of the biology of the giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell). Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1993, 31: 227-231.
200. Ondok J.P. & Closure J. Net photosynthesis is and dark respiration in stand of Phragmites communis Trin. Calculated of a model. Ⅱ: Results . Photsynthetica. 1978,12:336-343.
201. Osmond C.B. & Grace S.C. Perspectives on photoinhibition and photorespiration in the field: quintessential inefficiencies of the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis. Journal of Experiment Botany. 1995, 46:1351-1362.
202. Palumbi S.R. Humans as the world's greatest evolutionary force. Science. 2001, 293:1786-1790.
203. Parker I.M., Simberloff D., Lonsdale W.M., Goodell K., Wonham M., Kareiva P.M., Willamson M.H., Von Holle B., Moyle P.B., Byers J.E. & Goldwasser L. Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders. Biological Invasion. 1999, 1: 3-19.
204. Pattison R.R., Goldstein G. & Ares A. Growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of invasive and native Hawaiian rainforest species. Oecologia. 1998, 117:449-459.
205. Peterson R.L. The initiation and development of root buds. In: Torrey J.G. and Clarkson T.D. (eds.), The development and function of roots. 1975, Academic Press. London, pp. 125-161.
206. Poorter H. & Nagel O. The role of biomass allocation in the growth response of plants to different levels of light, CO_2, nutrients and water: a quantitative review. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2000, 27: 595-607.
207. Raju M.V.S., Stevens T.A. & Coupland R.T. On the regeneration of root fragments of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Weed Research. 1964, 4: 2-11.
208. Reichard S.H. & Hamilton C.W. Predicting invasions of woody plants
introduced into North America. Conservation Biology. 1997, 11:193-203.
209. Rejmanek M. & Richardson D.M. What attributes make some plant species more invasive? Ecology. 1996,77: 1655-1661.
210. Rejmanek M. & Rosen E. Influence of colonizing shrubs on species-area relationships in alvar plant communities. Journal of Vegetation Science. 1992, 3: 625-630.
211. Richardson D.M. Plant invasion ecology-dispatches from the front line. Diversity and Distributions. 2004, 10: 315-319.
212. Richardson D.M., Williams P.A. & Hobbs R.J. Pine invasions in the Southern Hemisphere: determinants of spread and invadability. Journal of Biogeography. 1994,21:511-527.
213. Rickey M.A. & Anderson R.C. Effects of nitrogen addition on the invasive grass Phragmites australis and a native competitor Spartina pectinata. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2004, 41: 888-896.
214. Roche B.F., Jr, Roche C.T. & Chapman R.C. Impacts of grassland habitat on yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) invasion. Northwest Science. 1994, 68: 86-96.
215. Rogers W.E. & Simann E. Effects of simulated herbivory and resources on Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum, Euphorbiaceae) invasion of native coastal prairie. American Journal of Botany. 2003, 90: 243-249.
216. Rybicki N.B. & Carter V. Effect of sediment depth and sediment type on the survival of Vallineria americ Michx growth from tubers. Aquatic Botany. 1986, 24:233-240.
217. Sakai A.K., Allendorf F.W., Holt J.S., Lodge D.M., Molofsky J., With K.A. et al. The population biology of invasive species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 2001, 32: 305-332.
218. Sainty G.T. Aquatic Plant identification guide. Water conservation and irrigation commission of New South Wales, North Sydney. 1973, 69-70.
219. Sainty G, McCorkelle G. & Julien M. Control and spread of Alligator Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., in Australia: lessons for other regions. Wetlands Ecology & Mangement. 1998, 5: 195-201.
220. Salaiz T.A., Horst G.L. & Shearman R.C. Mowing height and vertical mowing frequency effects on putting green quality. Crop Science. 1995, 35: 1422-1425.
221. Salisbury F.B. & Ross C.W. Plant physiology. 1992, Wadsworth Publishing Co.,
Belmont. C.A.
222. Sands. D.P.A., Kassulke, RC & Harley. KLS. Host specificity of Disonycha argentinensis (Col.: Chrysomelidae), an agent for the biological control of Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) in Australia. Entomophaga. 1982, 27(2): 163-172.
223. Santamanana L. & Rodnguez-girones A. Hiding from swans: optimal burial depth of sago pondweed tubers foraged by Beweick's swans. Journal of Ecology. 2002,90:303-315.
224. Sara A.I. & Katsuo O.A. Vegetative propagation capacity of Alternanthera philoxeroides in crop soils. Ecologia Austral. 1996, 6 (1): 9-16.
225. Schierenbeck K.A. Comparative ecological and genetic studies between a native (Lonicera sempervirens L.) and an introduced congener (L. japonica Thunb.). 1992, PhD thesis, Washington State University, Pullman flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu
226. Schweitzer J.A. & Larson K.C. Greater morphological plasticity of exotic honeysuckle species may make them better invaders than native species. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 1999, 126: 15-23.
227. Sculthorpe C.D. The biology of aquatic vascular plants. 1967, Edward Arnold. London, pp. 610.
228. Selleck G.W., Coupland R.T. & Frankton C. Leafy spurge in Saskatchewan. Ecological Monographs. 1962, 32: 1-29.
229. Shea K. & Chesson P. Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 2002,17: 170-176.
230. Siemann E. & Rogers W.E. Genetic differences in growth of an invasive tree species. Ecology Letters. 2001, 4: 514-518.
231. Smith C.W. & Tunison J.T. Fire and alien plants in Hawaii: Research and management implications for native ecosystems. In: Stone C.P., Smith C.W. & Tunison, J.T. (eds.), Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii. Managenment and Research. 1992, University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Studies Unit, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. pp. 394-408.
232. Smith C.M. and Walters L.J. Fragmentation as a strategy for caulerpa species: fates of fragments and implications for management of an invasive weed. Marine Ecology. 1999, 20(3-4): 307-319.
233. Somodi I. & Botta-Dukat Z. Determinants of floating island vegetation and
succession in a recently flooded shallow lake. Kis-Balaton (Hungary). Aquatic Botany. 2004, 79: 357-366.
234. Steinlein T., Dietz H. & Ullmann I. Growth patterns of Bunias orientalis (Brassicaceae) underlying its rising dominance in some native plant assemblages. Vegetatio. 1996,125:73-82.
235. Stohlgren T.J., Binkley D., Chong G.W., Kalken M.A., Schell L.D., Bull K.A., Otsuki, Y., Newman G., Bashkin M. & Son Y. Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity. Ecological Monographs. 1999, 69: 25-46.
236. Tallis J.H. Changes in wetland communities Ecosystems of the world Vol 4 A Mires Swamp Bog Fen and Moor General Studies (eds. by Gore A.J.P.). 1983, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amesterdam. pp. 311-129.
237. Tan W.Z., Li Q.J. & Qing L. Biological control of alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) with a Fusarium sp. Biological Control. 2002, 47: 463-179.
238. Tilman D. Community invasibility, recruitment limitation, and grassland biodiversity. Ecology. 1997, 78: 81-92.
239. Tilman D. The ecological consequences of changesin biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology. 1999, 80: 1455-1474.
240. Thebaud C, Finzi A.C., Affre L., Debussche M. & Escarre J. Assessing why two introduced Conyza differ in their ability to invade Mediterranean old fields. Ecology. 1996, 77:791-804.
241. Thompson J.N. Rapid evolution as an ecological process. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 1998,13: 329-332.
242. Thorgeirsson H. & Richards J.H. Root elongation rate and water extraction by two aridland bunchgrasses, Agropyron spicatum and Agropyron desertorum. 1983,64:159.
243. Tiley G.E.D. & Philip B. Observations on flowering and seed production in Heracleum mantegazzianum in relation to control. In: Brock J.H., Wade M.. Pysek P. and Green D. (eds.). Plant invasions-studies from North America and Europe. 1997, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 123-137.
244. Tuomi J., Nilsson P. & Astrom M. Plant compensatory responses: bud dormancy as an adaptation to herbivory. Ecology. 1994, 75:1429-1436.
245. Urbas P. & Zobel K. Adaptive and inevitable morphological plasticity of three herbaceous species in a multi-species community: field experiment with manipulated nutrients and light. Acta Oecologica. 2000, 21:139-147.
246. Usher M.B. Biological invasions into tropical nature reserves. In: Ramakrishnan, P.S. (eds.), Ecology of Biological invasion in the Tropics. 1991, pp.21-34.
247. Van Dijk, G.M. & Van Vierssen W. Survival of a Potamogelon pectinatus L. population under various light conditions in a shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Veluwe) in The Netherlands. Aquatic Botany. 1991, 39: 121-129.
248. Van Dijk G.M., Breukelaar A.W. & Gijlstra R. Impact of light climate history on seasonal dynamics of a field population of Potamogeton pectinatus L. during a three year period (1986-1988). Aquatic Botany. 1992,43: 17-41.
249. Van Auken O.W. & Bush J.K. Prosopis glandulosa growth: influence of nutrients and simulated grazing of Bouteloua curtipendula. Ecology. 1989, 70: 512-516.
250. Van Hinsberg A. & van Tienderen P. Variation in growth form in relation to spectral light quality (red/far-red ratio) in Plantago lanceolata L. in sun and shade populations. Oecologia. 1997, 111: 452-459.
251. Van T.K. & Steward K.K. Longevity of monoecious hydrilla propagules. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1990, 28:74-76.
252. Veneklaas E.J. & Poorter L. Growth and carbon partitioning of tropical tree seedlings in contrasting light environments. In: Lambers H., Poorter H., Van Vuuren I.M.M., (eds.), Inherent variation in plant growth, physiological mechanisms and ecological consequences. 1998, Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 337-361.
253. Vitousek P.M. Biological invasions and ecosystem properties: can species make a difference? In: Mooney, H.A., Drake. J.A. (eds.), Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. 1986, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. pp. 163-176.
254. Vitousek P.M. Biological invasions and ecosystem processes: towards an integration of population biology and ecosystem studies. Oikos. 1990, 57: 7-13.
255. Vitousek P.M., Loope L.L. & Stone C.P. Introduced species in Hawaii: biological effects and opportunities for ecological research. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 1987, 2: 224-227.
256. Walker D.A. Automated measurement of leaf photosynthetic O_2 evolution as a function of photon flux density. Philosophical trascations of the Royal Society London B. 1989,323,313-326.
257. Walters M.B., Kruger E.L. & Reich P.B. Relative growth rate in relation to physiological and morphological traits for northern hardwood tree seedlings: species, light environment and ontogenetic considerations. Oecologia. 1993, 96:
219-231.
258. Wang B.R., Li W.G. & Wang J.B. Genetic diversity of Alternanthera philoxeroides in China. Aquatic Botany. 2005, 81: 277-283.
259. Watada A.A., Luriab G. & Borochovb A. Aconitum: effects of environmental conditions and tuber size on growth, flowering and tuber production. Journal of Horiculturae Scientia. 1999, 81: 135-147.
260. Weber E. & Schmid B. Das Neophytenproblem. Dissertationes Botanicae. 1993, 196:209-227.
261. Williams A.E., Duthie H.C. & Hecky R.E. Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria: Why did it vanish so quickly and will it return? Aqutic Botany. 2005, 81: 300-314.
262. Williams D.G. & Black R.A. Phenotypic variation in contrasting temerature environments: growth and photosynthesis in Pennisetum setaceum from different altitudes on Havaii. Function Ecology. 1993, 7: 623-633.
263. Williams D.G. & Black R.A. Drought response of a native and introduced Hawaiian grass. Oecologia. 1994, 97: 512-519.
264. Williams D.G., Mack R.N. & Black R.A. Ecophysiology of introduced Pennisetum setaceum on Hawaii: the role of phenotypic plasticity. Ecology. 1995, 76: 1569-1580.
265. Williamson M. Biological invasions. 1996, Chapman & Hall.London, England.
266. Witkowski E.T.F. & Wilson M. Changes in density, biomass, seed production and soil seed banks of the non-native invasive plant, Chromolaena odorata, along a 15 year chronosequence. Plant Ecology. 2001, 152: 13-27.
267. Whitmore T.C. A review of some aspects of tropical rain forest seedling ecology with suggestions for further enquiry. In: Swaine M.D. (eds.), The ecology of eropical forest tree seedlings. 1996, Paris: Parthenon Publishing Group. 3-39.
268. Wolfe L.M. Why alien invaders succeed: support for the escape-from-enemy hypothesis. American Naturalist. 2002, 160: 705-711.
269. Xu C.Y., Zhang W.J., Fu C.Z. & Lu B.R. Genetic diversity of alligator weed in China by RAPD analysis. Biodiversity Conservation. 2003, 12: 637-645.
270. Yamashita N., Ishida A., Kushima H. & Tanaka N. Acclimation to sudden increase in light favouring an invasive over native trees in subtropical islands, Japan. Oecologia. 2000, 125: 412-419.
271. Ye W.H., Li J., Cao H.L. & Ge X.J. Genetic uniformity of Alternanthera philoxeroides in South China. Weed Research. 2003, 43: 297-302.
272. Yela J.L. & Lawton J.H. Insect herbivore loads on native and introduced plants; a preliminary study. Entomologia Experimenta et Applicata. 1997. 85: 275-279.
273. Yelverton F. Seasonal rooting and mowing height effects on 'Penncross' bentgrass in the southern United States. Turfax. 1999, 7, 4.
274. Young J.A., Palmquist D.E. & Wotring S.O. The invasive nature of Lepidium latifolium: a review. In: Brock J.H., Wade M., Pysek P. and Green D. (eds.), Plant invasions-studies from North America and Europe. 1997, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 59-68.
275. Yurkonis K.A. & Meiners S.J. Invasion impacts local species turnover in a successional system. Ecology Letters. 2004, 7: 764-769.