自升式平台主体沿桩腿升降过程中的RPD预测
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摘要
自升式钻井平台凭借其抗风暴能力强、机动性好、造价经济等优点,承担着大量中、浅海地区的石油钻探任务,因此,对其进行安全评估是十分必要的。目前,相关学者针对平台拖航过程中稳性、举持状态、风暴自存状态下结构动力响应及桩靴与土壤的相互作用进行了大量研究,然而针对平台在不同地点安装过程进行的研究却非常少。
由于环境载荷及海底地质条件影响而导致的自升式钻井平台安装定位失效很可能带来巨大的经济损失及人员伤亡,而上述失效的直接原因往往是桩腿支撑管屈曲失效,此问题可以通过RPD(Rack Phase Difference)进行度量研究。本文主要目的是对自升式钻井平台升船过程中的RPD进行研究,记录升船过程中RPD及其它结构响应,并分析环境载荷(风载荷、波浪载荷)、海底边界条件对RPD的影响。本文的重点工作如下:
1)引入RPD的定义、测量方法、成因、分类等基本概念,论述国内、外RPD的研究进展及研究方法,包括二维、三维有限元方法进行敏感性分析及时域分析等,并给出了相关结论。
2)结合电动齿轮齿条升降装置的特点,设计RPD时域数值模拟程序,包括介绍有限元模型建立的准则、通过样条插值获得升降机构特性函数,以及设计通过应力提取进而实现模型位移控制的时域数值模拟程序。
3)给出环境载荷(风载荷、波浪载荷)的计算方法、及时域加载方式,编制适用于RPD时域数值模拟的波浪载荷等效节点力计算程序;确定需要考虑的海底边界条件,以及不同海底边界条件在有限元模型中的表达。
4)以F&G公司设计的L780 ModⅤ型自升式钻井平台为模型,应用前述方法研究风、浪及海底边界条件对平台升船过程中RPD的影响。
Benefited from the movability, relatively low cost and good performance in storm, jack-up units are widely used in oil and gas industry for drilling. Although research about jack-up units are focused on stability during transit, spudcan-soil interaction and structural dynamic response in elevated and storm condition nowadays, structural behavior during installation is very important.
For a jack-up unit, localized failure or structural collapse may happen if installation were taken in severe sea state or bad seafloor foundation, and the direct cause of above failure is buckling of brace members of leg between upper and lower guides. Rack phase difference (RPD) as an indicator of brace load is studied in this paper to assure the safety and avoid the tremendous loss for a jack-up unit in the design phase. The primary work included in this paper are:
1) Introduce the background, definition, measurement, classification and cause of formation of RPD, and also a dissertation about state of art is given, such as sensitivity analysis of leg brace configuration with regard to RPD using 2D FEA model and time domain simulation of RPD during jacking operation, also conclusions are discussed in this paper.
2) Establish the time-domain simulation program of RPD during jacking operation, including building principles of FEA model, method to simplify the jacking system as a function of vertical reaction force verse moving-up velocity, and also the way to control the model displacement using above function.
3) Calculate environmental load and establish the way how the load be applied on FEA model in time domain; Define the boundary condition at seafloor point and how to consider it in the FEA model.
4) Using L780 ModⅤas structural model, do sensitivity analysis of RPD during jacking operation with regard to wave load, wind load, and boundary condition at seafloor point.
由于环境载荷及海底地质条件影响而导致的自升式钻井平台安装定位失效很可能带来巨大的经济损失及人员伤亡,而上述失效的直接原因往往是桩腿支撑管屈曲失效,此问题可以通过RPD(Rack Phase Difference)进行度量研究。本文主要目的是对自升式钻井平台升船过程中的RPD进行研究,记录升船过程中RPD及其它结构响应,并分析环境载荷(风载荷、波浪载荷)、海底边界条件对RPD的影响。本文的重点工作如下:
1)引入RPD的定义、测量方法、成因、分类等基本概念,论述国内、外RPD的研究进展及研究方法,包括二维、三维有限元方法进行敏感性分析及时域分析等,并给出了相关结论。
2)结合电动齿轮齿条升降装置的特点,设计RPD时域数值模拟程序,包括介绍有限元模型建立的准则、通过样条插值获得升降机构特性函数,以及设计通过应力提取进而实现模型位移控制的时域数值模拟程序。
3)给出环境载荷(风载荷、波浪载荷)的计算方法、及时域加载方式,编制适用于RPD时域数值模拟的波浪载荷等效节点力计算程序;确定需要考虑的海底边界条件,以及不同海底边界条件在有限元模型中的表达。
4)以F&G公司设计的L780 ModⅤ型自升式钻井平台为模型,应用前述方法研究风、浪及海底边界条件对平台升船过程中RPD的影响。
Benefited from the movability, relatively low cost and good performance in storm, jack-up units are widely used in oil and gas industry for drilling. Although research about jack-up units are focused on stability during transit, spudcan-soil interaction and structural dynamic response in elevated and storm condition nowadays, structural behavior during installation is very important.
For a jack-up unit, localized failure or structural collapse may happen if installation were taken in severe sea state or bad seafloor foundation, and the direct cause of above failure is buckling of brace members of leg between upper and lower guides. Rack phase difference (RPD) as an indicator of brace load is studied in this paper to assure the safety and avoid the tremendous loss for a jack-up unit in the design phase. The primary work included in this paper are:
1) Introduce the background, definition, measurement, classification and cause of formation of RPD, and also a dissertation about state of art is given, such as sensitivity analysis of leg brace configuration with regard to RPD using 2D FEA model and time domain simulation of RPD during jacking operation, also conclusions are discussed in this paper.
2) Establish the time-domain simulation program of RPD during jacking operation, including building principles of FEA model, method to simplify the jacking system as a function of vertical reaction force verse moving-up velocity, and also the way to control the model displacement using above function.
3) Calculate environmental load and establish the way how the load be applied on FEA model in time domain; Define the boundary condition at seafloor point and how to consider it in the FEA model.
4) Using L780 ModⅤas structural model, do sensitivity analysis of RPD during jacking operation with regard to wave load, wind load, and boundary condition at seafloor point.
引文
[1] R.W.P. Stonor, M.J.R. Hoyle, K. Nelson, N.P. Smith, R.J. Hunt. Recovery of an elevated jack-up with leg bracing member damage, Marine Structures 2004 (17): 325-351P
[2] Health and Safety Executive. Guidelines for jack-up rigs with particular reference to foundation integrity. 2004
[3]陈宏,李春祥.自升式钻井平台的发展综述.中国海洋平台6(22),2007
[4]徐优富.海上移动式钻井装置状况分析.中国海洋石油1999 (1):12-15页
[5]潘斌.移动式平台设计:1-2.上海交通大学出版社,1995
[6]竺艳蓉.海洋工程波浪力学.天津大学出版社,1991
[7] Dario Botte, Donatella Mascia. Dynamic response of offshore platforms in nonlinear domain. Marine Structures (10), 1997: 149-161P
[8] G.J. Grundlehner. Systematic model tests on a harsh environment jack-up in elevated condition. Marine Structures,1997 (10):159-180P
[9] Najafian q Burrows R, Tickell R G. A review of the probabilistic description of Morison wave loading and response of the fixed offshore structures. Journal of Fluids and Structures .1995(6):585-616P
[10] Karadeniz H. Uncertainty modeling in the fatigue reliability calculation of offshore structures. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2001,(3): 323-335P
[11]欧进萍,段忠东.海冰作用下平台结构自激振动的参数分析与响应数值计算.工程力学,2001
[12]曲月艘,王永学.海冰对近海结构物作用的随机模型.中国海洋平台2000,(2):16-19页
[13] Hanna A.M., Meyerhof G.G. Design and charts for ultimate bearingcapacity of foundations on sand overlaying soft clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal (17), 1980
[14] Kellezi, L., Stromann, H. FEM analysis of jack-up spudcan penetration for multilayered critical soil conditions. www.dundee.ac.uk / civileng / icof2003 / programme.pdf. Research Paper, 2003
[15] Hambly E.C., Imm G.R., Stahl B. Jack-up performance and foundation fixty under developing storm conditions. OTC 6466, Proceeding of 22nd Offshore Technology Conference. 1990
[16] Hambly E.C., et al. Jack-up dynamic stability under extreme storm conditions. Proceeding of 23rd OTC, 1991: 261-272P
[17] Cassidy M J, et al. On the modeling of foundations for jack-up units on sand. OTC10955, 1999
[18] Shanmngan, N.E. Arockiasmy, M. Local buckling of stiffened plates in offshore structures. J. Construct. Steel Research (38), 1996
[19] Antonio F. Mateus, Joel A. blitz. Post-buckling of corroded steel plate: a comparative analysis. OMAE98-0584, Proceeding of OMAE98, 17’’International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 1998
[20]戴大农,王助成.海洋平台管节点的有限元分析.海洋工程. 1986(4):11-12页
[21]王震鸣,梅海.金属和复合材料加筋板壳承载能力的计算.力学学报. 1984(1)3-5页
[22]王永军,崔维成.联合载荷作用下的板格极限强度.首届船舶与海洋工程结构力学学术讨论会论文集. 1999,151-159页
[23]丁克勤,傅惠民,柳春图.确定海洋平台钢裂纹扩展曲线的快速方法.海洋工程. 2000(18):7-12页
[24]丁克勤,柳春图.海洋平台E36-Z35钢表面裂纹扩展速率的蒙特卡罗模拟.海洋工程. 1998(16):90-95页
[25] C. Guedes Soares, K.chakarow, Y. Gabatov. Fatigue analysis of ship deck structure accounting for imperfections. International Journal of Fatigue, 2008(30):1881-1897P
[26] Foo K.S., Quah M.C.K., Wildberger P., Vazquez J.H. Supdcan footprint interaction on Rack Phase Difference(RPD). Ninth International Conference on the Jack-up Platform, 2003
[27] Foo K.S., Quah M.C.K., Wildberger P., Vazquez J.H. Rack Phase Difference (RPD). Ninth International Conference on the Jack-up Platform, 2003
[28] HSE. Jack-up (self-elevating) installation: Rack Phase Difference. HSE Safety Notice 4/2002, 2002
[29] Alford J.H., Vazquez J.H. A simplified model for understanding RPD and Associated Brace Loading. Ninth International Conference on the Jack-up Platform, 2003
[30] Hayward M., Hoyle M.J.R., Smith N.P. Determining acceptable Rack-Phase-Difference for jack-up legs. Ninth International Conference on the Jack-up Platform, 2003
[31] Tan X.M., Li J., Lu C. Structural behavior prediction for jack-up units during jacking operations. Computers & Structures, 2003(81): 2409-2416P
[32] Tan X.M., Li J., Lu C., Cheng Q.H. Numerical analysis of jacking operations for a self-elevated jack-up unit. Engineering with Computers, 2003(19):152-159P
[33] Barthe O. Numerical simulation of self elevated drilling unit jacking operations. Seventh International Conference on the Jack-up Platform. 1999
[34] Bennett & Associates, L.L.C. Jack Up Units: A technical Primer for theOffshore Industry Professional. 2005
[35]李红涛,徐捷,李晔.自升式海洋平台站立状态下的性能分析.中国海洋平台. 2009
[36]李润培,王志农.海洋平台强度分析.上海交通大学出版社,1992
[37]孙丽萍,聂武.海洋工程概论.哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2000
[38]刘英杰.自升式平台桩腿的受力分析.哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文. 2004
[39] Osborne J.J., Atkinson J.H., Taylor R.N., Coop M.R. Jack-up unit soil structure interaction- A review of present design practice. Recent Developments in Jack-up Platforms (18), Jack-up Platform Conference, 1991
[40] Global Maritime. Impact of changes to T&R 5-5A on jack-up system reliability levels. HSE Research Report RR037, 2003
[41] Subrata K. Chakrabarti. Handbook of Offshore Engineering, Volume 1. Offshore Structure Analysis, Inc., 2005
[42]博弈创作室. APDL参数化有限元分析技术及其应用实例.中国水利水电出版社,2004
[43]周宁. ANSYS/APDL高级工程应用实例分析与二次开发.中国水利水电出版社,2007
[2] Health and Safety Executive. Guidelines for jack-up rigs with particular reference to foundation integrity. 2004
[3]陈宏,李春祥.自升式钻井平台的发展综述.中国海洋平台6(22),2007
[4]徐优富.海上移动式钻井装置状况分析.中国海洋石油1999 (1):12-15页
[5]潘斌.移动式平台设计:1-2.上海交通大学出版社,1995
[6]竺艳蓉.海洋工程波浪力学.天津大学出版社,1991
[7] Dario Botte, Donatella Mascia. Dynamic response of offshore platforms in nonlinear domain. Marine Structures (10), 1997: 149-161P
[8] G.J. Grundlehner. Systematic model tests on a harsh environment jack-up in elevated condition. Marine Structures,1997 (10):159-180P
[9] Najafian q Burrows R, Tickell R G. A review of the probabilistic description of Morison wave loading and response of the fixed offshore structures. Journal of Fluids and Structures .1995(6):585-616P
[10] Karadeniz H. Uncertainty modeling in the fatigue reliability calculation of offshore structures. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2001,(3): 323-335P
[11]欧进萍,段忠东.海冰作用下平台结构自激振动的参数分析与响应数值计算.工程力学,2001
[12]曲月艘,王永学.海冰对近海结构物作用的随机模型.中国海洋平台2000,(2):16-19页
[13] Hanna A.M., Meyerhof G.G. Design and charts for ultimate bearingcapacity of foundations on sand overlaying soft clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal (17), 1980
[14] Kellezi, L., Stromann, H. FEM analysis of jack-up spudcan penetration for multilayered critical soil conditions. www.dundee.ac.uk / civileng / icof2003 / programme.pdf. Research Paper, 2003
[15] Hambly E.C., Imm G.R., Stahl B. Jack-up performance and foundation fixty under developing storm conditions. OTC 6466, Proceeding of 22nd Offshore Technology Conference. 1990
[16] Hambly E.C., et al. Jack-up dynamic stability under extreme storm conditions. Proceeding of 23rd OTC, 1991: 261-272P
[17] Cassidy M J, et al. On the modeling of foundations for jack-up units on sand. OTC10955, 1999
[18] Shanmngan, N.E. Arockiasmy, M. Local buckling of stiffened plates in offshore structures. J. Construct. Steel Research (38), 1996
[19] Antonio F. Mateus, Joel A. blitz. Post-buckling of corroded steel plate: a comparative analysis. OMAE98-0584, Proceeding of OMAE98, 17’’International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 1998
[20]戴大农,王助成.海洋平台管节点的有限元分析.海洋工程. 1986(4):11-12页
[21]王震鸣,梅海.金属和复合材料加筋板壳承载能力的计算.力学学报. 1984(1)3-5页
[22]王永军,崔维成.联合载荷作用下的板格极限强度.首届船舶与海洋工程结构力学学术讨论会论文集. 1999,151-159页
[23]丁克勤,傅惠民,柳春图.确定海洋平台钢裂纹扩展曲线的快速方法.海洋工程. 2000(18):7-12页
[24]丁克勤,柳春图.海洋平台E36-Z35钢表面裂纹扩展速率的蒙特卡罗模拟.海洋工程. 1998(16):90-95页
[25] C. Guedes Soares, K.chakarow, Y. Gabatov. Fatigue analysis of ship deck structure accounting for imperfections. International Journal of Fatigue, 2008(30):1881-1897P
[26] Foo K.S., Quah M.C.K., Wildberger P., Vazquez J.H. Supdcan footprint interaction on Rack Phase Difference(RPD). Ninth International Conference on the Jack-up Platform, 2003
[27] Foo K.S., Quah M.C.K., Wildberger P., Vazquez J.H. Rack Phase Difference (RPD). Ninth International Conference on the Jack-up Platform, 2003
[28] HSE. Jack-up (self-elevating) installation: Rack Phase Difference. HSE Safety Notice 4/2002, 2002
[29] Alford J.H., Vazquez J.H. A simplified model for understanding RPD and Associated Brace Loading. Ninth International Conference on the Jack-up Platform, 2003
[30] Hayward M., Hoyle M.J.R., Smith N.P. Determining acceptable Rack-Phase-Difference for jack-up legs. Ninth International Conference on the Jack-up Platform, 2003
[31] Tan X.M., Li J., Lu C. Structural behavior prediction for jack-up units during jacking operations. Computers & Structures, 2003(81): 2409-2416P
[32] Tan X.M., Li J., Lu C., Cheng Q.H. Numerical analysis of jacking operations for a self-elevated jack-up unit. Engineering with Computers, 2003(19):152-159P
[33] Barthe O. Numerical simulation of self elevated drilling unit jacking operations. Seventh International Conference on the Jack-up Platform. 1999
[34] Bennett & Associates, L.L.C. Jack Up Units: A technical Primer for theOffshore Industry Professional. 2005
[35]李红涛,徐捷,李晔.自升式海洋平台站立状态下的性能分析.中国海洋平台. 2009
[36]李润培,王志农.海洋平台强度分析.上海交通大学出版社,1992
[37]孙丽萍,聂武.海洋工程概论.哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2000
[38]刘英杰.自升式平台桩腿的受力分析.哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文. 2004
[39] Osborne J.J., Atkinson J.H., Taylor R.N., Coop M.R. Jack-up unit soil structure interaction- A review of present design practice. Recent Developments in Jack-up Platforms (18), Jack-up Platform Conference, 1991
[40] Global Maritime. Impact of changes to T&R 5-5A on jack-up system reliability levels. HSE Research Report RR037, 2003
[41] Subrata K. Chakrabarti. Handbook of Offshore Engineering, Volume 1. Offshore Structure Analysis, Inc., 2005
[42]博弈创作室. APDL参数化有限元分析技术及其应用实例.中国水利水电出版社,2004
[43]周宁. ANSYS/APDL高级工程应用实例分析与二次开发.中国水利水电出版社,2007