汉语普通话元音弱化的音系学分析
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摘要
在言语行为过程中,音素与音素、音节与音节、声调与声调之间,因为受相邻音的影响,或由于说话时语音快慢、高低、强弱的不同,某些语音成分可能发生不同的变化,集中体现在同化、异化、弱化等等。
本论文主要针对汉语普通话中轻声音节的元音弱化现象进行理论层次的分析。由于是以北京方言为基础,所以普通话的标准到目前为止还不是绝对的,同时由于地区差异以及发音习惯不同,普通话中轻声的标准也不是绝对的。所以,普通话轻声中的元音弱化现象也会因人而异,因地而异。
很多研究都将轻声中的元音弱化过于绝对化,经过反复对比与发音,笔者认为元音在轻声音节中弱化的现象因其响度等级的不同而不同,而且表现形式各异,不可一概而论。
经过收集大量轻声词,现代汉语语音教程以及研究轻声词元音弱化现象的文献,并经过反复推敲与整理,笔者对普通话元音弱化现象用音系学的前沿理论“优选论”和其他生成音系学理论加以分析,给普通话轻声音节的原因弱化现象做出了一致的解释。
As speech is a continuous process, sounds are always continuously uttered. Due to the influence of their neighbors, or the difference of speed, height and strength in speech, many sound changes can happen to the original phoneme in actual speech. These changes can exist in such phonological processes as assimilation, dissimilation, reduction, elision and so on, which are shown in different ways of embodiments by related languages.
Much research work related to sound changes has been done to cover a variety of aspects in phonological research. However, there are fewer studies that focus on systematic analysis of vowel reduction in speech sounds of Standard Chinese (SC) than in some other languages, though SC is the most widely used language in the world.
In SC, there is a unique linguistic phenomenon called neutral tone. No matter where we place the stress in Chinese words, the neutral tone must be unstressed syllables.
This thesis focuses on one aspect of feature change in vowels—vowel reduction, and gives a (mainly) OT analysis in an attempt to find out the motivation, procedure, and influence of such kind of change.
本论文主要针对汉语普通话中轻声音节的元音弱化现象进行理论层次的分析。由于是以北京方言为基础,所以普通话的标准到目前为止还不是绝对的,同时由于地区差异以及发音习惯不同,普通话中轻声的标准也不是绝对的。所以,普通话轻声中的元音弱化现象也会因人而异,因地而异。
很多研究都将轻声中的元音弱化过于绝对化,经过反复对比与发音,笔者认为元音在轻声音节中弱化的现象因其响度等级的不同而不同,而且表现形式各异,不可一概而论。
经过收集大量轻声词,现代汉语语音教程以及研究轻声词元音弱化现象的文献,并经过反复推敲与整理,笔者对普通话元音弱化现象用音系学的前沿理论“优选论”和其他生成音系学理论加以分析,给普通话轻声音节的原因弱化现象做出了一致的解释。
As speech is a continuous process, sounds are always continuously uttered. Due to the influence of their neighbors, or the difference of speed, height and strength in speech, many sound changes can happen to the original phoneme in actual speech. These changes can exist in such phonological processes as assimilation, dissimilation, reduction, elision and so on, which are shown in different ways of embodiments by related languages.
Much research work related to sound changes has been done to cover a variety of aspects in phonological research. However, there are fewer studies that focus on systematic analysis of vowel reduction in speech sounds of Standard Chinese (SC) than in some other languages, though SC is the most widely used language in the world.
In SC, there is a unique linguistic phenomenon called neutral tone. No matter where we place the stress in Chinese words, the neutral tone must be unstressed syllables.
This thesis focuses on one aspect of feature change in vowels—vowel reduction, and gives a (mainly) OT analysis in an attempt to find out the motivation, procedure, and influence of such kind of change.
引文
白兰,2005,英语专业研究生的英语语音变异:社会语言学研究。吉林大学硕士学位论文。
包萨仁,2005,现代蒙古语短元音弱化以至脱落原因分析。《内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版)》。第 31 卷第 2 期 29-31 页。
曹剑芬,1995,连续变调与轻重对立。《中国语文》第四期。
陈青玲,2001,浅谈重音移位对元音的影响。《商丘师范学院学报》第 17 卷第 5 期91-92 页。
池昌海,2004,《现代语言学导论》。浙江:浙江大学出版社。
池明喜,1996,浅谈维吾尔语元音的弱化现象。《语言与翻译》第 3 期 26-28 页。
郭巍,韩晓惠,2002,优选理论介评。《山东外语教学》第 2 期 6-9 页。
国伟秋,2005, 语音音段音变现象与语音语境之关联。《外语教学》第1期37-40页。
黄伯荣,廖序东,2002,《现代汉语》(增订三版)。北京: 高等教育出版社。
金友景,2007,《普通话语音》。北京:商务印书馆。
劲松,2002,《现代汉语轻声动态研究》。北京:民族出版社。
李兵,1998,优选论的产生、基本原理与应用。《现代外语》第 3 期 71-91 页。
李文欣,2006,从连读变调分析天津话的吞音现象。《第七届中国语音学学术会议暨语音学前沿问题国际论坛》第 1-4 页。
厉为民,1981,试论轻声和重音。《中国语文》第 1 期 35-40 页。
林茂灿,颜景助,1990,普通话轻声与轻重音。《语言教学与研究》第 3 期 89-104 页。
林茂灿,颜景助,1980。北京话轻声的声学性质。《方言》第 3 期 8-20 页。
吕朋林,2004,音变论。《海南师范学院学报(社会科学版)》第 1 期 95-100 页。
罗常培,王均,2002,《普通语音学纲要》。北京:商务印书馆。
马红英,昝飞,徐励珏,2004,构音障碍儿童的元音偏误分析。《中国特殊教育》第9 期 52-56。
马秋武,2003,《优选论语汉语普通话的音节构成》。天津:南开大学出版社。
潘永樑，1999,英汉元音变化的比较。《解放军外语学院学报》第 3 期 1-5 页。
青松,2006,汉英语码转换词汇句法特征的优选论分析。西南大学硕士论文。
邵宜,2004,普通话双音节词语轻声化的诱发机制。《广东教育学院学报》第 4 期93-99 页。
石兰荣,2003, 普通话语感及其训练。《商丘职业技术学院学报》第 1 期 41-42 页。
史宝辉,2004,汉语普通话词重音的音系学研究。北京:北京语言大学博士论文。
王力,1985,《汉语语音史》。北京: 中国社会科学出版社。
王晓军,2006,试析优选论对中介语及其变异性的解释力。《天津外国语学院学报》第 13 卷第 15 期 48-52 页。
王嘉龄,2002,优选论与功能主义。《外语教学与研究》第 1 期 30-34 页。
许曦明,1997,重音和元音之间的动态变化《外语研究》第 2 期 41-44 页。
岩田礼,苏晓青, 2004, 矫枉过正在语音变化中的作用。《语言教学与研究》第 5 期 1-8页。
张斌,2002,《新编现代汉语》。上海:复旦大学出版社。
郑京华,2006,优选论框架下英语简单 WH 疑问句的第二语言习得研究。北京:北京语言大学博士论文。
朱晓农, 2005, 元音大转移和元音高化链移。《民族语文》第 1 期 1-6 页。
Archangeli, D. and D. T. Langendoen (eds.). 1997. Optimality Theory: An Overview. Oxford: Blackwell.
Beckman, Jill. 1995. “Shona Height Harmony: Markedness and Positional Identity.” In University of Massachusetts Cccasional Papers: Papers in Optimality Theory. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 53-75.
Chen Mingyuan. 1983. Rudiments of Chinese Phonetics. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Cheng, Chin-chuan. 1973. A Synchronic phonology of mandarin Chinese. The Hague: Mouton.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. Chomsky, Noam & Morris Halle. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.
Crosswhite, Katherine. 2001. Vowel Reduction in Optimality Theory. New York: Routledge.
Dow, Francis D. M. 1972. An Outline of Mandarin Phonetics. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies in association with the Australian National University Press.
Duanmu, San. 1999. The syllable in Chinese. In Harry van der Hulst & Nancy A. Ritter. (eds.) The Syllable: Views and Facts. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 477-499.
Duanmu, San. 2000. The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frank, Robert and Giorgio Satta. 1998. Optimality Theory and the Generative Complexity of Constraint. Computational Linguistics. Vol. 24 (2): 307-315.
Goldsmith, John. 1979. Autosegmental Phonology. New York: Garland.
Günter, Andreas. 2003. AI2003: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Beijing: Yanshan Press.
Gussenhoven, Carlos & Haike Jacobs. 2001. Understanding Phonolgy. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hopper, P. J. & E. C. Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jeffers, Robert J. and Ilse Lehiste. 1982. Priniciples and Methods for Historical Linguistics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT.
Kager, René. 2001. Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li Aijun, Lin Maocan, Chen Xiaoxia, Zu Yiqing, Sun Guohua, Hua Wu, Yin Zhigang, and Yan Jingzhu. 2000. Speech corpus of Chinese discourse and the phonetic research. Report of Phonetic Research 2000: 42-47.
Lin Hua, 2001. A Grammar of Mandarin Chinese. Germany: Lincom Europa.
Lin, Yen-Hwei. 2007. The Sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, John J.. 1982. Nonlinear Phonology: An Overview. GLOW Newsletter 8.
Miglio, Viola. 2005. Markedness and Faithfulness in Vowel Systems. London: Routledge.
Miglio, Viola & Bruce Moren. 2003. (eds.) Merger avoidance and lexical reconstruction -- an Optimality Theoretic model of the Great Vowel Shift. In D. E. Holt. (ed.) Optimality Theory and Language Change. New York: Springer, pp. 191-228.
Prince, Alan. 2002. Arguing optimality. [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?roa=536]
Prince, Alan & Paul Smolensky. 1993. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Ms, Rutgerts University, New Brunswick and University of Colorado, Boulder. [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?roa=537]
Savova, Virginia & Robert Frank, 2004, Tree-Adjoining Grammars for Optimality Theory Syntax. TAG+7: Seventh International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms. May 20-22, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 72-79.
Selkirk, Elisabeth O. 1980. The role of prosodic categories in English word stress. Linguistic Inquiry 11: 563-605.
Trask, R. L. 2000. Historical Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Veatch, Thomas C. 1991. English Vowels: Their Surface Phonology and Phonetic Implementation in Vernacular Dialects. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. [http://www.tomveatch.com/Veatch1991/]
Wells, J. C. 1997. Whatever happened to received pronunciation? In Medina & Soto (eds.), II Jornadas de Estudios Ingleses. Spain: Universidad de Jaén, pp.19-28. [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/rphappened.htm]
Wells, J. C. 1999. British English pronunciation preferences: a changing scene. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 29 (1): 33-50. [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /home/wells/changingscene.pdf]
Xu Debao. 2001. From Rule-based Analysis to Constraint-based Analysis. In Xu Debao. (ed.) Chinese Phonology in Generative Grammar. New York: Academic Press, pp. 1-26.
Yip, M. 1997. An OT typology of dialect variation in nasalization. In Miglio V. and B. Moren. (eds.) University of Maryland Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 5, Department of Lingustics, University of Maryland at College Park. Yava?, Mehmet. 2006. Applied English Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell.
Zeevat, Henk. 2000. The asymmetry of Optimality Theoretic syntax and semantics. Journal of Semantics. 17(3): 243-262.
Zipf, G. K. 1949. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology. Cambridge, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
Zuraw, Kie. 2003. Vowel reduction in Palauan reduplicants. In Andrea Rackowski and Norvin Richards. (eds.) Proceedings of AFLA 8: The Eighth Meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association
包萨仁,2005,现代蒙古语短元音弱化以至脱落原因分析。《内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版)》。第 31 卷第 2 期 29-31 页。
曹剑芬,1995,连续变调与轻重对立。《中国语文》第四期。
陈青玲,2001,浅谈重音移位对元音的影响。《商丘师范学院学报》第 17 卷第 5 期91-92 页。
池昌海,2004,《现代语言学导论》。浙江:浙江大学出版社。
池明喜,1996,浅谈维吾尔语元音的弱化现象。《语言与翻译》第 3 期 26-28 页。
郭巍,韩晓惠,2002,优选理论介评。《山东外语教学》第 2 期 6-9 页。
国伟秋,2005, 语音音段音变现象与语音语境之关联。《外语教学》第1期37-40页。
黄伯荣,廖序东,2002,《现代汉语》(增订三版)。北京: 高等教育出版社。
金友景,2007,《普通话语音》。北京:商务印书馆。
劲松,2002,《现代汉语轻声动态研究》。北京:民族出版社。
李兵,1998,优选论的产生、基本原理与应用。《现代外语》第 3 期 71-91 页。
李文欣,2006,从连读变调分析天津话的吞音现象。《第七届中国语音学学术会议暨语音学前沿问题国际论坛》第 1-4 页。
厉为民,1981,试论轻声和重音。《中国语文》第 1 期 35-40 页。
林茂灿,颜景助,1990,普通话轻声与轻重音。《语言教学与研究》第 3 期 89-104 页。
林茂灿,颜景助,1980。北京话轻声的声学性质。《方言》第 3 期 8-20 页。
吕朋林,2004,音变论。《海南师范学院学报(社会科学版)》第 1 期 95-100 页。
罗常培,王均,2002,《普通语音学纲要》。北京:商务印书馆。
马红英,昝飞,徐励珏,2004,构音障碍儿童的元音偏误分析。《中国特殊教育》第9 期 52-56。
马秋武,2003,《优选论语汉语普通话的音节构成》。天津:南开大学出版社。
潘永樑，1999,英汉元音变化的比较。《解放军外语学院学报》第 3 期 1-5 页。
青松,2006,汉英语码转换词汇句法特征的优选论分析。西南大学硕士论文。
邵宜,2004,普通话双音节词语轻声化的诱发机制。《广东教育学院学报》第 4 期93-99 页。
石兰荣,2003, 普通话语感及其训练。《商丘职业技术学院学报》第 1 期 41-42 页。
史宝辉,2004,汉语普通话词重音的音系学研究。北京:北京语言大学博士论文。
王力,1985,《汉语语音史》。北京: 中国社会科学出版社。
王晓军,2006,试析优选论对中介语及其变异性的解释力。《天津外国语学院学报》第 13 卷第 15 期 48-52 页。
王嘉龄,2002,优选论与功能主义。《外语教学与研究》第 1 期 30-34 页。
许曦明,1997,重音和元音之间的动态变化《外语研究》第 2 期 41-44 页。
岩田礼,苏晓青, 2004, 矫枉过正在语音变化中的作用。《语言教学与研究》第 5 期 1-8页。
张斌,2002,《新编现代汉语》。上海:复旦大学出版社。
郑京华,2006,优选论框架下英语简单 WH 疑问句的第二语言习得研究。北京:北京语言大学博士论文。
朱晓农, 2005, 元音大转移和元音高化链移。《民族语文》第 1 期 1-6 页。
Archangeli, D. and D. T. Langendoen (eds.). 1997. Optimality Theory: An Overview. Oxford: Blackwell.
Beckman, Jill. 1995. “Shona Height Harmony: Markedness and Positional Identity.” In University of Massachusetts Cccasional Papers: Papers in Optimality Theory. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 53-75.
Chen Mingyuan. 1983. Rudiments of Chinese Phonetics. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Cheng, Chin-chuan. 1973. A Synchronic phonology of mandarin Chinese. The Hague: Mouton.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. Chomsky, Noam & Morris Halle. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.
Crosswhite, Katherine. 2001. Vowel Reduction in Optimality Theory. New York: Routledge.
Dow, Francis D. M. 1972. An Outline of Mandarin Phonetics. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies in association with the Australian National University Press.
Duanmu, San. 1999. The syllable in Chinese. In Harry van der Hulst & Nancy A. Ritter. (eds.) The Syllable: Views and Facts. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 477-499.
Duanmu, San. 2000. The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frank, Robert and Giorgio Satta. 1998. Optimality Theory and the Generative Complexity of Constraint. Computational Linguistics. Vol. 24 (2): 307-315.
Goldsmith, John. 1979. Autosegmental Phonology. New York: Garland.
Günter, Andreas. 2003. AI2003: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Beijing: Yanshan Press.
Gussenhoven, Carlos & Haike Jacobs. 2001. Understanding Phonolgy. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hopper, P. J. & E. C. Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jeffers, Robert J. and Ilse Lehiste. 1982. Priniciples and Methods for Historical Linguistics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT.
Kager, René. 2001. Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li Aijun, Lin Maocan, Chen Xiaoxia, Zu Yiqing, Sun Guohua, Hua Wu, Yin Zhigang, and Yan Jingzhu. 2000. Speech corpus of Chinese discourse and the phonetic research. Report of Phonetic Research 2000: 42-47.
Lin Hua, 2001. A Grammar of Mandarin Chinese. Germany: Lincom Europa.
Lin, Yen-Hwei. 2007. The Sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, John J.. 1982. Nonlinear Phonology: An Overview. GLOW Newsletter 8.
Miglio, Viola. 2005. Markedness and Faithfulness in Vowel Systems. London: Routledge.
Miglio, Viola & Bruce Moren. 2003. (eds.) Merger avoidance and lexical reconstruction -- an Optimality Theoretic model of the Great Vowel Shift. In D. E. Holt. (ed.) Optimality Theory and Language Change. New York: Springer, pp. 191-228.
Prince, Alan. 2002. Arguing optimality. [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?roa=536]
Prince, Alan & Paul Smolensky. 1993. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Ms, Rutgerts University, New Brunswick and University of Colorado, Boulder. [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?roa=537]
Savova, Virginia & Robert Frank, 2004, Tree-Adjoining Grammars for Optimality Theory Syntax. TAG+7: Seventh International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar and Related Formalisms. May 20-22, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 72-79.
Selkirk, Elisabeth O. 1980. The role of prosodic categories in English word stress. Linguistic Inquiry 11: 563-605.
Trask, R. L. 2000. Historical Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Veatch, Thomas C. 1991. English Vowels: Their Surface Phonology and Phonetic Implementation in Vernacular Dialects. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. [http://www.tomveatch.com/Veatch1991/]
Wells, J. C. 1997. Whatever happened to received pronunciation? In Medina & Soto (eds.), II Jornadas de Estudios Ingleses. Spain: Universidad de Jaén, pp.19-28. [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/rphappened.htm]
Wells, J. C. 1999. British English pronunciation preferences: a changing scene. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 29 (1): 33-50. [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /home/wells/changingscene.pdf]
Xu Debao. 2001. From Rule-based Analysis to Constraint-based Analysis. In Xu Debao. (ed.) Chinese Phonology in Generative Grammar. New York: Academic Press, pp. 1-26.
Yip, M. 1997. An OT typology of dialect variation in nasalization. In Miglio V. and B. Moren. (eds.) University of Maryland Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 5, Department of Lingustics, University of Maryland at College Park. Yava?, Mehmet. 2006. Applied English Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell.
Zeevat, Henk. 2000. The asymmetry of Optimality Theoretic syntax and semantics. Journal of Semantics. 17(3): 243-262.
Zipf, G. K. 1949. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology. Cambridge, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
Zuraw, Kie. 2003. Vowel reduction in Palauan reduplicants. In Andrea Rackowski and Norvin Richards. (eds.) Proceedings of AFLA 8: The Eighth Meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association