基于EDFA的可调窄带滤波器的研究
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摘要
掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)在光通信系统中占据了重要的位置,因此人们对它的研究非常重视。在绝大多数时候,EDFA在光纤通信系统中都是利用注入泵浦光来实现对弱信号光功率的放大作用。但是未泵浦的EDFA由于铒离子系统的吸收作用存在一种饱和吸收现象,这种饱和吸收作用使得未泵浦的EDFA在一个高光强下有很低的吸收系数。利用这个性质,在很多的光纤环腔激光器中,人们可以利用未泵浦的EDFA进行被动锁模,并且得到了大量实验的验证。
借鉴前人的实验研究成果,我们在未泵浦的掺铒光纤中形成了一个驻波。利用驻波的性质使掺铒光纤发生吸收饱和,且饱和系数呈周期性变化,从而调制掺铒光纤的射率形成一种瞬态的布拉格光栅,实现一种基于EDFA的瞬态光栅滤波器。通过注入一定功率的弱泵浦光可以实现对这种滤波器的带宽的调谐,并且获得了一个很窄的反射带宽谱。
本文的主要工作包括一下几个方面:
(1)在参考了大量文献的基础上,介绍了EDFA的工作原理、结构、基本功能以及相关的能级和速率方程。
(2)介绍了饱和吸收的理论知识,并对掺铒光纤作饱和吸收体的相关特性进行了研究,阐述了在饱和吸收情况下基于EDFA的滤波器的原理并建立了理论模型。
(3)对利用弱泵浦光功率来调节EDFA滤波器带宽的方法作了详细的理论分析,模拟了泵浦功率的变化对滤波器反射谱的影响。
(4)数值模拟并分析了EDFA铒离子浓度,泵浦的选择(包括泵浦功率的选择和泵浦波长的选择)等因素对反射滤波器性能的影响。
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) plays an important role in the optical fiber communication system, so more and more studies on EDFA have been done. Under general application, EDFA amplifies the signal power by injecting high pump power in the most of the time. However, a kind of saturable absorption effect has been introduced in unpumped EDFA based on the absorption of the Erbium system which means a lower absorption coefficient in higher intensity. Unpumped EDFA has been widely used as a key component in mode-locked in plenty of fiber laser cavity experiments.
Using the available research result for reference, a standing-wave has been introduced in the unpumped EDFA. With the characteristic of the standing-wave, the refractive index of the erbium-doped fiber which connects to the absorption coefficient could be modulated periodically, and a dynamic fiber Bragg grating filter created in the EDF. The bandwidth of the grating is determined by the length of the grating which is based on the input weak pump power in this research.
The main contents in this thesis include as follows:
(1) Based on the widely learning of many references, theories, construction, basic functions and related propagation and rate equation of EDFA are addressed.
(2) The related specialities of the saturable absorber which based on EDFA has been researched And the theory model of the EDFA filter with the knowledge of saturable absorption has been established.
(3) We analyzed the bandwidth adjustable method of the EDFA filter using tunable weak pump power in details. Simulation has been made to describe the relationship between the variety of the pump power and the reflection spectra.
(4) We also present the numerical simulation of the influencing factor such as Er ion population, the selection of the pump source including the pump power and the pump wavelength to the performance of the EDFA reflection filter with thorough analysis.
借鉴前人的实验研究成果,我们在未泵浦的掺铒光纤中形成了一个驻波。利用驻波的性质使掺铒光纤发生吸收饱和,且饱和系数呈周期性变化,从而调制掺铒光纤的射率形成一种瞬态的布拉格光栅,实现一种基于EDFA的瞬态光栅滤波器。通过注入一定功率的弱泵浦光可以实现对这种滤波器的带宽的调谐,并且获得了一个很窄的反射带宽谱。
本文的主要工作包括一下几个方面:
(1)在参考了大量文献的基础上,介绍了EDFA的工作原理、结构、基本功能以及相关的能级和速率方程。
(2)介绍了饱和吸收的理论知识,并对掺铒光纤作饱和吸收体的相关特性进行了研究,阐述了在饱和吸收情况下基于EDFA的滤波器的原理并建立了理论模型。
(3)对利用弱泵浦光功率来调节EDFA滤波器带宽的方法作了详细的理论分析,模拟了泵浦功率的变化对滤波器反射谱的影响。
(4)数值模拟并分析了EDFA铒离子浓度,泵浦的选择(包括泵浦功率的选择和泵浦波长的选择)等因素对反射滤波器性能的影响。
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) plays an important role in the optical fiber communication system, so more and more studies on EDFA have been done. Under general application, EDFA amplifies the signal power by injecting high pump power in the most of the time. However, a kind of saturable absorption effect has been introduced in unpumped EDFA based on the absorption of the Erbium system which means a lower absorption coefficient in higher intensity. Unpumped EDFA has been widely used as a key component in mode-locked in plenty of fiber laser cavity experiments.
Using the available research result for reference, a standing-wave has been introduced in the unpumped EDFA. With the characteristic of the standing-wave, the refractive index of the erbium-doped fiber which connects to the absorption coefficient could be modulated periodically, and a dynamic fiber Bragg grating filter created in the EDF. The bandwidth of the grating is determined by the length of the grating which is based on the input weak pump power in this research.
The main contents in this thesis include as follows:
(1) Based on the widely learning of many references, theories, construction, basic functions and related propagation and rate equation of EDFA are addressed.
(2) The related specialities of the saturable absorber which based on EDFA has been researched And the theory model of the EDFA filter with the knowledge of saturable absorption has been established.
(3) We analyzed the bandwidth adjustable method of the EDFA filter using tunable weak pump power in details. Simulation has been made to describe the relationship between the variety of the pump power and the reflection spectra.
(4) We also present the numerical simulation of the influencing factor such as Er ion population, the selection of the pump source including the pump power and the pump wavelength to the performance of the EDFA reflection filter with thorough analysis.
引文
[1]胡辽林,刘增基.光纤通信的发展现状和若干关键技术.电子科技,2004(2): 3~10
[2]杨万春.光滤波器及其在光通信网中的应用: [硕士论文].南京:南京邮电学院图书馆, 2002
[3]洪宝玉.声光可调谐掺铒光纤激光器的研究: [硕士论文].天津:天津大学图书馆. 2004
[4]洪宝玉,向望华,胡鸿璋,胡斌,耿凡.准共线声光可调谐掺铒光纤激光器的研究.红外与激光工程, 2003, 32(5): 460~464
[5]冯丹琴.光纤光栅滤波器和OADM研究: [硕士论文].天津:南开大学图书馆, 2002
[6] Naoto Kishi, Tomonori Yazaki. Frequency Control of a Single-Frequency Fiber Laserby Cooperatively Induced Spatial-Hole Burning. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1999, 11(2): 182～184
[7] Motoharu Mastuura, Naoto Kishi. Frequency Control Characteristics of a Single-Frequency Fiber Laser with an External Light Injection. IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electroncis. 2001, 7(1):55～57
[8] S. Stepanov, E. Hernández. Two-wave mixing by means of dynamic Bragg gratings recorded by saturation of absorption in erbium-doped fibers. Optics Letters, 2004, 29(12):1327～1329
[9] S. J. Frisken. Transient Bragg reflection gratings in erbium-donped fiber amplifiers. Optics Letters, 1992, 17(24): 1776~1778
[10] Mark Janos, Stephen C. Guy. Signal-Induced Refractive Index Changes in Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. Journal of lightwave Technology, 1998, 16(4): 542~548
[11] Y. W. Song, S. A. Havstad, D. Starodubov, Y. Xie, A. E. Willner, J. Feinberg. 40-nm-Wide Tunable Fiber Ring Laser With Single-Mode Operation Using a Highly Stretchable FBG. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2001, 13(11):1167～1169
[12] Xinyu Fan, Zuyuan He, Yosuke Mizuno, and Kazuo Hotate. Bandwidth-adjustable dynamic grating in erbium-doped fiber by synthesis of optical coherence function. Optics Express, 2005, 13(15): 5756～5761
[13] Y. Cheng, J. T. Kringlebotn, W. H. Loh, R. I. Laming, D. N. Payne. Stable single-frequency traveling-wave fiber loop laser with integral saturable-absorber-based tracking narrow-band filter. Optics Letters, 1995, 20(8):875～877
[14] Jing Yang,Ronghui Qu, Guoyong Sun. Suppression of mode competition in fiber lasers by using a saturable absorber and a fiber ring. Chinese Optics Letters, 2006, 4(7):410～412
[15]陈淑芬,李伟明,张明,付雷,邹正峰. 30Hz单模超窄线宽光纤激光器.北京理工大学学报, 2006, 26(8): 721~724
[16]王丽,黄骝.可饱和吸收体对某一波长激光被动锁摸的理论分析.量子电子学, 1999, 16(6): 485~489
[17]杨敬,瞿荣辉,孙国勇,等.一种新型结构的单纵模光纤激光器.中国激光, 2005, 32(4): 441~444
[18]俞本立,钱景仁,罗家童,孙志培,杨瀛海.线宽小于0.5KHz稳态的单频光纤环腔激光器.量子电子学报, 2001, 18(4): 345~348
[19] Steven A. Havstad. Loop-mirror filters based on saturable-gain or-absorber gratings. Optics Letters, 1999, 24(21):1466~1468
[20] Hongxin Chen, F. Babin, M. Leblanc, G. W. Schinn. Widely Tunable Single-Frequency Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2003, 15(2): 185~187
[21] Sun Hyok Chang, In Kag Hwang, Byoung Yoon Kim, Hee Gap Park. Widely Tunable Single-Frequency Er-Doped Fiber Laser with Long Linear Cavity. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2001,13(4): 287~289
[22]郭巍.一种输出稳定的窄线宽可调谐掺铒光纤激光器.河北师范大学学报, 2006, 30(1): 43~44
[23] Moshe Horowitz, Ron Daisy, Baruch Fischer, John L. Zyskind. Linewidth-narrowing mechanism in lasers by nonlinear wave mixing. Optics Letters, 1994, 19(18):1406~1408
[24] Moshe Horowitz, Ron Daisy, Baruch Fischer. Filtering behavior of a self-induced three-mirror cavity formed by intracavity wave mixing in a saturable absorber. Optics Letters, 1996, 21(4): 299~301
[25] P. R. Morkel, G. j. Cowle, D. N. Payne. Traveling-wave erbium fiber ring laser with 60 kHz linewidth. Electronics Letters, 1990, 26(10): 632~634
[26]陈聪,李承芳,李宝其.掺铒光纤放大器的理论设计.武汉大学学报, 1994, 3: 51~54
[27]庞勇,叶勇,黎江辉,吴健辉,蒋佩璇,徐大雄.掺铒光纤放大器的理论分析:二能级近似.光电子?激光, 1995, 16(6): 355~347
[28]张徐亮,强则煊,沈林放,张泉,何赛灵.掺铒光纤放大器的理论模拟与全局分析.光子学报, 2002, 31(10): 1256~1260
[29]李淳飞,张雷.非线性光吸收研究的新进展.物理, 1994, 13(12): 705~710
[30]赵同刚,任建华,赵荣华,王丽丽,林金桐.饱和吸收体实现波长转换的理论模型分析.光学技术, 2005, 31(5): 704~706
[31]王文倩.窄线宽掺铒光纤激光器的研究: [硕士论文].天津:南开大学图书馆: 2004
[32]孙志培.可调谐掺铒光纤环腔的实验研究: [硕士论文].安徽:安徽大学图书馆: 2002
[33] P. R. Morkel, R. I. Laming. Theoretical modeling of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with excited-state absorption. Optics Letters, 1989, 14(19): 1062~1064
[34]杨敬.窄线宽光纤激光器的研究: [硕士论文].上海:中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所图书馆: 2005
[35]宋开,李玲,叶培大.掺铒光纤非线性折射率的理论研究.光学学报, 1995, 15(8): 1024~1027
[36]粱铨延.掺铒光纤的非线性折射率.光通信研究, 1995, 76: 53~56
[37] K. A. Shore, D. A. S. Chan. Kramers-Kronig Relations for Nonlinear Optics. Electronics Letters, 1999, 26(15): 1206~1207
[38]张永胜,刘爱萍,郁可.布拉格光纤光栅反射特性及制作的理论研究.激光技术,1998, 22(6): 367~370
[39]毕卫红,李林,陈俊刚,李靖.极窄带宽的布拉格光纤光栅光谱特性研究.应用光学, 2007, 28(2): 212~215
[40]王建.基于全息体光栅的可调谐窄带光滤波器的研究: [硕士论文].浙江:浙江大学图书馆: 2006
[41]赵淑平,王品红,张晓霞,方荇,何栩翊.基于掺铒光纤的长周期光纤光栅滤波器的研究.半导体光电, 2005, 26(6): 503~505
[42] S. C. Fleming, T. J. Whitley, Measurement of pump induced refractive index change in erbium doped fiber amplifier. Electron Letter, 1991, 27(21): 1959~1961
[2]杨万春.光滤波器及其在光通信网中的应用: [硕士论文].南京:南京邮电学院图书馆, 2002
[3]洪宝玉.声光可调谐掺铒光纤激光器的研究: [硕士论文].天津:天津大学图书馆. 2004
[4]洪宝玉,向望华,胡鸿璋,胡斌,耿凡.准共线声光可调谐掺铒光纤激光器的研究.红外与激光工程, 2003, 32(5): 460~464
[5]冯丹琴.光纤光栅滤波器和OADM研究: [硕士论文].天津:南开大学图书馆, 2002
[6] Naoto Kishi, Tomonori Yazaki. Frequency Control of a Single-Frequency Fiber Laserby Cooperatively Induced Spatial-Hole Burning. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1999, 11(2): 182～184
[7] Motoharu Mastuura, Naoto Kishi. Frequency Control Characteristics of a Single-Frequency Fiber Laser with an External Light Injection. IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electroncis. 2001, 7(1):55～57
[8] S. Stepanov, E. Hernández. Two-wave mixing by means of dynamic Bragg gratings recorded by saturation of absorption in erbium-doped fibers. Optics Letters, 2004, 29(12):1327～1329
[9] S. J. Frisken. Transient Bragg reflection gratings in erbium-donped fiber amplifiers. Optics Letters, 1992, 17(24): 1776~1778
[10] Mark Janos, Stephen C. Guy. Signal-Induced Refractive Index Changes in Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. Journal of lightwave Technology, 1998, 16(4): 542~548
[11] Y. W. Song, S. A. Havstad, D. Starodubov, Y. Xie, A. E. Willner, J. Feinberg. 40-nm-Wide Tunable Fiber Ring Laser With Single-Mode Operation Using a Highly Stretchable FBG. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2001, 13(11):1167～1169
[12] Xinyu Fan, Zuyuan He, Yosuke Mizuno, and Kazuo Hotate. Bandwidth-adjustable dynamic grating in erbium-doped fiber by synthesis of optical coherence function. Optics Express, 2005, 13(15): 5756～5761
[13] Y. Cheng, J. T. Kringlebotn, W. H. Loh, R. I. Laming, D. N. Payne. Stable single-frequency traveling-wave fiber loop laser with integral saturable-absorber-based tracking narrow-band filter. Optics Letters, 1995, 20(8):875～877
[14] Jing Yang,Ronghui Qu, Guoyong Sun. Suppression of mode competition in fiber lasers by using a saturable absorber and a fiber ring. Chinese Optics Letters, 2006, 4(7):410～412
[15]陈淑芬,李伟明,张明,付雷,邹正峰. 30Hz单模超窄线宽光纤激光器.北京理工大学学报, 2006, 26(8): 721~724
[16]王丽,黄骝.可饱和吸收体对某一波长激光被动锁摸的理论分析.量子电子学, 1999, 16(6): 485~489
[17]杨敬,瞿荣辉,孙国勇,等.一种新型结构的单纵模光纤激光器.中国激光, 2005, 32(4): 441~444
[18]俞本立,钱景仁,罗家童,孙志培,杨瀛海.线宽小于0.5KHz稳态的单频光纤环腔激光器.量子电子学报, 2001, 18(4): 345~348
[19] Steven A. Havstad. Loop-mirror filters based on saturable-gain or-absorber gratings. Optics Letters, 1999, 24(21):1466~1468
[20] Hongxin Chen, F. Babin, M. Leblanc, G. W. Schinn. Widely Tunable Single-Frequency Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2003, 15(2): 185~187
[21] Sun Hyok Chang, In Kag Hwang, Byoung Yoon Kim, Hee Gap Park. Widely Tunable Single-Frequency Er-Doped Fiber Laser with Long Linear Cavity. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2001,13(4): 287~289
[22]郭巍.一种输出稳定的窄线宽可调谐掺铒光纤激光器.河北师范大学学报, 2006, 30(1): 43~44
[23] Moshe Horowitz, Ron Daisy, Baruch Fischer, John L. Zyskind. Linewidth-narrowing mechanism in lasers by nonlinear wave mixing. Optics Letters, 1994, 19(18):1406~1408
[24] Moshe Horowitz, Ron Daisy, Baruch Fischer. Filtering behavior of a self-induced three-mirror cavity formed by intracavity wave mixing in a saturable absorber. Optics Letters, 1996, 21(4): 299~301
[25] P. R. Morkel, G. j. Cowle, D. N. Payne. Traveling-wave erbium fiber ring laser with 60 kHz linewidth. Electronics Letters, 1990, 26(10): 632~634
[26]陈聪,李承芳,李宝其.掺铒光纤放大器的理论设计.武汉大学学报, 1994, 3: 51~54
[27]庞勇,叶勇,黎江辉,吴健辉,蒋佩璇,徐大雄.掺铒光纤放大器的理论分析:二能级近似.光电子?激光, 1995, 16(6): 355~347
[28]张徐亮,强则煊,沈林放,张泉,何赛灵.掺铒光纤放大器的理论模拟与全局分析.光子学报, 2002, 31(10): 1256~1260
[29]李淳飞,张雷.非线性光吸收研究的新进展.物理, 1994, 13(12): 705~710
[30]赵同刚,任建华,赵荣华,王丽丽,林金桐.饱和吸收体实现波长转换的理论模型分析.光学技术, 2005, 31(5): 704~706
[31]王文倩.窄线宽掺铒光纤激光器的研究: [硕士论文].天津:南开大学图书馆: 2004
[32]孙志培.可调谐掺铒光纤环腔的实验研究: [硕士论文].安徽:安徽大学图书馆: 2002
[33] P. R. Morkel, R. I. Laming. Theoretical modeling of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with excited-state absorption. Optics Letters, 1989, 14(19): 1062~1064
[34]杨敬.窄线宽光纤激光器的研究: [硕士论文].上海:中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所图书馆: 2005
[35]宋开,李玲,叶培大.掺铒光纤非线性折射率的理论研究.光学学报, 1995, 15(8): 1024~1027
[36]粱铨延.掺铒光纤的非线性折射率.光通信研究, 1995, 76: 53~56
[37] K. A. Shore, D. A. S. Chan. Kramers-Kronig Relations for Nonlinear Optics. Electronics Letters, 1999, 26(15): 1206~1207
[38]张永胜,刘爱萍,郁可.布拉格光纤光栅反射特性及制作的理论研究.激光技术,1998, 22(6): 367~370
[39]毕卫红,李林,陈俊刚,李靖.极窄带宽的布拉格光纤光栅光谱特性研究.应用光学, 2007, 28(2): 212~215
[40]王建.基于全息体光栅的可调谐窄带光滤波器的研究: [硕士论文].浙江:浙江大学图书馆: 2006
[41]赵淑平,王品红,张晓霞,方荇,何栩翊.基于掺铒光纤的长周期光纤光栅滤波器的研究.半导体光电, 2005, 26(6): 503~505
[42] S. C. Fleming, T. J. Whitley, Measurement of pump induced refractive index change in erbium doped fiber amplifier. Electron Letter, 1991, 27(21): 1959~1961