毒死蜱等农药在浙麦冬、杭白菊及其土壤中的残留动态研究
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摘要
浙麦冬和杭白菊是浙江省最具地域特色的传统中药材,主要分布在浙江慈溪和桐乡。本文在调查了浙麦冬和杭白菊常用农药种类的基础上,研究了毒死蜱、多菌灵、氟啶脲、吡虫啉在浙麦冬和杭白菊及其土壤中的农药残留分析方法;初步探讨了温度对土壤中毒死蜱、多菌灵、氟啶脲和吡虫啉降解的影响,温度对浙麦冬干根中毒死蜱和多菌灵降解的影响,以及温度对杭白菊干菊花中氟啶脲和吡虫啉降解的影响;重点研究了毒死蜱和多菌灵在浙麦冬田间根、叶和栽培土壤中的残留行为及浙麦冬根干燥初加工前后毒死蜱和多菌灵的残留变化,氟啶脲和吡虫啉在杭白菊田间胎菊、菊花和栽培土壤中的残留行为及杭白菊菊花干燥初加工前后氟啶脲和吡虫啉的残留变化等内容。结果如下:毒死蜱、多菌灵、氟啶脲、吡虫啉在浙麦冬和杭白菊及其土壤中的消解动态符合一级动力学特征。毒死蜱在浙麦冬及其室内外土壤中的半衰期分别为2.75～3.65 d(田间土壤),4.29～10.18d(室内土壤,10～30℃),2.69～4.29 d(田间茎叶)、13.33～20.32 d(干根,5～20℃),毒死蜱在浙麦冬田间根中残留量先增后减,在2～3 d达到最大值后的半衰期为2.62～4.36 d,若每年以0.675 kg ai/hm~2剂量喷施2次,以0.1 mg/kg为最大允许残留限量,建议安全间隔期为18 d就足以保证毒死蜱在浙麦冬干根中的残留量不超过0.1 mg/kg。多菌灵在浙麦冬及其室内外土壤中的半衰期分别为3.06～7.07 d(田间土壤)、6.54～13.13 d(室内土壤,10～30℃)、3.60～5.35 d(茎叶)、28.29～35.18 d(干根,5～20℃),多菌灵在浙麦冬田间根中残留量先增后减,在2～3d达到最大值后的半衰期为2.01～3.60 d,若每年以0.675 kgai/hm~2剂量喷施2次,以0.1 mg/kg为最大允许残留限量,建议安全间隔期为15 d就足以保证多菌灵在浙麦冬干根中的残留量不超过0.1 mg/kg。氟啶脲在杭白菊及其室内外土壤中的半衰期分别为6.64～8.68 d(田间土壤)、12.44～15.23 d(室内土壤,10℃～30℃)、3.69～4.40 d(田间胎菊)、3.66～4.24 d(田间菊花)、41.75～48.46 d(干菊花,5～20℃),若每年以5%氟啶脲乳油1500倍液剂量喷施2次,以0.1 mg/kg为最大允许残留限量,建议安全间隔期为11 d就足以保证氟啶脲在杭白菊茶水的残留量不超过0.1 mg/kg。吡虫啉在杭白菊及其室内外土壤中的半衰期分别为4.89～6.38 d(田间土壤),10.09～13.30 d(室内土壤,10～30℃)、3.44～3.98 d(田间胎菊)、2.10～2.21 d(田间菊花)、15.33～23.98 d(干菊花,5～20℃),若每年以40 g ai/hm~2剂量喷施2次,以0.1 mg/kg为最大允许残留限量,建议安全间隔期为7 d就足以保证吡虫啉在杭白菊茶水中的残留量不超过0.1mg/kg。
Radix Ophiopogonis and Chrysanthemum are the most characteristic traditional Chinese herbal medicines in Zhejiang province.In order to evaluate the safety of pesticides used on Radix Ophiopogonis and Chrysanthemum,the analytical methods of chlorpyrifos,carbendazim,chlorfluazuron and imidacloprid,degradation of chlorpyrifos,carbendazim,chlorfluazuron and imidacloprid in Ophiopogon, Chrysanthemum and cultivated soils were studied.The results showed that dynamics of chlorpyrifos,carbendazim,chlorfluazuron and imidacloprid followed the first order kinetics.
The half-lives of chlorpyrifos,carbendazim in Ophiopogon and cultivated soil were 2.75～3.65 d(chlorpyrifos in soil),2.69～4.29 d(chlorpyrifos in leaf),3.06～7.07 d(carbendazim in soil) and 3.60～5.35 d(carbendazim in leaf) respectively,and the concentration of chlorpyrifos or carbendazim in fresh Radix Ophiopogonis increased quickly during the first few days,and peaked at 2～3 d then decreased,with half lives of 2.62～4.36 d(chlorpyrifos) and 2.01～3.60 d(carbendazim).The effect of temperature on chlorpyrifos,carbendazim in soil and dry Radix Ophiopogonis showed that the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were 4.29～10.18 d(soil,10～30℃), 13.33～20.32(dry root,5～20℃) and the half-lives of carbendazim were 6.54～13.13 d(Soil,10～30℃),28.29～35.18 d(dry root,5～20℃),which indicated that effect of temperature on chlorpyrifos and carbendazim in soil and dry Radix Ophiopogonis was significant.If 0.675 kg ai/hm~2 chlorpyrifos was sprayed two times a year,the minimum preharvest interval of 18 d was sufficient to ensure the chlorpyrifos residues in dry Radix Ophiopogonis not exceed the proposed MRL of 0.1 mg/kg.If 0.675 kg ai/hm~2 carbendazim was sprayed two times a year,the minimum preharvest interval of 15 d was sufficient to ensure the carbendazim residues in dry Radix Ophiopogonis not exceed the proposed MRL of 0.1 mg/kg.
The half-lives of chlorfluazuron in chrysanthemum and soil were 6.64～8.68 d(soil),3.69～4.40 d(fresh fetal chrysanthemum),3.66～4.24 d(fresh chrysanthemum flowers);The half-lives of imidacloprid in chrysanthemum and soil were 4.89～6.38 d(field soil),3.44～3.98 d(fresh fetal chrysanthemum),2.10～2.21 d(fresh chrysanthemum flowers).The effect of temperature on chlorfluazuron,imidacloprid in soil and dry chrysanthemum showed that the half-lives of chlorfluazuron were 12.44～15.23 d(soil,10～30℃),41.75～48.46(dry chrysanthemum,5～20℃) and the half-lives of imidacloprid were 10.09～13.30 d(soil,10～30℃),15.33～23.98 d(dry chrysanthemum,5～20℃).If 1500 times 5%chlorfluazuron was sprayed two times a year,the minimum preharvest interval of 20 d was sufficient to ensure the chlorfluazuron residues in the dry chrysanthemum not exceed the proposed MRL 0.1 mg/kg.If 40 g ai/hm~2 imidacloprid was sprayed two times a year,the minimum preharvest interval of 15 d was sufficient to ensure the imidacloprid residues in the dry chrysanthemum not exceed the proposed MRL of 0.1 mg/kg.
Radix Ophiopogonis and Chrysanthemum are the most characteristic traditional Chinese herbal medicines in Zhejiang province.In order to evaluate the safety of pesticides used on Radix Ophiopogonis and Chrysanthemum,the analytical methods of chlorpyrifos,carbendazim,chlorfluazuron and imidacloprid,degradation of chlorpyrifos,carbendazim,chlorfluazuron and imidacloprid in Ophiopogon, Chrysanthemum and cultivated soils were studied.The results showed that dynamics of chlorpyrifos,carbendazim,chlorfluazuron and imidacloprid followed the first order kinetics.
The half-lives of chlorpyrifos,carbendazim in Ophiopogon and cultivated soil were 2.75～3.65 d(chlorpyrifos in soil),2.69～4.29 d(chlorpyrifos in leaf),3.06～7.07 d(carbendazim in soil) and 3.60～5.35 d(carbendazim in leaf) respectively,and the concentration of chlorpyrifos or carbendazim in fresh Radix Ophiopogonis increased quickly during the first few days,and peaked at 2～3 d then decreased,with half lives of 2.62～4.36 d(chlorpyrifos) and 2.01～3.60 d(carbendazim).The effect of temperature on chlorpyrifos,carbendazim in soil and dry Radix Ophiopogonis showed that the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were 4.29～10.18 d(soil,10～30℃), 13.33～20.32(dry root,5～20℃) and the half-lives of carbendazim were 6.54～13.13 d(Soil,10～30℃),28.29～35.18 d(dry root,5～20℃),which indicated that effect of temperature on chlorpyrifos and carbendazim in soil and dry Radix Ophiopogonis was significant.If 0.675 kg ai/hm~2 chlorpyrifos was sprayed two times a year,the minimum preharvest interval of 18 d was sufficient to ensure the chlorpyrifos residues in dry Radix Ophiopogonis not exceed the proposed MRL of 0.1 mg/kg.If 0.675 kg ai/hm~2 carbendazim was sprayed two times a year,the minimum preharvest interval of 15 d was sufficient to ensure the carbendazim residues in dry Radix Ophiopogonis not exceed the proposed MRL of 0.1 mg/kg.
The half-lives of chlorfluazuron in chrysanthemum and soil were 6.64～8.68 d(soil),3.69～4.40 d(fresh fetal chrysanthemum),3.66～4.24 d(fresh chrysanthemum flowers);The half-lives of imidacloprid in chrysanthemum and soil were 4.89～6.38 d(field soil),3.44～3.98 d(fresh fetal chrysanthemum),2.10～2.21 d(fresh chrysanthemum flowers).The effect of temperature on chlorfluazuron,imidacloprid in soil and dry chrysanthemum showed that the half-lives of chlorfluazuron were 12.44～15.23 d(soil,10～30℃),41.75～48.46(dry chrysanthemum,5～20℃) and the half-lives of imidacloprid were 10.09～13.30 d(soil,10～30℃),15.33～23.98 d(dry chrysanthemum,5～20℃).If 1500 times 5%chlorfluazuron was sprayed two times a year,the minimum preharvest interval of 20 d was sufficient to ensure the chlorfluazuron residues in the dry chrysanthemum not exceed the proposed MRL 0.1 mg/kg.If 40 g ai/hm~2 imidacloprid was sprayed two times a year,the minimum preharvest interval of 15 d was sufficient to ensure the imidacloprid residues in the dry chrysanthemum not exceed the proposed MRL of 0.1 mg/kg.
引文
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